热水处理对桃果实采后病害及生理变化的影响

为研究热水处理对桃果实采后病害及生理变化的影响,采用50℃热水浸泡处理桃果实1 min后置于25℃条件下贮藏,分析贮藏期间桃果实的发病率以及抗氧化代谢相关酶,如抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、脂氧合酶(LOX),苯丙烷代谢关键酶苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)以及苯丙烷代谢产物总酚、黄酮、木质素含量。实验结果表明:热处理能够有效控制接种褐腐菌(Monilinia fructicola)桃果实的发病率。热处理显著提高采后桃果实APX、POD和PAL活性(p<0.05),抑制LOX活性,同时促进总酚、黄酮、木质素积累。采后热处理通过提高桃果实的抗氧化及苯丙烷代谢能力,启动桃果实的防御反应,进而提高果实抗病性。      

采后硅酸钠处理对杏果粉霉病的抑制及机理

为探讨采后硅酸钠处理对杏果粉霉病的抑制效果及机理,作者观察了体外条件下硅酸钠对杏果粉霉病病原物粉红单端孢(Trichothecium roseum)的抑制效果,并以"李杏"为试材,采用不同浓度的硅酸钠溶液(0、25、50、75 mmol/L)浸泡果实10 min,测定常温贮藏期间处理对T.roseum损伤接种果实病斑直径的抑制,以及对果实两种防御性酶过氧化物酶(POD)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性及抗性物质总酚和类黄酮含量的影响。结果表明,体外条件下硅酸钠可抑制粉红单端孢(Trichotethium roseum)的生长,其中以25 mmol/L处理效果最好,抑菌率可达85%。不同浓度硅酸钠浸泡可明显降低杏果损伤接种T.roseum的病斑直径,其中以50 mmol/L效果最好,且抑制效果可持续72 h。50 mmol/L硅酸钠处理还有效提高了果实体内过氧化物酶(POD)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性,促进了总酚的积累,但对类黄酮含量影响不大。由此表明,采后硅酸钠处理可通过直接抑菌和诱导果实抗性来抑制杏的粉霉病。     

采后柠檬酸处理对苹果青霉病的控制及其贮藏品质的影响

以苹果为原料,研究不同质量分数柠檬酸常温浸泡处理对损伤接种扩展青霉（Penicillium expansum）果实病斑扩展的抑制效果及贮藏品质的影响。结果表明：离体条件下柠檬酸能够抑制P. expansum的孢子萌发,其中以1%质量分数效果最佳,1%柠檬酸处理显著降低了损伤接种苹果果实P. expansum病斑直径;柠檬酸处理显著提高了果实过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性。此外,柠檬酸处理还有效延缓了果实质量损失率的升高,抑制果实硬度、抗坏血酸含量、可滴定酸和可溶性固形物质量分数的下降,且推迟了果实呼吸高峰的出现。     

采后热处理对红富士苹果青霉病和灰霉病的控制

热空气处理能有效抑制灰葡萄孢(Botrytiscinerea)和扩展青霉(Penicilliumexpansum)的毒性。灰葡萄孢比扩展青霉的热敏感度高,Bcinerea孢子38℃热处理48h即能完全抑制孢子萌发。热处理72h的Bcinerea平板均无菌丝生长。Pexpansum的孢子活性和菌丝生长随热处理时间的延长而明显减缓。热处理后的霉菌孢子在苹果果实内生长缓慢,Bcinerea孢子在热处理72h后在苹果中的生长完全受抑制,腐烂发生率为零。Pexpansum热处理72h后才能显著抑制苹果的腐烂发生。苹果接种霉菌后再进行热处理(38℃,96h),无论是0℃还是20℃下放置,均未发现腐烂,大大减少贮期灰霉病、青霉病的发生。研究还发现,经过2个月冷藏后,与对照组相比,热处理过的红富士苹果果皮色泽更黄,糖酸比上升,呼吸强度较低,硬度保持较好,说明热处理能够正面影响苹果的贮藏品质。     

番石榴果实采后生理和采后病害研究进展

番石榴果实采后易腐烂劣变,不耐贮运,制约着中国番石榴产业的进一步发展。本文就国内外关于番石榴果实采后生理和采后病害的研究进展进行综述,指出了番石榴果实采后研究存在的问题和今后需要进一步研究的领域。     

