平板太阳能集热器与建筑物屋顶的一体化结构设计

在建筑设计阶段考虑太阳能集热器与建筑物屋顶的一体化结构设计,可以满足太阳能利用、设施维护、屋顶空间利用和建筑美学等要求。在计算出接收太阳辐射的最佳屋顶坡度的基础上,对双坡对称屋顶、双坡不对称屋顶、单坡屋顶和平屋顶等几种屋顶结构形式进行太阳能集热器安装结构的设计比较,分别分析在不同纬度地区每种屋顶结构在可利用的屋面面积、有效集热器面积和屋顶空间利用等方面的优势和劣势。为了便于太阳能集热器及其水管的安装与维护,提出了一种有维护通道的坡屋顶结构形式。     

城市中风力发电与建筑一体化设计

随着全球城市化程度的日益提高,城市所需能源急剧加大,当下对城市中风能利用的研究和应用具有重要的现实意义。通过介绍城市中风力发电与建筑一体化的设计方法,分析风力发电与建筑一体化设计的特点和存在的问题,提出三种一体化设计的方式：风机安装在屋顶上、风机安装在两座建筑物之间和风机安装在建筑物的空洞中。     

屋顶光伏项目安装倾角的选择

随着分布式光伏电站的普及,越来越多的项目中利用屋顶安装光伏发电设备,如何有效利用建筑屋顶资源,使光伏发电充分发挥效益,是设计屋顶光伏项目时应首要考虑的问题。本文围绕光伏组件在建筑屋顶安装倾角的选择,对不同倾角下安装容量及发电量等进行综合比选,分析不同安装倾角下的项目效果,提出可行的解决方案。     

光伏建筑的安装施工与屋顶优化

对光伏建筑中电池组件的安装施工方法以及屋顶最佳倾角的选择进行了研究。光伏组件的施工包括就位和安装两个步骤,安装方法可分为外置式、表皮式、建材式3种。针对光伏建筑中的平面坡屋顶的最佳倾角选择进行了分析,给出最佳倾角的计算方法。光伏建筑设计时可参考计算结果选择倾斜角,使光伏建筑效能最大化。     

对汉代建筑明器中屋顶特征形式的初探

以出土的汉代建筑明器为例,就某些建筑明器中屋顶所表现出的特殊形式:屋面"反宇"及檐口形式进行阐述,介绍了这两种特殊形式的做法,并对其产生的原因进行了分析,对研究汉代建筑明器屋顶形式具有重要意义。     

斜屋顶建筑结构设计分析

近年随着我国经济水平地不断提高和住宅产业的快速发展,古老的斜屋顶也随着社会的发展和科技的进步,被赋予了更多的新功能、新形式和新技术,为实现住宅建筑多样化、地域化、节能提供了可能性。斜屋顶是古老屋顶的一种常见形式,通常是指屋面坡度较陡的屋顶,其坡度一般大于10%。文章通过PKPM的建模,对不同坡度斜屋顶的整体结构性能进行了分析,以便更好地应用到建筑结构中。     

住宅布局对城市风能利用影响的数值模拟研究

以某住宅建筑群室外风速场研究为例,通过建立室外风场的数学和物理模型,应用专业CFD软件FLUENT,综合分析住宅建筑群两种行列式和错列式布局形式的室外风速分布情况和风能利用潜力。研究表明,建筑布局对风能分布有很大影响,行列式布局的楼间风大于错列式,而错列式布局的楼顶风能优于行列式。使用数值模拟方法对优化建筑布局来优化室外风环境和提高城市风能利用率有着显著的指导作用。     

浅谈建筑屋顶形式的发展与结构创新的关系

主要从结构的角度去审视建筑屋顶形式的发展与结构创新的关系,并由几个不同时期的建筑阐述了建筑屋顶结构的发展创新在建筑屋顶形式中的表现．任何建筑都是由结构体系支撑而成,建筑形式的变化在一定程度上反应了结构的变化,反过来,结构的发展创新也使得建筑形式更具有表现力和活力,并使得建筑更适应人们的居住使用以及审美要求．     

济南地区商业建筑节能改造及光伏应用潜力研究

通过对济南某商业建筑照明、空调、电梯等设备的能耗调研,提出了针对性的节能改造措施。改造后商业建筑全年用电量节约2 293 MW·h,其中照明年节电率达24.6%,空调年节电率达7.2%,电梯年节电率达62.1%。同时,利用PVSYST软件对商业建筑屋顶的光伏利用潜力进行了分析。结果表明水平和最佳倾斜角度两种铺设方式下屋顶光伏阵列的年发电量分别为742.7 MW·h和487.6 MW·h,水平铺设的光伏阵列年发电量比最佳倾斜角铺设阵列年发电量多255.1 MW·h,但需多安装光伏组件976块,对应的安装功率多283 k W。     

