镀铜石墨烯增强钛基复合材料的组织及性能研究

本实验通过超声搅拌加球磨的方式制备了镀铜石墨烯(GNPs)增强Ti6Al4V(TC4)钛基混合粉体,将粉体压制后采用微波烧结制备GNPs-Cu/Ti6Al4V复合材料.通过X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、能谱分析、显微硬度、室温压缩和摩擦磨损等测试手段,研究了石墨烯含量对钛基复合材料微观组织及力学性能的影响.研究结果表明:各石墨烯含量的钛基复合材料均出现Ti2 Cu、TiC相,当石墨烯含量为0.5％时出现GNPs相,且含量越高GNPs相的峰越高.随着石墨烯含量增加,钛基复合材料的相对密度、显微硬度、室温压缩强度和耐磨性先增加后降低,其中石墨烯含量为0.8％时复合材料的性能最好.与未加入石墨烯的Ti6Al4V基体相比,石墨烯含量为0.8％的GNPs-Cu/Ti6Al4V复合材料的显微硬度和压缩强度分别提高80.9％、69.9％.GNPs/Ti6Al4V和GNPs-Cu/Ti6Al4V复合材料的压缩强度分别比Ti6Al4V基体高33.2％和69.9％.微波烧结制备GNPs-Cu/Ti6Al4V复合材料的压缩强度分别比真空烧结和热压烧结高41.6％、22.9％.GNPs-Cu/Ti6Al4V复合材料的磨损机制为磨粒磨损与粘着磨损共存.     

Al含量对选区激光熔化Al_(x)CoCrFeNi(x=0.3,0.5,0.7,1.0)的显微组织及纳米压痕的影响EI北大核心CSCD

采用气雾化法制备预合金粉末,通过选区激光熔化(selective laser melting,SLM)制备Al_(x)CoCrFeNi(x=0.3,0.5,0.7,1.0)高熵合金。通过X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜以及纳米压痕实验,综合分析Al_(x)CoCrFeNi的物相、微观组织、硬度、杨氏模量及蠕变曲线,探讨Al含量对Al_(x)CoCrFeNi显微组织及纳米压痕的影响。结果表明:Al含量对物相组织有显著影响,其中Al_(0.3)CoCrFeNi与Al_(0.5)CoCrFeNi为FCC结构,Al_(0.7)CoCrFeNi和Al_(1.0)CoCrFeNi为BCC/B2结构。Al_(0.3)CoCrFeNi和Al_(0.5)CoCrFeNi主要由等轴晶组成,Al_(0.7)CoCrFeNi和Al_(1.0)CoCrFeNi主要由柱状晶组成。随Al含量增加,孔隙及裂纹等缺陷增加。在Al_(0.3)CoCrFeNi和Al_(0.5)CoCrFeNi中没有观察到明显的熔池形貌。随Al含量增加,样品残余应力增加。随Al含量增加,硬度增加,由Al_(0.3)CoCrFeNi的447HV增加至Al_(1.0)CoCrFeNi的567HV。Al_(0.3)CoCrFeNi杨氏模量约为273 GPa,Al_(0.5)CoCrFeNi约为233 GPa,Al_(0.7)CoCrFeNi和Al_(1.0)CoCrFeNi杨氏模量相近,分别为240 GPa和242 GPa,硬度与杨氏模量的变化主要与组织及物相有关。与传统蠕变曲线不同,Al_(x)CoCrFeNi的纳米压痕蠕变曲线只包括瞬时蠕变和稳态蠕变两个阶段,其蠕变机制主要为位错蠕变,其中Al_(0.7)CoCrFeNi具有最好的抗蠕变性能。Al_(0.3)CoCrFeNi具有最好的打印成形性,其屈服强度为702 MPa,伸长率为27.5%。     