抗菌肽Jelleine-I对采后柑橘果实绿霉病的控制作用

研究抗菌肽Jelleine-I对指状青霉（Penicillium digitatum）生长的影响及可能的作用机理,并采用损伤接种的方法评价Jelleine-I对柑橘果实采后绿霉病的控制效果。结果表明,Jelleine-I能明显抑制P. digitatum的生长,其最小抑菌浓度和最小杀菌浓度分别为6.25 mmol/L和12.5 mmol/L;同时,其能有效控制柑橘果实采后绿霉病的发生。经Jelleine-I处理后的P. digitatum菌丝体细胞膜通透性增加,细胞间隔膜损坏,细胞内绿色SYTOX Green荧光强度增加,细胞间蓝色Calcofluor White荧光减少。此外,经Jelleine-I处理后的P. digitatum菌丝体胞外电导率以及胞内核酸物质泄漏量均显著增加（P＜0.05）。综上,Jelleine-I通过破坏P. digitatum细胞膜结构完整性,引起胞内物质泄漏,加速P. digitatum死亡,从而有效控制柑橘果实采后绿霉病的发生。     

采后硅酸钠处理对杏果黑斑病的控制及品质的影响

研究了采后硅酸钠处理对杏果黑斑病的控制及品质的影响。结果表明:体外条件下不同浓度硅酸钠对黑斑病病原物Alternaria alternata的生长具有显著的抑制作用,其中以25mmol/L处理效果最好,抑菌率可达72.73%。50mmol/L硅酸钠浸泡可明显降低杏果损伤接种A.alternata的病斑直径,处理组病斑直径低于对照22%,且抑制效果可持续96h。50mmol/L硅酸钠处理还有效延缓了常温贮藏初期果实硬度的下降,维持了较高的可滴定酸和VC的含量,但对可溶性固形物含量无明显影响。由此表明,采后硅酸钠处理可通过直接抑菌和诱导果实抗性来控制杏果黑斑病,并在一定程度上维持果实的品质。     

几种激发子处理对苹果梨采后青霉病的控制

研究了β-氨基丁酸（BABA）、水杨酸（SA）、Na2SiO3和NO供体硝普钠（SNP）处理对苹果梨抗青霉病诱导的时效性及其作用机理。结果表明,各激发子处理后不同时间损伤接种均能不同程度地抑制扩展青霉（Penicillium expansum）的侵染和扩展,处理后18h接种各处理的病斑直径明显低于对照,其中BABA处理效果最为明显,病斑直径比对照降低了14.59%,SNP次之。进一步研究表明,各激发子处理对果实组织抗性相关酶过氧化物酶（POD）、多酚氧化酶（PPO）和苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）均有一定的影响,其中SNP能明显提高POD活性,PAL活性能显著地被SNP和BABA诱导,而对于PPO活性,SNP和Na2SiO3处理的诱导作用高于BABA和SA。      

几种激发子处理对苹果梨采后青霉病的控制

研究了β-氨基丁酸(BABA)、水杨酸(SA)、Na2SiO3和NO供体硝普钠(SNP)处理对苹果梨抗青霉病诱导的时效性及其作用机理。结果表明,各激发子处理后不同时间损伤接种均能不同程度地抑制扩展青霉(Penicillium expansum)的侵染和扩展,处理后18h接种各处理的病斑直径明显低于对照,其中BABA处理效果最为明显,病斑直径比对照降低了14.59%,SNP次之。进一步研究表明,各激发子处理对果实组织抗性相关酶过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)均有一定的影响,其中SNP能明显提高POD活性,PAL活性能显著地被SNP和BABA诱导,而对于PPO活性,SNP和Na2SiO3处理的诱导作用高于BABA和SA。     

植物提取液对辣椒采后病原菌抑制及对根霉病抗性诱导作用

以‘湘研15号’辣椒为试材,分离、鉴定出4 株辣椒采后病原菌,采用生长速率法测定丁香、肉桂、花椒等9 种植物提取液对尖孢镰刀菌、黑色炭疽菌、红色炭疽菌、根霉菌的抑制效果,通过平板梯度稀释法测定植物提取液对上述4 种供试病菌的最小抑菌浓度（minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC）和最小杀菌浓度（minimum bactericidal concentration,MBC）;通过测定辣椒的病斑直径、发病率、总酚及类黄酮含量、苯丙氨酸解氨酶（phenylalanine ammonia lyase,PAL）、过氧化物酶（peroxldase,POD）、多酚氧化酶（polyphenol oxidase,PPO）活力,研究复合涂膜剂诱导辣椒对根霉病的抗性作用。结果显示,丁香、肉桂提取液对4 种供试病原菌的抑菌率均为100%,对尖孢镰刀菌、黑色炭疽菌、红色炭疽菌和根霉菌的MIC均分别为1.25、2.50、2.50 mg/mL和5.00 mg/mL,MBC均分别为2.50、5.00、5.00 mg/mL和10.00 mg/mL。丁香、肉桂提取液复合涂膜剂能有效抑制辣椒的发病率和减小病斑直径,接种第8天时,与刺伤后接种根霉菌孢子组（CK2）相比,复合涂膜剂组发病率降低了6.67%（P＞0.05）、病斑直径减小了30.35%（P＜0.05）;与刺伤后加无菌水组（CK1）和CK2组相比,复合涂膜剂处理辣椒的PAL活力分别提高了45.91%、24.54%（P＜0.05）;POD活力分别提高了22.15%（P＜0.05）、12.54%（P＞0.05）;PPO活力分别提高了80.00%、28.57%（P＜0.05）;总酚含量分别提高了60.00%、43.74%（P＜0.05）;类黄酮含量分别提高了82.05%、61.36%（P＜0.05）。结论：丁香、肉桂提取液复合涂膜剂能诱导辣椒对根霉病产生抗性,本研究可为开发高效、稳定、无毒无害辣椒防腐保鲜剂提供理论和技术支持。     