上海世博会主题馆2.8MW建筑光伏一体化(BIPV)项目支撑结构设计

上海世博会主题馆屋顶2.825MW建筑光伏一体化工程项目的支撑结构设计,综合考虑了建筑外观、建筑结构形式、组件生产工艺、组件安装形式、系统容量及子系统匹配要求等各种因素,实现了光伏组件与建筑的完美结合,满足了设计要求。     

女儿墙对平屋面低矮建筑风荷载特性的影响

对平屋面低矮建筑进行1∶25缩尺刚性模型测压风洞试验,研究了无女儿墙工况和4种不同高度女儿墙的平屋面低矮建筑的风荷载分布规律。无女儿墙的平屋面主要承受风吸力作用,斜风向锥形涡诱导的最不利吸力区域为屋面迎风边缘角部区域,为全风向下最不利区域。女儿墙的存在可明显减小屋面的平均风吸力和极值风吸力,平均风吸力减小幅度可达150%,同时最不利平均风压系数和极小值风压系数的出现位置逐渐远离了屋面角部区域;随着女儿墙高度的增加,极值风吸力进一步减小,极值风压力增大,最大的极大值风压系数出现在尾流区;采取分区的方式给出了不同女儿墙高度的屋面体型系数建议取值。     

Thermal analysis of vaulted roofs

In hot arid regions, cooling buildings by passive techniques is very important regarding energy saving and the need to keep clean the environment. In such areas, domed and vaulted roofs are widely used for centuries, such as in the Middle East region and central part of Iran. In this article analysis is made to explore east–west direction of wind flow around north–south vaulted roofs and flat roof buildings. Combined convection and solar radiation over the roofs is considered to studying thermal performances of vaulted roofs and comparing their heat transfer with flat roofs. Two-dimensional RNG k–? turbulence model is incorporated to predict turbulent flow field as well as separation and recirculating patterns around the vaulted roofs and flat roof buildings. Solar radiation distribution over the roofs is determined based on an appropriate model applicable to hot arid regions of Iran. Pressure differences above the vaulted roof are compared with flat roof for various rim angles and different wind speeds. Heat transfer to the building with respect to time is determined for a certain inside ceiling design temperature, various wind flows and vault shapes, and results are compared with corresponding flat roof. It was found that daily average heat flux for all vaulted roofs, except vaulted roof of rim angle 180° is less than flat roof and it reduces further by increasing wind speed.     

单个周边建筑对工业厂房屋面平均风压的气动干扰效应

工业厂房通常处于工业厂区内,受周边建筑的干扰,其表面风压分布与单个独立厂房不同,相邻建筑会对风荷载产生影响。基于单个厂房与两个串列厂房刚性模型风洞试验,给出了不同工况下屋面的平均风压,分析了屋盖横向、纵向端部与中部测点的平均风压分布规律,对比了不同串列距离条件下受扰厂房与独立厂房屋盖表面平均风压分布,探讨了平均风压系数干扰因子随风向角及干扰距离的变化规律。试验结果表明：不同风向角时,干扰效应截然不同;干扰效应存在临界风向角。临界风向角一般保持在 30°~50°范围内,小于临界风向角时,干扰起放大效应;大于临界风向角时,干扰为遮挡效应。此外,运用最小二乘法拟合了干扰因子设计值实用计算式,为受扰厂房建筑屋盖表面风压的修正提供依据。     

Experimental study of wind loads on gable roofs of low-rise buildings with overhangs

Gable roofs with overhangs (eaves) are the common constructions of low-rise buildings on the southeastern coast of China, and they were vulnerable to typhoons from experience. The wind pressure distributions on gable roofs of low-rise buildings are investigated by a series of wind tunnel tests which consist of 99 test cases with various roof pitches, height-depth ratios and width-depth ratios. The block pressure coefficients and worst negative (block) pressure coefficients on different roof regions of low-rise buildings are proposed for the main structure and building envelope, respectively. The effects of roof pitch, height-depth ratio, and width-depth ratio on the pressure coefficients of each region are analyzed in detail. In addition, the pressure coefficients on the roofs for the main structure and building envelope are fitted according to roof pitch, height-depth ratio and width-depth ratio of the low-rise building. Meanwhile, the rationality of the fitting formulas is verified by comparing the fitting results with the codes of different countries. Lastly, the block pressure coefficients and worst negative pressure coefficients are recommended to guide the design of low-rise buildings in typhoon area and act as references for the future’s modification of wind load codes.     