Al元素对Al_xFeCrCoCuV高熵合金组织及摩擦性能的影响EI北大核心CSCD

采用非自耗电弧熔炼炉制备了Al_xFeCrCoCuV(x=0,0.5,1.0)多组元高熵合金。用XRD,SEM,EDS和DSC技术探究了合金的微观组织,并测试了其硬度及耐磨性能。研究表明:随着Al的加入,Al_(0.5)FeCrCoCuV合金和Al_(1.0)FeCrCoCuV合金由FeCrCoCuV合金单一的BCC相变为由枝晶BCC和晶间FCC共同组成的双相组织;Al_(1.0)FeCrCoCuV合金的硬度大于Al_(0.5)FeCrCoCuV合金。合金的摩擦磨损测试主要以黏着磨损为主,合金的耐磨性能与硬度成正比。3种合金的摩擦因数都是随着时间的增加而减小,主要原因是随着摩擦时间的增加,合金表面生成了一层氧化物提高了合金的耐磨性能。     

真空退火对原位Al2O3/Fe-Cr-Ni增强复合材料性能的影响

铁铬镍合金具有良好的高温强韧性和抗蠕变性,被广泛应用于制造航空发动机、工业燃气轮机等设备。利用原位合成和热压烧结工艺制备Al2O3/Fe-Cr-Ni复合材料。为减少脆性相对复合材料性能的影响,将热压烧结试样在1000℃下真空保温2h后退火。采用XRD和SEM等测试方法,研究热处理后Al2O3/Fe-Cr-Ni复合材料的微观结构和常温力学性能。结果表明:Al2O3/Fe-Cr-Ni复合材料主要由Fe-Cr-Ni合金相、Fe-Cr相和Al2O3陶瓷增强相组成。热压烧结试样的维氏硬度、抗弯强度和断裂韧度分别为4.16GPa、298.31MPa和8.04MPa·m1/2。经1000℃高温热处理后,复合材料中Fe-Cr相发生奥氏体转变和合金基体晶粒长大,导致硬度下降至2.98GPa。Fe-Cr-Ni合金基体中韧性相含量和基体连续性增加,使该复合材料的抗弯强度和断裂韧度明显上升,其值分别为459.33MPa和12.81MPa·m1/2。     

Li对7075铝合金钻杆材料微观组织与摩擦磨损行为的影响

采用热压烧结制备7075-(0%,0.5%,1%,2%,质量分数，下同)Li合金，研究Li对7075铝合金微观组织及摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明：7075-0.5Li合金在60 kN烧结压力下致密度可达到99%以上。铝合金由α-Al相、η相和S′相组成；随着Li含量增加至2%,η相减少，δ′相、δ相增多，但α-Al仍为主相。铝合金的硬度和磨损率分别为71.25HV和3.50×10^-3 mm³·N^-1·m^-1,随Li含量增加，铝锂合金硬度降低，磨损率升高，但7075-0.5Li比铝合金的硬度更高，磨损率更低。7075-Li合金均发生了氧化磨损，同时还发生了黏着磨损。铝锂合金随Li含量增加，η相减少，硬度降低，Al₂O₃脆性大从而与基体结合较弱，微观组织枝晶间距增大，导致合金由磨粒磨损逐渐转变为黏着磨损，耐磨性能逐渐降低。与铝合金相比，热压烧结制备的7075-0.5Li合金显示了更好的耐磨性能。     

激光诱导自蔓延烧结Al80-(Fe-Cr)20合金组织及性能研究

将铝粉和高碳铬铁粉末按80∶20原子比混合压制成坯,并对压坯进行激光诱导自蔓延烧结,利用金相显微镜、X射线衍射仪等设备,表征烧结合金显微组织及物相结构;采用硬度计、磨粒磨损机及电化学腐蚀仪等,表征烧结合金宏观性能。研究合金表层区、中层区和底层区组织及性能变化规律。结果表明:烧结合金物相主要有α-Al、Fe_2AlCr、Al_(13)Cr_2、Al_(13)Fe_4及Al_2O_3等,且烧结合金中层区富Al相Al_(13)Cr_2和Al_(13)Fe_4的含量最多,α-Al相含量最少。烧结合金中层区显微组织最细小均匀;硬度值最高,为817.5HV;磨损率最低,为0.08mg/mm~2;耐蚀性能最好,钝化电流最小,为115.8μA/cm~2。     

