无患子种仁油特性及微波预处理提取无患子种仁油工艺研究

为全面开发无患子资源,考察了无患子种仁油的特性,并研究了无患子种仁油提取的微波预处理工艺.结果表明:无患子种仁油的酸值(KOH)为2.30 mg/g,碘值(Ⅰ)为96.28g/100 g,皂化值(KOH)为210.38 mg/g;无患子种仁油中的不饱和脂肪酸含量高达83.05％,其中油酸占51.87％;微波预处理提取无患子种仁油的最佳工艺条件为:微波功率1000W,微波时间10 min,索氏提取2h;在最佳工艺条件下,无患子种仁油得率为36.21％.     

油瓜种仁油提取工艺及理化成分分析

以油瓜种仁为原料,采用单因素实验研究不同提取剂、提取时间、提取温度、料液比对油瓜种仁油得率的影响,并进行正交实验。结果表明:最佳提取条件为正己烷作提取剂、提取时间190min、提取温度90℃、料液比1∶80,在此条件下,油瓜种仁油得率为60.02%。所提油瓜种仁油相对密度0.90±0.05,酸值(KOH)(11.21±0.13)mg/g;钾、锌、铁、锰、镁、钙、铜含量分别为940、11.5、22.1、0.262、124、504、0.286 mg/kg,磷、钠含量分别为0.189%、0.106%,铅含量为0.042 mg/kg,未检测出黄曲霉毒素B1。油瓜种仁油由9种脂肪酸组成,以亚油酸(45.96%)、棕榈酸(29.90%)、油酸(14.16%)和硬脂酸(8.48%)为主,单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)含量与多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)、饱和脂肪酸(SFA)含量的比为1∶3.3∶2.7,n-6 PUFAs含量与n-3 PUFAs含量的比为63∶1。     

蒙古扁桃种仁油抗氧化性研究

采用ISO 6885:1998推荐的茴香胺值法、共轭烯烃值法和3种不同的自由基清除法对蒙古扁桃种仁油抗氧化性进行研究。结果表明:在4℃密封避光存放390 d之内,蒙古扁桃种仁油的茴香胺值维持在较低水平,其日均增量为0.03,具有较长的劣变质诱导期;在常温储存15月期间,蒙古扁桃种仁油共轭二烯含量明显增加,但共轭三烯含量甚微,高温处理导致蒙古扁桃种仁油的深度氧化,其共轭三烯含量增加,且随着储存时间的延长,发生深度氧化程度越大;蒙古扁桃种仁油对超氧阴离子自由基、羟自由基和DPPH自由基均具有较强的清除能力。     

伞花木种仁油的理化性质及脂肪酸组成分析

采用索氏抽提法提取伞花木种仁油,并对其理化性质及脂肪酸组成进行分析。结果表明:伞花木种仁粗脂肪含量为36.42%,伞花木种仁油酸值(KOH)为0.70 mg/g,皂化值(KOH)为184mg/g,碘值(I)为111 g/100 g;伞花木种仁油含有14种脂肪酸,主要为油酸(35.87%)、亚油酸(18.39%)和亚麻酸(17.18%),不饱和脂肪酸含量高达92.37%。伞花木是一种具有很高开发价值的油脂植物资源。     

文冠果种仁油的微胶囊化及喷雾干燥条件研究

研究了不同壁材及壁材配比、固形物含量和芯材载量对文冠果种仁油微胶囊化效率的影响,并确定了采用喷雾干燥技术制备文冠果种仁油微胶囊产品的工艺条件。结果表明,文冠果种仁油的微胶囊化最佳配方为:壁材为明胶+蔗糖,二者质量比1∶5,固形物含量20%,芯材载量35%;喷雾干燥的最佳条件为:进风温度175℃,出风温度80℃,进料流量650 mL/h。在最佳工艺条件下获得的文冠果种仁油微胶囊产品感官品质较好,在保持低水分含量(仅为2.49%)的同时,兼具良好的溶解度和储存稳定性。     

