压密注浆极限注浆压力研究

为了避免压密注浆极限注浆压力在理论上一直没有理论解的弱点,依据压密注浆是以球形进行扩孔的假设,并利用球形扩孔过程中的能量和体变守恒原理以及砂土在压密注浆压力和地应力等较高应力同时作用下的应力-应变-体变关系,推导出压密注浆极限注浆压力求解的理论方程组,通过求解该方程组即可求解出压密注浆的极限注浆压力,可为计算高应力粒状土中压密注浆的极限注浆压力提供理论依据.分析表明,压密注浆的极限注浆压力值主要取决于土的应力-应变-体变关系,柱形扩孔时的压密注浆形式可以看成是球形扩孔时压密注浆的依次叠加.现场试验和计算分析可知,理论计算与工程实际较为吻合.     

应变软化及剪胀性土体中考虑大应变的孔扩张问题解析

采用应力跌落模型模拟土体的应变软化,以Mohr-couloub屈服准则和不相关联的流动法则考虑土体屈服塑性流动和剪胀特性,引进对数应变考虑土体的大变形,给出了应变软化及剪胀性土体中考虑大应变的孔扩张问题的弹塑性解析解,为了对比,还给出了小应变情况下位移的解析表达式.分析了大、小应变理论、不同剪胀特性、不同软化程度和考虑塑性区弹性变形与否对结果的影响.结果表明:在孔扩张压力较大时,用小应变理论会引起很大误差,必须考虑大应变;在相同扩张力作用下,土体的软化程度越高,扩张率越大,土体的剪胀角越大则扩张率越小.土体的软化和剪胀特性还影响极限扩张压力,软化越严重,极限扩张压力越小;剪胀角越大,极限扩张压力越大.     

Influence of stress anisotropy on the cylindrical cavity expansion in undrained elastic-perfectly plastic soil

This work presents an analysis of the influence of stress anisotropy on cylindrical cavity expansions in an undrained elastic-perfectly plastic soil. This problem was formulated by assuming a large strain in both the elastic and plastic zones around the cavity and a plain strain condition during the cavity expansion process. The solutions for the limit pressure, stress, and excess pore pressure were obtained by introducing the anisotropic initial stress coefficient K₀ into the conventional cylindrical cavity expansion method. The proposed solutions were then used to interpret the piezocone penetration test, and the suitability of the solutions was verified by comparing the prediction with the piezocone penetration test data. Subsequently, parametric studies were carried out to investigate the influence of stress anisotropy on the stress, excess pores pressure distributions around an expanding cylindrical cavity, and limit pressure. The results show that the proposed cylindrical cavity expansion method under stress anisotropy is suitable and can be used to investigate the piezocone cone test. The present work improves upon the conventional theoretical framework of cavity expansion and can be applied to the determination of the stresses around axially loaded piles and around in-situ testing devices such as penetrometers.     

线性软化土体中球孔扩张问题的解析解

采用三折线线性软化模型描述了土体应力－应变关系，以Mohr-Coulomb为屈服准则，同时考虑塑性区弹性变形、土体剪胀以及土体软化的特性，推导了孔扩张后孔周各个区域的应力、应变及位移解析解，讨论了剪胀角、应变软化系数、是否考虑塑性区弹性变形对解答结果的影响.结果表明，最终扩张压力、塑性区半径都随剪胀角的增大而增大；软化系数对塑性区半径影响很小，但对最终扩张压力影响较大，随着软化系数的增大，最终扩张压力增大；考虑塑性区弹性变形对扩张问题解答的影响随扩张半径的增大越趋明显；考虑塑性区的弹性变形，最终扩孔压力偏小.     

考虑中间主应力影响的主动土压力计算

在平面应变条件下,分别推导了松冈元-中井照夫破坏准则、Lade-Duncan破坏准则和俞茂宏双剪统一强度准则的表达形式,并将平面应变条件下和常规三轴压缩条件下的土体抗剪强度指标联系起来.在此基础上,得到了考虑中间主应力影响的主动土压力计算公式.计算表明,只要填土的内摩擦角大于0,考虑中间主应力影响的主动土压力值都小于Rankine主动土压力值,但不同的破坏准则,其计算结果相差较大.     