Effect of chitin on the antagonistic activity of Cryptococcus laurentii against Penicillium expansum in pear fruit

This study was designed to evaluate the impact of chitin on the antagonistic activity of Cryptococcus laurentii against the postharvest blue mold rot caused by Penicillium expansum in pear fruit. The results showed that the antagonistic activity of C. laurentii obtained from the culture media of nutrient yeast dextrose broth (NYDB) amended with chitin at 0.5-1.0% was improved greatly compared with the case that without chitin. The addition of chitin to NYDB did not influence the growth of C. laurentii, however, its population was found to increase rapidly thereafter in pear fruit wounds compared to that harvested from NYDB without chitin. Moreover, the cell-free filtrate of the chitin-supplement culture media in which the yeast was incubated for 24 h emerged a direct antifungal activity against P. expansum in pear fruit wounds, with the associated high level of chitinase activity. These results suggested that the use of chitin may be an effective method to induce the antagonistic activity of C. laurentii. To our knowledge, this is the first report regarding the chitin could enhance the efficacy of postharvest biocontrol yeasts.     

Antifungal activity of TiO2 photocatalysis against Penicillium expansum in vitro and in fruit tests

The antifungal activity of TiO2 photocatalytic reaction in the form of TiO2 powder and TiO2 coated on a plastic film against Penicillium expansum was investigated in vitro and in fruit tests. The mixture of P. expansum conidial suspension and TiO2 powder was added to potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates for vitro test. The TiO2 photocatalytic reaction reduced conidial germination of the fungal pathogen. It was found that the ability of the TiO2 photocatalytic reaction to suppress P. expansum growth correlated to the amount of TiO2 added. Lower numbers of viable colonies of P. expansum were observed with increasing amount of TiO2. Regardless of the kind of selected fruit inoculated with P. expansum, both TiO2 powder and TiO2-coated film exhibited antifungal activity to control fruit rot. Development of Penicillium rot in apple was significantly (P = 0.05) retarded by the TiO2 photocatalytic reaction. Similarly the TiO2 photocatalytic reaction was the only treatment where no tomato fruit rot was noticeable after 1 week of storage. TiO2-coated film also decreased brown lesions and Penicillium rot infection in lemons. The mean severity fruit rot scores (browning and softening flesh) were 3.2 and 1.9 for uncoated and TiO2-coated film, respectively. Our findings suggest that "TiO2 photocatalytic reaction" shows antifungal activity against P. expansum which may have potential for postharvest disease control.     

Antifungal activity of some microorganisms against Penicillium expansum

Antifungal activity of eleven selected bacterial cultures and five microfungi in different phases of their growth were investigated in respect of their activity against Penicillium expansum (Link.) Thom. The dynamics of linear growth and mycelium mass growth as well as the ability to produce patulin were examined. The results indicate that two bacteria Bacillius megaterium and Bacillus subtilis species and three strains of the genus Lactobacillus: L. casei, L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus, and L. lactis ssp. cremoris are active against Penicillium expansum.     