甘肃迭部野生西康扁桃种仁油理化性质及脂肪酸组成分析

为探究西康扁桃的利用价值,以甘肃迭部林区野生分布的西康扁桃种仁油为材料,测定了西康扁桃油的理化性质、脂肪酸组成及部分生物活性物质。结果表明：西康扁桃种仁油酸值1.30 mg KOH/g、碘值98.00 g I/100 g、皂化值189.10 mg KOH/g、过氧化值3.80 mmol/kg、水分及挥发物质量分数0.26%、不溶性杂质质量分数0.04%、相对密度0.915 5、折光指数1.471 0,主要理化指标符合生物柴油用木本油脂标准和食用植物油国家安全标准;西康扁桃种仁油含有棕榈酸、棕榈油酸、十七烷酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸、花生酸、花生-烯酸、芥酸10种脂肪酸,碳链长度在C16～C22之间。脂肪酸组成比较合理,其中饱和脂肪酸(SFA)质量分数(6.62%)低,以棕榈酸(4.68%)和硬脂酸(1.75%)为主,不饱和脂肪酸(USFA)质量分数(92.47%)高,以油酸(72.10%)和亚油酸(18.60%)为主,总不饱和脂肪酸(USFA)和总饱和脂肪酸(SFA)的比例接近14∶1。不饱和脂肪酸中单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)质量分数(72.88%)较高,多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA...     

新型溶剂提取文冠果种仁油的研究

以文冠果种仁为原料,选用乙酸乙酯、异丙醇及无水乙醇有机溶剂提取文冠果种仁油。研究了有机溶剂的种类、料液比、提取温度和提取时间对文冠果种仁油提取率的影响,并通过正交试验优化文冠果种仁油的最佳提取工艺,对提取的文冠果种仁油的脂肪酸组成进行了分析。结果表明:乙酸乙酯和异丙醇按体积比4∶1复配成混合有机溶剂可提高文冠果种仁油提取率;文冠果种仁油最佳提取工艺为:料液比1∶6,提取温度50℃,提取时间2.5 h;在最佳提取工艺条件下,提取3次的文冠果种仁油提取率达97.20%;文冠果种仁油脂肪酸以亚油酸(44.25%)和油酸(31.62%)为主。     

新疆野蔷薇种子油的脂肪酸组成分析

采用超声辅助提取法提取野蔷薇种子油,以气相色谱-质谱联用技术对油脂进行脂肪酸组成分析.结果表明:野蔷薇种子油中的主要脂肪酸为棕榈酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸,其中不饱和脂肪酸占总量的92.41%;主要成分棕榈酸占5.88%,油酸占12.39%,亚油酸占56.52%,亚麻酸占23.50% .     

冷榨文冠果种仁油的体外抗氧化活性研究

以文冠果种仁为原料,采用冷榨法制备文冠果种仁油,通过试验考察了冷榨文冠果种仁油的体外抗氧化活性。试验显示文冠果种仁油对羟自由基(.OH)和超氧阴离子自由基(O2-.)具有较好的清除效果,对DPPH自由基(DPPH.)具有很强的清除作用,且还原能力超过BHT、TBHQ,在较高浓度下对Fe2+诱导的脂质过氧化反应也有较好的抑制作用。表明文冠果种仁油具有很强的体外抗氧化活性,有望开发功能油脂产品。     

华榛种仁油提取及GC - MS分析

对采自湖南保靖白云山的华榛种仁,采用超声波提取法提取种仁油脂,设计正交实验比较不同超声强度、提取时间、溶剂种类、料液比对提取率的影响,获得最佳提取工艺条件为:以石油醚为溶剂,料液比1:9,超声强度250 W,提取时间30 min,油脂提取率为57.84％,所得油脂橙黄清亮.利用气相色谱-质谱( GC - MS)联用技术对油脂脂肪酸成分及含量进行分析,得出油酸69.54％,亚油酸16.09％,9-十六碳烯酸0.22％,棕榈酸9.01％,硬脂酸4.44％,11-二十烯酸0.24％,花生酸0.23％,2-己基环丙烷辛酸0.14％,十七烷酸0.09％,其中不饱和脂肪酸含量高达86.09％,具有较高的应用价值.     

Composition of the seeds of some Amaranthus species

The seeds of the five commonly consumed Amaranthus species have been analysed for their chemical composition and starch characteristics. A notably high fat, protein and ash content in the seeds of a sample of A. teunifolious as compared with other species has been demonstrated. All the samples analysed had a high oxalate and phytic acid content. The size of the starch granules from all the samples was in the range 08.2.3μm and the circular shape of granules from all the species was strikingly similar. Amaranthus polygamous and A. gracilis had low amylose starches (111.7 and 97.1 g kg^?1, respectively), and A. spinosus and A. teunifolious had appreciable proportions of amylose (166.7 and 245.0 g kg^?1, respectively).     

