秦巴山脉绿色循环发展战略

为推进秦巴山脉地区的绿色循环发展,中国工程院于2015年启动"秦巴山脉绿色循环发展研究"重大咨询项目。本文从秦巴山脉的范围界定、价值认知方面入手,以保护与发展中的问题为导向,探究创新发展的路径,提出了生态文明、区域协调和特色扶贫三大战略重点,并从制定专项规划、建立协调机制和加大政策扶持等层面提出措施和建议。     

卷首语

正秦巴山脉位于中国陆地版图的中央区域,是我国南北气候的分界线、中央水库、生态绿肺和生物基因库,是中华民族的重要发祥地和中华文明的摇篮。秦巴山脉地区也是我国面积最大、人口最多的集中连片特困地区,"生态高地与经济洼地"的矛盾突出。在"一带一路"和脱贫攻坚战略的背景下,强化秦巴山脉生态保护,推进绿色循环发展,对于全面建成小康社会、实现中华民族伟大复兴中国梦具有重大意义。中国工程院于2015年启动了"秦巴山脉绿色循环发展战略研究"重大咨询项目研究。项目组在各专业领域和省市地域研究的基础上,形成以下基本认识:一是秦巴山脉地区战略地     

秦巴山脉绿色城乡人居环境发展研究

秦巴山脉横跨南北地理空间,是我国的中央水库和国家绿肺。由于地形条件的约束,秦巴山脉逐渐成为我国经济发展的洼地和贫困多发地区,内部生态环境保护与社会经济发展诉求的冲突巨大。课题首先剖析了秦巴山脉地区面临着生态保护与城乡发展的布局冲突、绿色发展与城乡空间的建设脱节两方面的问题,进而提出"生态先导,绿色为本"的发展战略。在"生态先导"战略上,划定秦巴山脉地区的生态安全格局,从人口、产业和城乡空间分布方面实现"生态先导"的人居环境空间整合。在"绿色为本"的战略上,总结城乡布局模式、构建交通支撑系统和特色风貌体系,构建"绿色为本"的城乡人居环境模式。最终实现秦巴山脉城乡人居环境的绿色发展,为我国城乡人居环境营建提供借鉴。     

秦巴山脉区域战略新兴与高成长绿色产业发展战略研究

本文总结秦巴山脉区域经济社会发展的现状及特点,提出亟需构建强生态条件下的现代工业和现代产业发展体系的总体战略目标。探讨秦巴山脉区域生态与产业协同绿色发展模式,指出培育、发展和壮大战略性新兴与高成长绿色产业的紧迫性、必要性和可行性。研究"一圈多轴一网二区"的区域发展空间格局、"生态–产业协同双向梯度发展"的动力模式。构建包含评价指标、产业类型筛选和技术评价等内涵的产业发展评价体系。分析产业布局原则、环秦巴山脉区域协同发展群产业布局及产业关联效应。阐述发展战略性新兴与高成长绿色产业的政策建议:坚持绿色经济为主的产业发展道路;打造新的跨区域协作政策机制;为绿色产业发展提供优秀人才;加强绿色资本输入;推动绿色产业与乡村振兴的紧密结合;培育社会企业与制度企业家;发挥市场机制作用,促进绿色产业整合发展。     

秦巴山脉河南片区(伏牛山区)绿色循环发展战略研究

阐述秦巴山脉及河南片区(伏牛山区)绿色循环发展的重要意义。从秦巴山脉河南片区地理、地貌特征,人口、社会及基础设施,经济及产业发展状况,区域产业发展规划等方面,分析秦巴山脉河南片区具有的"强生态环境"和"弱经济基础"特点的基本情况,创立秦巴山脉河南片区以"伏牛山生态–产业协同双向梯度发展"的模式,构建"伏牛山南北坡绿色循环经济产业发展示范区"的绿色循环发展战略,提出加快推进"伏牛山南北坡绿色循环经济产业发展示范区"建设的一些具体措施。     