大跨屋盖结构风压脉动的非高斯特性

借助刚性模型风洞动态同步测压试验,对大跨度平屋盖表面脉动风压的非高斯统计特性进行了系统研究。首先,根据测点风压时程及其概率密度分布,对具有非高斯分布特性的屋盖风压局部区域做出判断;然后,通过风压的时空间相关性,结合中心极限定理讨论局部呈现非高斯特性的原因;最后,基于测点风压的第三、四阶矩统计量对风压的非高斯特性进行描述,给出划分高斯非高斯区域的标准,并在此基础上对平屋盖进行了分区,通过区域划分揭示了不同区域的脉动风压形成机理,也体现出一些大跨屋盖结构不同于低矮房屋的流场特性。通过上述工作,增进了对大跨度屋盖表面风压分布特性的认识,为进一步探讨屋盖结构的抗风设计方法奠定了理论基础。     

Passive cooling in hot,arid regions in developing countries by employing domed roofs and reducing the temperature of internal surfaces

Natural ventilation due to wind effects through buildings employing domed roofs was estimated by a flow network analysis. The dome was assumed to have an opening at its crown. When compared with flat roofs, the domed roofs always increase the air flow rate through the building. The increase in natural ventilation becomes significant in buildings with doors and windows all in one wall, or whenever the wind effects on the building envelope do not produce large pressure differences at the openings.The large air flow rate in the buildings with domed roofs may be utilized to store night air coolness in the structure more effectively and keep the mean radiant temperature of the interior surfaces low for thermal comfort in summer. The lowest internal surface temperatures can be obtained when the surfaces are kept moist and evaporatively cooled.Through a one-dimensional energy analysis the inside surface temperature of a horizontal slab was estimated for various slab materials and thicknesses and external and internal conditions. The inside surface temperature was compared with the case of employing a roof pond. It was found that lower temperatures can be obtained by evaporatively-cooled moist internal surfaces than that which can be obtained by unshaded roof ponds: For a building whose internal surfaces (walls and ceiling) are kept moist a large ventilation rate is needed to prevent water vapor build-up in the space. A domed roof with a hole in its crown can produce the necessary ventilation for such a building.     

典型大跨度屋盖结构的风压谱工程简化模型

通过对平屋盖、悬挑屋盖、柱面屋盖、球面屋盖及鞍形屋盖五种典型大跨屋盖的1730组风洞试验工况下18048个风压时程样本的功率谱分析,采用峰值频率和相干指数对大跨屋盖特征湍流特性的风压谱进行表征并建立了简化模型。结果表明,从频谱特性角度,将上述五种形状的大跨度屋盖分为三类,即第Ⅰ类是以平屋盖和鞍形屋盖为代表的具有尖角钝体特性的屋盖,第Ⅱ类是以悬挑屋盖为代表的具有平板流特性的屋盖,第Ⅲ类是以柱面、球面屋盖为代表的具有曲面钝体绕流特性的屋盖;第Ⅰ、Ⅱ类屋盖峰值频率集中在0.1~0.2Hz,相干指数分别集中于2.5和3.5附近;第Ⅲ类屋盖峰值频率集中在0.1Hz以下,相干指数集中在4.0附近。经过统计分析,给出了参数分区值,以供结构抗风设计参考。     

邯郸乡村托幼建筑屋顶节能设计

以具体的托幼建筑设计实例为背景,从托幼建筑的性质入手,通过建筑围护结构一维稳定传热等理论知识,结合建筑结构、造价等内容,对各种形式的节能屋顶进行计算及对比分析。对最终确定的节能屋顶的方案,进行投资回收分析。根据动态和静态两种计算方法所得到的结果,充分说明平屋顶倒置式屋面在节能方面的优越性。     

沥青波形瓦高层坡屋面应用技术

天津市和悦花园住宅小区一期高层工程屋面采用平坡结合的形式,坡屋面选用了永得维拉誖沥青波形瓦。该瓦自防水,抗风揭,且施工效率高,建筑装饰效果好。     

Fragility assessment of wood sheathing panels and roof-to-wall connections subjected to wind loading

The performance of the wood-frame buildings after tornadoes has shown that the majority of the wind damage resulted from building envelope failure most typically due to the loss of the roof. To assess the performance and the reliability of low-rise wood-frame residential buildings with a focus on the roofs, fragility analysis can be used to estimate the probability of failure of a roof when constructed with specified nails and sheathing sizes. Thus, this paper examines the fragility of specific types of nails, roof-to-wall (RW) connection details, and sheathing sizes based on the damaged roofs that were previously assessed in the Dunrobin area in Ottawa (Ontario) that was hit with an Enhanced Fujita (EF3) tornado on September 21, 2018. The presented fragility analysis considers four scenarios, including different sheathing and nail sizes. Dead loads, wind loads, and resistance on the sheathing panels were compiled and analyzed to determine the failure of the examined roofs. The eight fragility models suggest that the safest roof sheathing (RS) is the 1.22 m × 1.22 m sheathing panel with 8 d nails, and the safest RW connections is achieved by using H2.5 hurricane clips.