Effects of apple and pear varieties and pH on patulin accumulation by Penicillium expansum

BACKGROUND: Accumulation of patulin in apples and pears and subsequently in their by‐products is caused mostly by Penicillium expansum which causes blue mould. Fruit pH and other parameters are sometimes characteristic of a certain variety and thus the use of particular varieties might affect patulin content in the final products. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of fruit variety and pH on patulin accumulation. Patulin accumulation in both apple and pear juices at different pH and also in different apple varieties (Golden, Gala and Fuji) and pear varieties (Blanquilla and Conference) was assessed. RESULTS: The pH of juices significantly influenced patulin accumulation, especially in apple juice in which the highest amounts of patulin were detected at pH 3.5. In fruits, the pH values of the substrate were determinant only under cold storage. Thus, Golden apples, which presented a lower pH, accumulated more patulin at 1 °C. However, this trend was not observed at other temperatures in which varieties with higher amounts of organic acids (Golden and Fuji apples) accumulated most patulin. In the pear varieties, significant differences in pH did not lead to significant differences in patulin accumulation. CONCLUSION: Although pH influences patulin accumulation, other factors such as organic acid content may play an important role. Concerning the apple and pear varieties we studied, it seems that rather than variety, other parameters like pH or acidic content may be more important. These parameters vary significantly depending on the degree of ripeness of the fruit. Gala apple, which is used in Spanish juice production, was the only variety that accumulated dramatically higher amounts of patulin. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

In vitro antifungal activity of several antimicrobial compounds against Penicillium expansum

Fungicides used in the prevention and control of mold rots in stored apples are subjected to legal, social, and biological limitations. The aim of this study was to find an alternative to postharvest fungicides currently used in the prevention and control of blue mold rot caused by Penicillium expansum in apples. For this purpose, the antimicrobial activity and MIC of several substances against P. expansum were evaluated in vitro using different end point methods: agar diffusion assay, volatility method, and agar dilution and broth dilution MIC assays. Most of the substances tested are common food ingredients and have a recognized antimicrobial activity. Essential oils, such as thymol, eugenol, citral and cineole, vanillin, sodium hypochlorite, acetic acid, potassium sorbate, and hydrogen peroxide, were the substances evaluated. Thymol and citral were the essential oil components that showed the greatest inhibitory effects. The effectiveness of 5 and 10% hydrogen peroxide in growth inhibition of P. expansum in the agar diffusion assay was total, and its MIC as determined by the agar and broth dilution assays was less than 0.025%. These results indicate that the application of small quantities of hydrogen peroxide to the apple skin might be an alternative to fungicides in the elimination of P. expansum.     

BABA处理提高采后砂糖桔对青霉菌的抗病性

诱导抗病性是水果采后病害生物防治的重要内容之一。对非呼吸跃变型的砂糖桔(Citrus Reticulata Blancdo Cv.Shiyueju)果实进行BABA渗透处理后接种绿霉病菌孢子,结果表明:不同浓度BABA处理果实的发病率和病斑面积均比对照果实的低,其中0.5g/L BABA处理效果最好,BABA处理提高了沙糖桔果实CHT、GUN、PAL、PPO、POD活性,提高了果皮H2O2含量。     

朝鲜辣白菜中抗扩展青霉乳酸菌的筛选与鉴定

该研究采用菌饼法从朝鲜辣白菜中筛选抗扩展青霉（Penicillium expansum）的乳酸菌,采用形态观察、生理生化试验及分子生物学技术进行菌种鉴定,并对乳酸菌抗扩展青霉的机理进行初步研究。结果表明,经过筛选和鉴定,获得1株对扩展青霉抑制效果最佳的清酒乳杆菌（Lactobacillus sakei）PC-3,抑菌率为68.62%。菌株PC-3无细胞上清液（CFS）的抗真菌活性随pH的升高呈现先升高后降低的趋势;随温度的升高逐渐下降。初步判定菌株PC-3 CFS中抗扩展青霉的有效成分是乳酸和乙酸,其对扩展青霉抑菌率分别为67.58%和66.73%。经扫描电镜观察发现,菌株PC-3 CFS抗扩展青霉的机制为破坏其细胞结构,导致胞内物质泄漏。     

扩展青霉拮抗菌的选育及抑菌机制初探

为选育有效抑制扩展青霉（Penicillium expansum）的拮抗菌,并初步探讨其抑菌机制。从苹果表面分离到拮抗扩展青霉的菌株BA-16,经形态学、生理生化及16S rRNA基因序列分析,对该菌进行鉴定,并采用低能N+注入技术对其进行诱变选育。采用双酶反应体系检测野生株和突变株对扩展青霉分泌磷脂酶的抑制效果以检测突变效果并探究其抑菌机制。经鉴定,BA-16-8该菌被鉴定为解淀粉芽孢杆菌（Bacillus amyloliquefaciens）。低能N+注入技术诱变选育出的突变株BA-16-8抑菌性能显著提高且遗传性能稳定。磷脂酶活性结果显示,相对于野生株,突变株代谢产物可显著抑制病原菌所分泌的磷脂酶A的活性,且其抑制效果随浓度的增高而增强,故推测拮抗菌可能通过该机制起到抑制扩展青霉的作用。本研究对于苹果采后青霉病的生物防治具有良好应用开发前景。