Composition of Cicer soongaricum seeds

The legume, Cicer soongaricum grows wild in high altitude regions of the Himalayas. The seeds are nutritionally rich, containing 19.1% protein, 44.5% starch, 7.2% oil and 3.4% minerals. Glutelin has been found to be the major protein fraction (43.7%) whereas albumin, globulin and prolamin are 11.5, 14.3 and 6.6%, respectively. The oil contains 29.8% phospholipids, wherein palmitic (30.0%), stearic (32.4%) and linolenic acids (13.6%) are the major fatty acids. The phospholipid fraction has an appreciable content of phosphatidyl choline (1.0% in the seed) which is higher than in soya bean, presently the commercial source of its manufacture.     

Properties of some citrus seeds. Part 1. Physico-chemical characteristics of proteins

The protein solubility of some citrus seeds flours as well as physico-chemical characteristics were determined by gel filtration, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS-PAGE), and UV-spectrum. The highest solubility was in 0.1 M NaOH followed by both 0.1 M KCl and NaCl, respectively. The lowest solubility was in water. The protein solubility showed a minium with shift towards the acidic side in presence of 0.1 M and 0.5 M NaCl. The PAGE pattern showed two major protein fractions for citron, orange and mandarin seeds. SDS-PAGE proved presence of 3 major polypeptide chains in all seeds proteins. The apparent molecular weight was 37 304, 23 516 and 16 740 daltons, respectively. Also, the major protein fraction in all samples was globulin. The polypeptide chains were 4 for both albumins and globulins, 3 and 2 for prolamins and glutelins, respectively. Gel filtration revealed four peaks in all samples. The major peaks were eluted at 79 and 160 ml. All peaks were principally free from nucleic acids except peak No. 4.     

The hexosamine content of some seeds and pollens

Twenty-one Monocotyledon and 59 Dicotyledon seed samples, nine pollen samples and 12 fractions of seeds were analysed for their content of dry matter, total nitrogen and glycoprotein and total hexosamine. An estimate was made of the frequency of occurrence of hexosamine in the proteins of the samples. The dry matter contents (as g per 100 g sample) showed little variation (88.0-95.1, seeds and 84.1-90.9, pollens). The total nitrogen contents (as g per 100 g sample) varied from 0.84-3.29 (Monocotyledons), 1.42-7.13 (Dicotyledons) and 2.91-5.43 (pollens). The glycoprotein hexosamine content (as mmol per 100 g sample) varied from 0.078-0.32 (Monocotyledons), 0.11-0.73 (Dicotyledons) and 0.36-0.78 (pollens). The frequency of occurrence of hexosamine in the proteins (as hexosamine residues:amino acid residues) varied from 1:450 to 1:1940 (Monocotyledons), 1:300 to 1:3640 (Dicotyledons) and 1:330 to 1:760 (pollens). The decomposition of hexosamines during prolonged acid hydrolysis prevented accurate estimates of non-protein hexosamine contents being obtained but the results indicated that they varied from a few percent of, to about equal to, the contents of glycoprotein hexosamine in the samples examined.     

Quality characteristics of sesame seeds and by-products

The chemical composition, of raw sesame seed (RS); Sesame coats 1 (SC1) and sesame coats 2 (SC2) obtained as a by-product respectively after dehulling and roasting processes during preparation of sesame paste (tehineh) for the manufacturing of Halaweh (sweetened tehineh), was determined along with the physicochemical characteristics of the oil fraction. Compared to RS, SC1 and SC2 showed higher amounts of dietary fibre, ash and polyphenol and lower amounts of oil and protein. Oil from SC1 and SC2, had a higher content of free fatty acids, chlorophylls, polyphenols and sesamol than RS oil. SC2 oil showed more intense colour, more absorbance in UV-A, UV-B and UV-C ranges and a significant higher viscosity (P < 0.05). No differences (P > 0.05) were observed for refractive index, iodine value and fatty acids composition. This latter was essentially dominated by oleic and linoleic acids. Oxidative stability of oil was investigated using a Rancimat system and in an oven test at 65 °C over 60 days. RS oil was more resistant to the thermal treatment during a long period than SC1 and SC2 oils.     