秦巴山脉区域协同发展研究

本文通过探讨秦巴山脉的协同目标和空间模式,为秦巴山脉核心腹地的生态保护和外围城市地区的绿色发展,提供区域、空间及战略协同路径的支撑参考。文章采用归纳演绎法,通过借鉴国内外相关地区的发展经验,以及自身特殊价值、发展基础、战略使命等方面的论证分析,进行区域协同发展路径和协同空间模式的探讨。提出将秦巴山脉区域建设成为国家生态保护与特色创新发展示范区,并上升为国家战略的区域协同目标建议;同时,提出基于绿心模型和网络城市群的空间协同组织模式。秦巴山脉的绿色发展不可就秦巴论秦巴,应协同周边城市地区,构建体现秦巴山脉生态特色和信息时代特征的空间协同模式,并争取成为国家层面的国土空间战略,最终取得生态保护与绿色发展的双赢。     

秦巴山脉绿色交通体系建设面临的挑战及应对思路

区域定位的改变必将影响交通运输发展的格局。对照秦巴山脉新的区域定位,交通运输发展还存在诸多的问题。本文分析了在建设国家中央主体生态功能示范区及国家中央公园这一目标下,秦巴山脉交通运输发展面临的主要挑战,针对该区域未来的经济社会发展和生态环境保护的双重需求,提出了建设秦巴山脉绿色交通体系的总体思路、发展重点和政策建议。     

自然保护地体系下的秦巴山脉区域乡村振兴发展战略与模式研究

为应对秦巴山脉区域乡村人居空间布局分散且与自然保护地矛盾突出、乡村人口外流、产业经济羸弱以及环境特色品质缺失等现实问题,本文基于以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系的构建思路,对秦巴山脉区域乡村振兴发展的战略与模式进行了思考和研究,提出了符合地域特征、协调保护与发展的乡村振兴发展路径和村庄差异化发展模式,并通过乡村人居空间整理、乡村绿色产业发展、乡村特色风貌营建以及乡村服务体系完善等具体措施,积极探索具有秦巴地区适宜性的乡村振兴发展战略。研究表明,通过有效协调乡村与自然保护地的发展关系,可以开创秦巴山脉区域生态保护、文化传承与乡村振兴协调可持续发展新局面。     

秦巴山脉区域城乡空间流域化发展策略

秦巴山脉区域是我国生物多样性保护与水源涵养重要区,也是南水北调工程的重要水源地,区域山形水势相互交织、山地水文过程显著,呈现出典型的流域化发展趋势。本文分析了秦巴山脉区域城乡空间发展的现状及存在问题,阐述了区域城乡空间流域化发展的必要性;以流域为分析视角,以多尺度流域基底划定为依据,确定了秦巴山脉区域流域等级体系框架和五级流域划分;提出了秦巴山脉区域城乡空间发展策略——以流域生态管控为基础的城乡结构,以流域绿色转型为导向的城乡模式,以流域联动发展为组织的协同管控。研究表明:流域作为秦巴山脉区域典型的生态单元,与城乡空间发展的耦合程度较高;以流域为载体的城乡空间规划与制度管控有助于促进秦巴山脉城乡绿色循环发展。     

秦巴山脉绿色循环发展战略研究（二期）

秦巴山脉区域作为我国生态安全要地和集中连片贫困区,其绿色循环发展对于我国生态文明建设和全面脱贫具有重大意义。本文围绕探究秦巴山脉区域绿色循环发展路径、为绿色创新发展和扶贫攻坚提供工程支撑的战略目标,采用归纳演绎法对区域的生态与战略价值、保护与协同存在的问题进行剖析,据此明晰区域的绿色循环发展思路和总体定位;研究提出基于国家公园的生态保护路径、基于转型优化的产业发展路径、基于生态承载力的空间建设路径、基于内外共赢的区域协同路径等四大类具体举措。期望通过秦巴山脉区域绿色循环发展的生动实践,使之成为解决区域生态与贫困矛盾问题、维护国家多维度社会及生态安全的重大范例。     

