室内外行人导航系统研究

采用微机电系统(MEMS)惯性传感器、MEMS磁传感器及小型全球定位系统(GPS)接收机为室内外行人导航数据源,基于Cortex-M4为内核,搭建了室内外行人导航系统硬件平台。重点研究了多传感器导航系统的结构、多源信息融合方法、多条件零速检测方法及零速修正等理论方法。并通过试验,采集实测数据进行分析、验证行人导航系统设计的性能。结果表明,在GPS信号良好情况下,定位误差在2.5m以内;无GPS信号期间,路线长度为110m时,定位误差在总路经的5%内。     

MEMS-INS室内行人定位三维地图匹配算法

提高基于微机械(Micro-Electro-Mechanical System,MEMS)惯性导航系统(Inertial Navigation System,INS)的室内行人三维定位精度一直是一个研究热点和难点,其中器件误差是影响MEMS-INS精度的一个棘手问题.由于器件误差产生的机理十分复杂,采用现有的修正技术无...     

一种融合地图与传感器信息的室内地图匹配新算法

基于粒子滤波技术,提出了融合地图信息与传感器信息的室内地图匹配算法,对于在室内定位中由状态空间模型描述的非线性系统,通过非参数化的蒙特卡洛( Monte Carlo)模拟方法来实现递推贝叶斯滤波,将室内地理信息数据、传感器信息、无线定位信息融入到粒子的权重值中,对观测值进行不断修正。实验证明,所提出的基于粒子滤波的地图匹配技术有效解决了由于无线定位结果穿墙、错定至隔壁房间而造成的用户体验差等问题,同时对室内定位结果进行了修正,提高了室内定位精度。     

基于微气压传感器的室内行人高度估计方法

针对当前气压传感器解算高度存在误差随时间累积的问题,提出了一种基于微气压传感器的室内行人高度估计新方法。该方法结合微气压传感器的输出高度值,对多个相邻时间内的高度值进行合理性判断,并结合室内行人运动状态对高度变化进行约束,使得解算的高度符合室内行人运动规律。通过电脑采集MS5611微气压传感器数据进行仿真验证,结果表明:该方法能够有效地对高度误差进行修正,相较于微气压传感器直接解算的高度,该算法解算的高度更贴合实际情况,解算轨迹也更接近真实轨迹,轨迹的平均闭环误差从1.9%D下降至0.07%D。该算法有效地提高了室内行人高度估计的定位精度,在室内行人三维定位领域具有一定的工程应用价值。     

基于深度相机的小型无人机室内三维地图构建

为了解决小型无人机在室内光线不足情况下的避障以及路径规划问题,设计了一种基于深度相机的无人机室内地图构建系统。文中使用Pixhawk控制板和低成本嵌入式结构光深度相机硬件平台,为避障以及路径规划目标提供室内环境信息。采用反传感器模型算法,利用深度相机和位姿传感器提供的信息来筛选处理出有效的障碍物信息,并构建室内的三维地图,其中深度相机通过激光扫描的方式来获取障碍物点云的描述信息,利用位姿传感器获取无人机的高度信息。实验结果表明,使用该系统能够快速获取室内地图,对障碍物的判断准确率比较高,且不受光线影响,可以广泛应用于无人机的室内导航,实现不依赖外部光源的室内无人机地图构建系统。     

基于RSSI和惯性导航的融合室内定位算法

针对目前对高精度室内定位算法的需求,提出一种基于接收信号强度识别（RSSI）和惯性导航的融合室内定位算法。基于无线传感网中ZigBee节点的RSSI值,采用位置指纹识别算法,对网络中的未知节点进行定位。结合惯性传感单元（IMU）提供的惯性数据,对RSSI定位结果进行融合修正。利用Kalman滤波器,采用状态方程描述待定位节点位置坐标的动态变化规律,从而实现一种以无线传感网络定位为主、IMU为辅的融合定位方法。仿真结果表明,提出的融合定位算法既能改善单独使用RSSI定位受环境干扰较大的问题,又能避免单独使用惯性导航带来的累积误差,极大地提高了定位精度。     

Indoor Localization Methods Using Dead Reckoning and 3D Map Matching

In order to navigate or localize in 3D space such as parking garages, we would need height information in addition to 2D position. Conventionally, an altimeter is used to get the floor level/height information. We propose a novel method for three-dimensional navigation and localization of a land vehicle in a multi-storey parking-garage. The solution presented in this paper uses low cost gyro and odometer sensors, combined with a 3D map by means of particle filtering and collision detection techniques to localize the vehicle in a parking garage. This eliminates the necessity of an altimeter or other additional aiding sources such as radio signalling. Altimeters have inherent dynamic influential factors such as temperature and environmental pressure affecting the altitude readings, and for radio signals we need extra infrastructure requirements. The proposed solution can be used without any such additional infrastructure devices. Other sources of information, such as WLAN signals, can be used to complement the solution if and when available. In addition we extend this proposed method to novel concept of non-stationary 3D maps, as moving maps, within which localization of a track-able object is required. We also introduce novel techniques that enable seamless navigation solution from vehicular dead reckoning (VDR) to pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR) and vice versa to reduce user involvement. For achieving this we collect relevant measurements such as vehicle ignition status and accelerometer signal variance, and user pattern recognition to select appropriate dead reckoning method.     