卸围压条件下砂岩变形破坏特性试验研究

从可释放弹性应变能角度对岩石卸围压条件下破坏特性进行研究,利用MTS815电液压伺服可控制刚性试验机进行保持轴向变形不变的卸围压试验,根据卸围压试验数据,分析了该砂岩卸围压过程中变形、强度、弹性模量及能量变化特征。结果表明:随着围压逐渐降低,岩样发生侧向不断扩容;轴向应力逐渐降低,呈现出非线性特征;弹性模量在初始阶段几乎不变化,越过破坏点之后大幅降低;可释放的弹性应变能在初始阶段增大比较缓慢,当围压降低至一定程度时急剧增大;推导出基于可释放弹性应变能的卸荷岩石的整体破坏准则Ue0。     

Estimation of compaction grouting pressure in strain softening soils

A new method was proposed to predict the limited compaction grouting pressure for the soft soils. Theoretical basis of the method considered the conical shear failure above the grout bulb. Using the Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion as the initial yield function, the limited compaction grouting pressure was determined, according to the softening elastic-plastic model based on the conventional triaxial compression tests to simulate the strain softening soils. The small strain in the elastic zone and large stain in the plastic zone and the rational yield function for the strain softening phase stage, the analytical solutions to the compaction grouting pressure were presented. The results indicate reasonable agreement and show a good potential of the proposed method for rationally optimizing the design of compaction grouting operations. Foundation item: Project (200550) supported by the Foundation for the Author of National Excellent Doctoral Dissertation of China; Project (09JJ1008) supported by Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China     

Mechanical and damage evolution properties of sandstone under triaxial compression

To study the mechanical and damage evolution properties of sandstone under triaxial compression,we analyzed the stress strain curve characteristics,deformation and strength properties,and failure process and characteristics of sandstone samples under different stress states.The experimental results reveal that peak strength,residual strength,elasticity modulus and deformation modulus increase linearly with confining pressure,and failure models transform from fragile failure under low confining pressure to ductility failure under high confining pressure.Macroscopic failure forms of samples under uniaxial compression were split failure parallel to the axis of samples,while macroscopic failure forms under uniaxial compression were shear failure,the shear failure angle of which decreased linearly with confining pressure.There were significant volume dilatation properties in the loading process of sandstone under different confining pressures,and we analyzed the damage evolution properties of samples based on acoustic emission damage and volumetric dilatation damage,and established damage constitutive model,realizing the real-time quantitative evaluation of samples damage state in loading process.     

Undrained response of reconstituted clay to cyclic pure principal stress rotation

A series of monotonic and rotational shearing tests are carried out on reconstituted clay using a hollow cylinder apparatus under undrained condition. In the rotational shearing tests, the principal stress axes rotate cyclically with the magnitudes of the principal stresses keeping constant. The anisotropy of the reconstituted clay is analyzed from the monotonic shearing tests. Obvious pore pressure is induced by the principal stress rotation alone even with shear stress q0=5 k Pa. Strain components also accumulate with increasing the number of cycles and increases suddenly at the onset of failure. The deviatoric shear strain of 7.5% can be taken as the failure criterion for clay subjected to the pure cyclic principal stress rotation. The intermediate principal stress parameter b plays a significant role in the development of pore pressure and strain. Specimens are weakened by cyclic rotational shearing as the shear modulus decreases with increasing the number of cycles, and the shear modulus reduces more quickly with larger b. Clear deviation between the directions of the principal plastic strain increment and the principal stress is observed during pure principal stress rotation. Both the coaxial and non-coaxial plastic mechanisms should be taken into consideration to simulate the deformation behavior of clay under pure principal stress rotation. The mechanism of the soil response to the pure principal stress rotation is discussed based on the experimental observations.     