Nutritional evaluation of some Nigerian wild seeds

Some wild seeds, namely Parkia biglobosa, Tetracarpidum conophorum, Pentaclethra macrophylla, Irvingia gabonensis, Afzelia africana, Prosporis africana and Monodora myristica, were randomly collected from various parts of Nigeria and analyzed with regard to their proximate, mineral, antinutrient composition and zinc bioavailability. The results revealed that the seeds had high protein (6.5-24.2%), fat (19.0-58.5%), mineral (Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn, Ca, Na, K, P) and phytate (1043.6-2905.2 mg/100 g) contents, while the cyanide content was low (3.7-6.4 mg/kg). However, Co, Pb and Ni were not detected in all the samples. The calculated [Ca] [phytate]/[Zn] molar ratios (which is the best index for predicting Zn bioavailability) for all the seeds revealed that Parkia biglobosa, Irvingia gabonensis and Prosporis africana had a calculated molar ratio above 0.50 mol/kg (critical level), thus indicating reduced bioavailability of Zn to a critical level. In view of the high fat, protein, mineral and low cyanide contents, the high phytate content would not be expected to reduce bioavailability of Zn in some of the wild seeds (Afzelia africana, Pentaclethra macrophylla and Monodora myristica). These wild seeds could be good nutrient sources if integrated fully into human and animal nutrition. However, further studies will be carried out on the protein quality and toxicological potentials of these wild seeds.     

Nutrient composition of some less-familiar oil seeds

Seven less familiar oil seeds, namely gokhru, thumba, onion, tobacco, grape, niger seeds and mango seed kernels were analysed for their proximate composition, amino acid and fatty acid composition. Gokhru, niger, tobacco and onion seeds were found to be good sources of protein and fat. Crude fibre contents of thumba and grape seeds were high. The seeds of thumba, niger, onion and mango (seed kernel) contained 4 g lysine per 16 g N. The methionine content of onion-seed protein was very high. Fatty acid profiles of fat from these oil seeds revealed a high proportion of unsaturated fatty acids with the exception of gokhru.     

Composition of some tropical tuberous foods

Four tropical root tubers were evaluated for their chemical compositions and amino acid patterns. These were winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.)DC., yam, sweet potato and cassava (Manihot utillisima, Pohl.). Winged bean tubers had protein contents ten times higher than those of cassava and sweet potato and five times higher than yam and contained a high level of carbohydrates. The minerals analysed were about the same in concentration but winged bean tubers had about three times more iron than other root tubers.Although cassava roots have the highest content of S-containing amino acids, winged bean roots have the highest values for lysine, tyrosine, tryptophan and threonine. The total content of essential amino acids is much greater in winged bean tubers than in the other tuberous roots.     

Composition and some quality characteristics of the longissimus muscle of reindeer in Norway compared to farmed New Zealand red deer

Norwegian reindeer of Finnmark county live under harsh conditions on extensive feed sources. Thus the meat may have special qualities. M. longissimus lumborum from 30 animals was investigated with respect to carcass and meat quality and compositional/nutritional characteristics. Meat from calves had a higher myofibrillar fragmentation index and tenderness, and had lighter, redder and more yellow colour than meat from adult reindeer. Regarding nutritional compounds the meat from calves had lower antioxidant capacity, and higher taurine levels than adults, while the levels of iron, carnosine, anserine, and vitamin E were similar. Carcass weights of the adult reindeer were lower than the weights reported for Swedish reindeer and New Zealand farmed red deer. Reindeer muscles had higher antioxidant capacity, shorter sarcomeres, smaller muscle fibre diameters, higher n−6/n−3 ratios of fatty acids in the intramuscular fat and higher muscle taurine levels relative to values for the same muscle of New Zealand farmed red deer.     

Composition and functional properties of raw and electron beam-irradiated Mucuna pruriens seeds

The proximate, nutritional and functional properties of raw and electron beam-irradiated (0–30 kGy) Mucuna seeds were investigated. Irradiation increased crude protein and crude carbohydrates significantly than crude lipid, crude fibre and energy. Raw seeds were rich in minerals and were not affected by irradiation except for magnesium and phosphorus. Amino acids of raw seeds were comparable to soyabean and FAO/WHO reference pattern and except for 30 kGy, no significant changes were seen in amino acid profile. Raw seeds were rich in unsaturated fatty acids and some of them decreased on irradiation, while linoleic acid steadily elevated (0–14.35 mg g⁻¹ lipid). In vitro protein digestibility was dose dependent and significantly increased up to 15 kGy. Water and oil absorption capacities and foaming capacity significantly increased on irradiation, while protein solubility decreased (15 and 30 kGy) with an improvement of gelation property of seed flour. The cooking time of seeds significantly reduced on irradiation.