Al_2O_3/TiC-Al_2O_3/TiC/CaF_2自润滑叠层陶瓷的机械和摩擦磨损性能EI北大核心CSCD

采用真空热压烧结制备了Al_2O_3/TiC Al_2O_3/TiC/CaF_2自润滑叠层陶瓷材料,其平均维氏硬度为20.7GPa,断裂韧性为4.5 MPa·m^(1/2),在垂直于叠层方向和平行于叠层方向上的抗弯强度差别不大,分别为323 MPa和353 MPa。在环盘式摩擦磨损试验机上进行摩擦磨损实验,研究了该材料在干摩擦条件下与淬火45#钢配副时的摩擦磨损规律。用扫描电镜(SEM)及能量弥散X射线谱(EDS)观察了材料磨损前后的微观形貌并分析其成分组成及其磨损机理。结果表明:Al_2O_3/TiCAl_2O_3/TiC/CaF_2自润滑叠层陶瓷材料磨擦系数和磨损率均随着转速和载荷的升高而下降;具有自润滑特性;Al_2O_3/TiCAl_2O_3/TiC/CaF_2复合叠层陶瓷材料的磨损机理主要是磨粒磨损和黏着磨损。     

Al含量对Al-Fe-Si/Al原位复合材料的影响

采用粉末冶金瞬时液相烧结法制备Al-Fe-Si/Al原位复合材料。利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)以及M-2000型磨损试验机研究Al含量对原位复合材料的微观结构、硬度和耐磨性的影响。结果表明:随着Al含量的增加,粗大FeAl相消失,针状的金属间化合物增强体Al0.5FeSi0.5长大成短棒状。当Al质量分数为77%时,细小的短棒状Al0.5FeSi0.5增强相弥散分布在基体中,复合材料硬度HV具有最高值283.7,其硬度约是纯铝的8倍,铝硅合金的2.5倍;复合材料的耐磨性约为纯铝的6.6倍,铝硅合金的4.5倍;耐磨性能最佳,磨损率为0.3781%,磨损机制为磨粒磨损。     

粉末冶金Ta-Ru合金的制备及力学性能

采用粉末冶金热压烧结法制备了适用于电子互连应用的高纯钽-钌(Ta-Ru)增强复合材料。在行星式球磨机上以不同的成分配比混合高纯度微米级钽-钌粉末,并在真空热压烧结炉中在1 700℃的温度和20 MPa的压力下热压烧结3 h。通过XRD、SEM、EDS、抗拉强度测试等手段,研究了在不同Ru含量下所得材料的的相组成、显微结构、密度、硬度和抗拉强度。结果表明,随着Ru含量的增加,合金中先后形成TaRu、Ta_3Ru、TaRu_4等金属间化合物,材料的致密度和抗拉强度逐渐升高,显微硬度先升高后降低。随着Ru含量的增加,合金的断裂方式由解理断裂逐渐转变为了沿晶断裂和韧性断裂。     

CNTs含量对CNTs/Al微观组织及力学性能的影响

为增加碳纳米管(CNTs)在铝基体中的分散性,利用机械球磨-真空热压烧结工艺制备碳纳米管/铝(CNTs/Al)复合材料,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、电子万能试验机和万能摩擦磨损实验机,研究了CNTs质量分数对CNTs/Al复合材料微观组织、力学性能及摩擦磨损性能的影响.结果表明:CNTs经超声波预先分散后分散性增加;当CNTs质量分数为2.0%时,复合材料中CNTs与Al粉之间表现出较好的相容性;随着CNTs含量进一步增加,CNTs团聚现象严重;热压烧结温度600℃时,随着CNTs添加量的增加,铝基复合材料的屈服强度和抗拉强度呈现出明显的先增大后降低的趋势,同时,CNTs/Al复合材料的摩擦因数和磨损率随CNTs含量的增大先减小后增加;CNTs质量分数为2.0%时,复合材料的屈服强度最大值为116 MPa,抗拉强度最大值为245 MPa,与纯Al基体相比,分别提高了78%和1.9倍.2.0%CNTs/Al复合材料可获得较好的摩擦磨损性能,其摩擦系数和磨损率呈现平缓趋势,复合材料的磨痕最浅.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.