局部膨胀土作用下隧道稳定性试验研究

膨胀土在中国分布极为广泛,目前相应的研究主要集中于工程监测以及数值模拟,容易出现代表性数据缺乏,结果与实际差别较大等不足。本文通过自主研发的膨胀土隧道设备进行模型试验,对底部膨胀土和左侧膨胀土对隧道稳定性的影响进行研究,探究膨胀作用下隧道的力学响应特征以及围岩变形分布规律,得出如下结论:底部和一侧膨胀作用结束后隧道的环向压力分别达到97.23和37.75 kPa,位于膨胀土对侧位置处的压力几乎为0 kPa,呈现时间正相关和距离负相关现象,底部分布膨胀土情况下扰动范围较大,而一侧分布破坏较为集中;膨胀作用对于隧道的影响是荷载和应变缓冲的共同作用下的非线性相关变化,在膨胀时间为1/5时将出现首次应变缓冲,环向压力增幅迅速减小;当隧道底部分布均匀膨胀土层时可以将膨胀土层看作受弯结构研究隧道的力学特征;不同部位膨胀土作用下的围岩变形将产生剧烈剪切破坏带,根据膨胀土分布位置分别出现单边剪切和双边剪切。     

A theoretical model of rigid projectile perforation of concrete slabs using the energy method

Projectile perforation of concrete slabs will produce numerous concrete fragments on the rear face of the concrete slabs. These concrete fragments will cause serious secondary damage to the indoor personnel and equipment of protective structures. Accurately evaluating the damage area of concrete slabs is an important problem. Therefore, a theoretical model of a rigid projectile perforation of concrete slabs is constructed using the energy method in this paper. In this model, a new shear failure method is proposed to calculate the energy consumption of the shear formation by combining with the von-Mises failure criterion and failure strain. Based on the energy conservation and principle of minimum potential energy, explicit equations for the perforation performance are formulated. The theoretical predictions agree well with the experimental results. Furthermore, experiments on a high-speed projectile normal perforation of concrete are carried out to verify the accuracy of the corresponding theoretical prediction.     

A new criterion of coal burst proneness based on the residual elastic energy index

To evaluate the coal burst proneness more precisely, a new energy criterion namely the residual elastic energy index was proposed. This study begins by performing the single-cyclic loading-unloading uniaxial compression tests with five pre-peak unloading stress levels to explore the energy storage characteristics of coal. Five types of coals from different mines were tested, and the instantaneous destruction process of the coal specimens under compression loading was recorded using a high speed camera. The results showed a linear relationship between the elastic strain energy density and input energy density, which confirms the linear energy storage law of coal. Based on this linear energy storage law, the peak elastic strain energy density of each coal specimen was obtained precisely. Subsequently, a new energy criterion of coal burst proneness was established, which was called the residual elastic energy index(defined as the difference between the peak elastic strain energy density and post peak failure energy density).Considering the destruction process and actual failure characteristics of coal specimens, the accuracy of evaluating coal burst proneness based on the residual elastic energy index was examined. The results indicated that the residual elastic energy index enables reliable and precise evaluations of the coal burst proneness.     

Experimental study on the influence of hydrostatic stress on the Lode angle effect of porous rock

To investigate the deformation mechanisms of rock under hydrostatic stress, destructive experiments were conducted on sandstone under different levels of hydrostatic stress and stress Lode angles. The results reveal that the shape of the strength envelope on the π plane gradually changes from the shape of the Lade criterion to the shape of the Drucker-Prage criterion with an increase in hydrostatic stress. Normally, there exists a deviation between the strain and stress paths for porous rocks on the π plane, and the deviation decreases with an increase in stress Lode angle and hydrostatic stress. A rock failure hypothesis based on the rock porous structure was proposed to investigate the reasons for the abovementioned phenomena. It was found that the shear expansion in the minimum principal stress direction is the dominant factor affecting the Lode angle effect (LAE); the magnitude of the hydrostatic stress induces the variation of the porous structure and influences the shear expansion. Therefore, the hydrostatic stress state affects the LAE. The failure hypothesis proposed in this paper can clarify the hydrostatic stress effect, LAE, and the variation of the rock strength envelope shape.     