秦巴山脉农林畜药绿色循环发展战略研究

秦巴山脉农业发展面临的主要问题是农业发展与生态环境矛盾突出,农业生产方式转变难度大,农业资源的差异化和碎片化影响农业经营规模与布局,农产品特色品种多,但知名品牌少、深加工少、效益差,以及特色农产品销售渠道和平台薄弱等。本文基于秦巴山脉农林畜药发展目标与思路,提出了山地生态环境红线管理与环境质量提升、科教引领、特色农产品品牌打造、基于农牧良性循环的生态农业、林下特色经济、山地特色农产品加工与营销六大战略。     

我国绿色设计政策的宣传推广机制研究

目的梳理我国绿色设计产业发展情况及政策体系,理顺政策推广机制,进一步提高绿色设计相关政策的宣传推广效果,提升社会对绿色设计的认知和认可。方法针对绿色设计行业的相关政策、标准、第三方评价指标及产品宣传路径进行政策梳理及文献研究。结论从国家层面来看,加强绿色设计政策的宣传推广工作是推进供给侧结构性改革、加快工业绿色产品有效供给的要求。为了加快推动我国工业企业绿色发展,畅通政企双向宣传推广机制,我国不断加强绿色设计政策体系建设,制定绿色制造标准和评价规范,完善绿色设计第三方评价指标,发布绿色设计产品名录,取得了较好的效果。下一步,政府相关部门要通过奖惩机制的设置落实多部门联动的监管效果,同时,也要充分发挥设计类专业媒体的作用和价值,以达到更好的宣传推广效果。     

Green innovations for sustainable development of China: Analysis based on the nested spatial panel models

Improving green innovation efficiency (GIE) is crucial for attaining sustainability in China's stage of high-quality development. However, there is a paucity of research on the roles of and links among the government and market in GIE. This study bridges this research gap by unifying marketization, local government competition, and GIE into one empirical framework. First, we extend a super-efficiency Ray slacks-based measure model to evaluate provincial GIE in China during 1997–2018 and then analyze its evolution of spatial-temporal dynamics. Subsequently, marketization, local government competition, and GIE are incorporated into a nest of spatial panel models to address the endogeneity concerns resulting from model misspecification and omitted variables. The empirical results show that China's GIE at the national level is only 0.4813, and above 80% of provinces are far from reaching the green innovation frontier. Moreover, the observed imbalance in GIE between regions continues to worsen; notably, this coincides with the emergence of a pattern under which the gap between the north and south is widening. Furthermore, the seven spatial panel models assessed in this study reveal that local government competition not only has a direct inhibitory effect on GIE, but also indirectly impedes the corresponding promotional effect of marketization. This finding provides new evidence supporting the “grabbing hand of government” view and sheds light on the behaviors of the market and government in green innovation development.     

创新驱动我国经济高质量发展研究——经济政策不确定性的调节效应

如何促进我国经济高质量发展是当前学术界和政府部门关注的重要议题,而经济政策不确定性指数趋高已成为新时代经济发展需要考虑的重要影响因素。在现有理论研究成果的基础上,从绿色全要素生产率视角出发,构建创新驱动区域经济高质量发展的计量回归模型,进一步引入经济政策不确定性作为调节变量,分析这一重要因素是否会影响创新驱动经济高质量发展的有效性,并采用我国2005-2016年30个省份面板数据,利用IVTobit方法进行实证检验,结果发现:(1)创新对区域经济高质量发展具有显著的促进作用;(2)经济政策不确定性对区域经济高质量发展具有显著的抑制作用,但是经济政策不确定性会正向调节创新对区域经济高质量发展的影响,这表明在EPU较高的环境中,地区会通过投入创新来化解市场风险,EPU与R&D形成了良好的耦合效应;(3)创新对经济高质量发展的影响以及经济政策不确定性的调节作用具有明显的区域异质性。研究的政策启示是,政府应鼓励企业提高研发投入以应对不确定的政策环境,经济政策的调整应以促进企业创新为前提,而且,各地区应制定差异化的政策,其中,中、西部地区应适度降低经济政策的不确定性,稳定市场预期。     