A Decentralized Architecture for Simultaneous Localization and Mapping

In this paper, a decentralized data fusion algorithm is presented for simultaneous position estimation of a land vehicle and building the map of the environment. Two independent loops, one incorporating inertial sensor and GPS data, and one fusing the laser data and the readings of the wheel and steering encoders, are considered. The information obtained from the sensors is first synchronized and then communicated to the other loop to enhance the quality of local loop estimates. The real data obtained from an experiment are used in implementing the algorithm and the information form of the Kalman filter is used as the main tool for the decentralized data fusion. It is shown that the algorithm leads to more accurate estimates as compared to the local loop estimates, and can perform properly even in the case of GPS masking.      

室内激光雷达导航系统设计

小型无人机和移动机器人技术迅速发展,对室内导航技术的要求越来越高,针对当前室内导航精度不高、导航设备比较复杂的问题,提出一种采用激光雷达定位和地磁传感器检测相结合的室内主动导航方法。该方法首先使用激光雷达扫描室内环境,用采集到的数据拟合出室内地图,根据目的地信息和室内的环境信息来规划行进的路线;然后在行进中使用激光雷达连续地扫描得到数据与地图数据进行比较,来确定所处的位置,同时使用地磁传感器取得行驶的方向,二者相结合判断是否在规划的路线上行驶,及时地对出现的偏差进行纠正;最后通过搜索RFID地标确定是否已经到达指定位置。仿真和实验的结果表明:所设计的室内激光雷达导航系统结构简单、可靠性高,能够较好地满足室内导航的要求。     

MEMS IMU Based Pedestrian Indoor Navigation for Smart Glass

In open air environment, Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver can determine its position with very high accuracy. Inside a building the GPS signal is degraded, the position estimation from the GPS receiver is very erroneous and of no practical use. In this paper, we present an indoor navigation system to track the position of a pedestrian by using built-in inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensors of a smart eyeglass. The device used for this project was an intelligent eye-wear “JINS MEME”. Here algorithm for step detection, heading and stride estimation are used to estimate the position based on the known locations of the walker using Pedestrian Dead Reckoning method (PDR). We have used extended Kalman filters as sensor fusion algorithm, where measurements of acceleration and orientation from IMU are used to track user’s movement, pace, and heading. The results showed that the level of accuracy was entirely acceptable. Average deviancy between the estimated and real position was less than 1.5 m for short range of walk was accomplished. There are some ideas for further development. Increasing the accuracy of the position estimation by palliation of stride length estimation error was identified as the most essential.     

基于惯性传感器的动态步长算法研究

行人步态参数的精确估计是行人自主导航系统和行人健康监测的关键技术之一。针对当前行人自主导航系统中步长估算算法精度低和弱适应性的问题,提出了一种计算行人动态步长算法。首先对行人的步态特征进行分解,利用改进的零速检测确定行人运动状态,采用卡尔曼滤波技术降低惯性传感器中累积误差的影响,再对进行滤波和坐标转换后的加速度进行双重积分,最终得到行人脚尖的运动轨迹。通过采用MTI-700惯性模块设计实验并进行实验验证。结果表明,该文提出的步长算法计算的步长与行人实际步长的误差低于3.0%。与现有的行人动态步长算法相比,该算法首次计算出行人脚尖的运动轨迹,精度较高且适应强,在行人自主导航及行人健康监测领域具有较大的应用价值。     

视频传感器网络中面向特定场景的行人检测方法(英文)

Pedestrian detection is one of the most important problems in the visual sensor network. Considering that the visual sensors have limited cap ability, we propose a pedestrian detection method with low energy consumption. Our method contains two parts: one is an Enhanced Self-Organizing Background Subtraction (ESOBS) based foreground segmentation module to obtain active areas in the observed region from the visual sensors; the other is an appearance model based detection module to detect the pedestrians from the foreground areas. Moreover, we create our own large pedestrian dataset according to the specific scene in the visual sensor network. Numerous experiments are conducted in both indoor and outdoor specific scenes. The experimental results show that our method is effective.     