Pressure-controlled elliptical cavity expansion under anisotropic initial stress: Elastic solution and its application

This paper presents an elastic solution to the pressure-controlled elliptical cavity expansion problem under the anisotropic stress conditions. The problem is formulated by the assumption that an initial elliptical cavity is expanded under a uniform pressure and subjected to an in-plane initial horizontal pressure Kσ_0 and vertical pressure σ_0 at infinity. A conformal mapping technique is used to map the outer region of the initial elliptical cavity in the physical plane onto the inner region of a unit circle in the phase plane. Using the complex variable theory, the stress functions are derived; hence, the stress and displacement distributions around the elliptical cavity wall can be obtained. Furthermore, a closed-form solution to the pressure-expansion relationship is presented based on the elastic solution to the stress and displacement. Next, the proposed analytical solutions are validated by comparing with the Kirsch's solution and the finite element method(FEM). The solution to the presented pressure-controlled elliptical cavity expansion can be applied to two cases in practice. One is to employ the solution to the interpretation of the shear modulus of the soil or rocks and the in-situ stress in the pre-bored pressuremeter test under the lateral anisotropic initial stress condition. The other is the interpretation of the membrane expansion of a flat dilatometer test using the pressure-controlled elliptical cavity expansion solution. The two cases in practice confirm the usefulness of the present analytical solution.     

Theoretical model for the improved PCC pile using expansive concrete

Conventional improve PCC PCC pile technique capacity,has been widely used as embankment piles for highway construction in China.To further the pile of the expansive concrete the technique pile has been applied the to the PCC pile well to replace the normal concrete recently.The use expansive concrete for PCC could which increase allows pile diameter as pile as the contact higher pressure capacity at the the pile-soil interface due to the expansion paper process of concrete,the improved improved PCC PCC to provide than conventional The PCC pile.This presents a theoretical PCC model for the new pile using expansive cylindrical concrete cavity technique.model is formulated by assuming the pile with installation soil process as large strain is undrained expansion and the subsequent pile shaft with expansion combined consolidation process simulated by is the used small to strain cylindrical problem cavity cavity expansion expansion method combined strain-controlled consolidation.model,Then,similarity solution technique solve the of in modified cam Clay(MCC)while the strain-controlled consolidation is calculated through the finite pile difference(FDM).Subsequently,comparing the suitability of PCC the pore cavity expansion solution in the interpretation of the PCC field installation The is verified by and the calculated excess the pressure with the and measured subsequent value pile in an instrumented expansion test.stress means changes of excess study.concrete pore The pressure proposed during pile installation first shaft are investigated of by pile parametric theoretical model reveals and quantifies developing the fundamental mechanism the PCC using pile expansive technique and it provides a theoretical basis for design methods of the new improved PCC in the future.     

高压冻(融)土-结构接触面剪切应力-应变关系

为揭示深厚表土冻融土-混凝土结构接触面剪切力学特性,利用改进的DRS-1高压直残剪试验系统,开展系列高法向应力、升温条件下冻(融)土-结构接触面直剪试验,总结高应力作用下不同融化程度冻(融)土-结构接触面剪切应力-应变关系曲线的基本特征.通过试验分别建立峰值前和考虑应变软化特征的高应力、升温条件下冻(融)土-结构接触面...     

Coal pillar mechanics of violent failure in U.S. Mines

This paper seeks to enhance the understanding that the horizontal stresses build up and release during coal pillar loading and unloading(post-failure) drawing upon three decades of observations, geomechanical monitoring and numerical modeling in bump-prone U.S. mines. The focus is on induced horizontal stress in mine pillars and surrounding strata as highly stressed pillars punch into the roof and floor, causing shear failure and buckling of strata; under stiff stratigraphic units of some western US mines, these events could be accompanied by violent failure of pillar cores. Pillar punching eventually results in tensile stresses at the base of the pillar, facilitating transition into the post-failure regime; this transition will be nonviolent if certain conditions are met, notably the presence of interbedded mudstones with low shear strength properties and proper mine designs for controlling seismicity and dynamic loads. The study clearly shows high confining stress build-up in coal pillars resulting in up to twice higher peak vertical stress and high strain energy accumulations in some western US mines in comparison with peak stresses predicted using common empirical pillar design methods. It is the unstable release of this strain energy that can cause significant damage resulting from pillar dilation and ground movements. These forces are much greater than the capacity of most common internal support systems, resulting in horizontal stressinduced roof falls locally, in mines under unremarkable far-field horizontal stress. Attention should be placed on pillar designs as increasing support density may prove to be ineffective. This mechanism is analyzed using field measurements and generic finite-difference stress analyses. The study confirms the higher load carrying capacity of confinement-controlled coal seams in comparison with structurally controlled coal seams. Such significant differences in confining stresses are not taken into account when estimating peak pillar strength using most common empirical techniques such as those proposed by Bieniawski and Salamon. While using lower pillar strength estimates may be considered conservative,it underestimates the actual capacity of pillars in accumulating much higher stress and strain energies,misleading the designer and inadvertently diminishing mine safety. The role of induced horizontal stress in mine pillars and surrounding strata is emphasized in coal pillar mechanics of violent failure. The triggering mechanism for the violent events is sudden loss of pillar confinement due to dynamic loading resulting from failure of overlying stiff and strong strata. Evidence of such mechanism is noted in the field by observed red-dust at the coal-rock interfaces at the location of coal bumps and irregular, periodic caving in room-and-pillar mines quantified through direct pressure measurements in the gob.     