Socialized care services for the aged population: System construction and support measures

Given the aging society, an increase in social demand, information- and communication technology-driven culture, and government policy support emerges to enable the development of the socialized care services system for the aged (SCSSA). The development of the SCSSA would be a significant step toward addressing China’s aging population. However, the construction of the SCSSA challenges the theories and methods of traditional elderly care service system construction. Specifically, the implementation path for such elderly care service policies is unclear, the necessary technological support is insufficient, and the mechanism for integrating intelligent information technology remains underexplored. Thus, this paper focuses on the needs of the elderly, grounded in the context of the changing elderly care service policies in China, and proposes a research paradigm that integrates system construction and support measure embedding. We then construct the original SCSSA, which includes “material + spirit + medical treatment + healthcare” and propose a method of optimization and iteration. Finally, we build the research framework of systematic support measures from the perspectives of policy reconstruction, institutional embeddedness, and technical support. Our work provides theoretical support and practical guidance for the construction and dynamic optimization of the SCSSA, thus making a significant contribution that will help China effectively cope with its aging society.     

Impacts of government subsidies and environmental regulations on green process innovation: A nonlinear approach

With China's tremendous economic development following its reform and opening-up, the problem of environmental deterioration has become increasingly serious. To achieve a win-win situation between economic growth and environmental protection, enterprises are being encouraged to carry out green technology innovation, but due to the risks and uncertainties inherent in it, the government is providing research and development (R&D) subsidies while at the same time implementing environmental regulations. As the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) [5] divides green technology innovation into green product innovation and green process innovation, this study focuses on the latter in order to better study its relationship with environmental regulations and government subsidies. We select panel data of 30 provinces and cities in China from 2009 to 2017 (excluding Tibet, Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan, because of a lack of data) and use the system GMM and threshold-effect model for empirical analysis. The results show that environmental regulations have a U-shape non-linear effect on green process innovation, while government subsidies have a positive role in promoting green process innovation, or the so-called leverage effect. Based on government subsidies, the impact of environmental regulations on green process innovation has a threshold effect, and therefore regulations and subsidies should be increased. In addition, the level of economic development has a U-shape effect of inhibition and then promotion on green process innovation. Overall, the China government should continue to develop its economy, but must not neglect the impact of environmental regulations on technological innovation at the expense of environmental damage.     

促进绿色制造技术扩散的政策模式创新研究

本文旨在探索中国促进绿色制造技术扩散的治理模式和政策工具,探讨完善节能治理模式的新方向。首先,通过文献综述揭示绿色制造技术扩散的障碍,并以全国电机能效提升计划为例,总结各地方政府推广绿色技术的典型政策和措施。采用案例研究方法,分析东莞市针对万台注塑机电机节能改造所面临的困难而采取组合政策和措施,特别是为推动合同能源管理而创新的金融模式。最后,分析了新模式克服绿色技术扩散障碍,达到示范推广效果。其政策体系和新模式将有助于促进战略性新兴产业中节能环保产业的发展。     

The relationship between technological innovation and green transformation efficiency in China: An empirical analysis using spatial panel data

Challenged by climate change and severe damage of the ecological environment caused by carbon emissions, the process of green transformation in the world has to be urgently accelerated. This study adopted the super-efficiency DEA method to calculate the green transformation efficiency (GTE) of 30 provinces of China (except for Tibet) from 2009 to 2018. From the perspective of the technological innovation process, a spatial Durbin model is further proposed to investigate the impacts of technology research and development (TERD) and technology commercialization (TECO) on GTEs. The results showed that: (1) both TERD and TECO exerted significant positive effects on GTEs in local provinces, while the TERD coefficient was higher than that of TECO. (2) The spillover effect of TERD on GTEs in neighboring provinces was significantly negative, while the spillover effect of TERD was significantly positive. (3) Although the interaction between TERD and TECO positively affected GTEs, it also exerted a negative spillover effect on GTE. These findings indicate that the government should include the spatial spillover effects of TERD and TECO on GTEs when designing policies in support of technological innovation activities that contribute to green transformation.