爆炸荷载作用下基于抗剪承载力的钢柱失效准则

为实现爆炸荷载作用下钢柱快速损伤评估及失效分析,作者分别基于壳单元的精细化模型和梁-柱纤维模型,研究了爆炸荷载作用下钢柱的动态响应;通过位移、剩余竖向承载力和钢柱最大剪力指标,对钢柱进行损伤评估和失效分析.在钢柱剩余承载力基础上提出了基于抗剪承载力的钢柱失效破坏准则,并通过数值模拟对其进行验证.结果表明:基于抗剪承载力的钢柱失效准则能较为准确地预测钢柱在爆炸荷载作用的剪切破坏及由此导致的钢柱剩余承载能力的丧失;梁-柱纤维模型可用于钢柱的损伤失效分析,比精细化模型的计算效率高,但分析结果偏于安全.     

基于Weibull分布的土-结构接触面统计损伤软化本构模型

以法向应力为0.8-1.0 MPa条件下的土-结构接触面剪切力学特性及变形性态为依据,从土-结构接触面抗剪强度的随机性出发,将接触面上的整体剪切破坏视为有限个微元的剪切破坏的组合,提出了基于平面应变条件下Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则的土-结构接触面微元强度表达式,在假定微元强度或微元破坏服从双参数Weibull分布的基础上,建立了土-结构接触面统计损伤软化本构模型.结果表明,模型能够较好地反映土-结构接触面变形破坏的全过程,尤其是剪切过程中所表现出的应变软化特性,其模拟与试验结果曲线的相关系数达0.99以上.     

考虑粗糙度影响的不同土与混凝土界面大型直剪试验研究

土与结构接触界面的力学特性对于土体与结构相互作用系统的研究具有重要意义,结构周围土体性质与结构表面粗糙度是影响接触面力学性质的重要因素。为研究结构表面粗糙度对不同土体与结构接触面的剪切力学特性的影响,采用大型直剪试验仪进行了3种土体（红黏土、砂土与碎石土）与混凝土接触面剪切试验。通过在混凝土表面预制不同数量的规则半圆型凹槽来改变表面粗糙度,并采用灌砂法对混凝土表面粗糙度进行定量评价,研究粗糙度对不同类型接触面的剪切应力与剪切位移曲线以及强度参数的影响。结果表明：土体类型对接触面的剪切应力与剪切位移曲线形态具有较大的影响,红黏土与混凝土接触面剪切曲线表现为剪切软化型,砂土与混凝土接触面剪切曲线表现出理想弹塑性特征,碎石土与混凝土接触面剪切曲线主要表现为应变硬化型。粗糙度对接触面的剪切强度有着显著的影响,不同土体与混凝土接触面的剪切强度随粗糙度的增大均有明显提高,但法向应力的增大会弱化粗糙度对接触面剪切强度的影响。不同粗糙度条件下接触面的剪切强度与法向应力之间均存在着良好的线性关系,表明接触面的剪切破坏符合摩尔-库伦准则。粗糙度的增大能显著提高接触面的表观黏聚力,但对接触面内摩擦角的影响较小。