一种基于粒子滤波的多源融合室内定位方法

室内定位技术作为社会各行业迫切需求的科技服务,尚无公认完善的解决方法。由于单一技术的定位方法不可消除其固有缺点,多种定位技术融合提升的方法是实现高精度室内定位的重要研究方向。本文面向日益复杂的室内环境,提出一种多源融合室内定位方法,将深度置信网络与 RSSI 指纹定位方法相结合实现粗略定位,同时使用行人航位测算技术完成行人航迹预测。然后运用粒子滤波器将粗略定位结果与预测的行人航迹信息相融合,提升了传统 RSSI 室内指纹定位技术的精确度与实时性。     

Extended MULE Concept for Traffic Congestion Monitoring

Wireless Sensor Networks are being recently studied to monitor real-time traffic conditions on roads and highways. Idea of using vehicles to convey information from sensors placed alongside roads to the dedicated base stations has also been under scrutiny for some time. In this paper, we argue that a sensor placed on a vehicle instead of a fixed location can effectively sense traffic congestion on the road and report it to the already available WLAN Access Points (APs) instead of the dedicated base stations. This way, instead of deploying series of base stations to collect traffic information, congestion information can be sent over the ISM links between the vehicular sensor nodes and the WLAN APs. This paper investigates, as we call it, the Extended MULE concept by using actual experimental data obtained from the test drives across the city. Our results show that adopting this idea is effective in reporting traffic congestion on the roads.     

Anonymous crowdsourcing-based WLAN indoor localization

In order to solve the problem of location privacy under big data and improve the user positioning experience, a new concept of anonymous crowdsourcing-based WLAN indoor localization is proposed by employing the Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) motion sensors as well as WLAN module in off-the-shelf smartphones. First of all, the crowdsourced motion traces with similar Received Signal Strength(RSS) sequences are assembled into a motion graph. Second, the mobility map is constructed according to traces segmentation and clustering. Third, the pixel template matching is adopted to physically label the pre-constructed mobility map. Finally, the robust Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) is designed to perform localization by matching the newly-collected RSS measurements against the mobility map. The extensive experimental results show that the proposed approach is capable of constructing a physically-labeled mobility map from the sporadically-collected crowdsourced motion traces as well as achieving satisfactory localization accuracy in a cost-efficient manner.     

Smart Phone Based Sensor Fusion by Using Madgwick Filter for 3D Indoor Navigation

In this paper, we proposed an enhanced pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR) system based on sensor fusion schemes using a smartphone. PDR is an effective technology for 3D indoor navigation. However, still, there are some obstacles to be overcome in its practical application. To track and simulate pedestrian’s position, which is confronted by environmental errors, walls, Bayesian errors, and other obstacles, our proposed PDR system enables estimation of stride based on the vertical accelerometer data and orientation from sensor fusion technique of magnetic angular rate and gravity sensor data by Madgwick filter. This localization system is independent of the received signal strength-based fingerprinting system. In addition, to estimate the current floor level, we make use of barometer information. To collect ground truth accurately and efficiently a prototype is implemented with the benchmark. We perform the same distance estimation for four different pedestrians to evaluate the accuracy of the proposed system. The real indoor experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system performs well while tracking the test subject in a 2D scenario with low estimation error (< 2 m). The 3D evaluation of the system inside a multi-story building shows that high accuracy can be achieved for a short range of time without position update from external sources. Then we compared localization performance between our proposed system and an existing (extended Kalman filter based) system.

     

基于RFID的人员基本姿态识别

与使用惯性传感器和无线传感器的传统方法相比,非接触式方法不需要人员携带设备,并且现在这种方法被认为是一种有效的室内导航和姿态识别方法。但是目前,只有很少的一些方法能够实现对室内人员姿态的判定。文中提出了一种基于RFID的人员姿态判定方法,该方法主要是利用电磁波信号在传播过程中的变化,结合无线层析图像技术,重构人员在空间中的图像,达到对人员姿态的判断。实验表明,文中提出的判断方法准确度在90%以上。     

基于容错决策树的UWB辅助惯性定位方法

针对惯性导航系统误差随时间累积和超宽带(UWB)定位受到非视距问题、多径效应和人体影响出现粗大误差的问题,提出了一种基于容错决策树的UWB辅助人员室内惯性定位方法。该方法提出并采用陀螺仪高精度分段拟合误差补偿模型,抑制惯性导航误差漂移;同时在UWB辅助人员室内惯性定位的基础上,构建惯性导航与UWB单点定位数据共同作用的容错决策树判定模型,剔除UWB定位的粗大误差因子,进而对惯性导航和UWB的参数应用扩展卡尔曼滤波,实现UWB辅助增强惯性定位。根据实验验证表明,在复杂狭窄巷道环境,该方法将距离均方误差占路线长度的比例从6.02%提升到0.76%;在常规方正室内环境,该方法将最大误差占路线长度的比例从2.207%提升到0.635%。实现了长时间的连续可靠定位,具有较强的工程应用价值。     

Reliable orientation estimation for mobile motion capturing in medical rehabilitation sessions based on inertial measurement units

Fully mobile and wireless motion capturing is a mandatory requirement for undisturbed and non-reactive analysis of human movements. Inertial sensor platforms are used in applications like training session analysis in sports or rehabilitation, and allow non-restricted motion capturing. The computation of the required reliable orientation estimation based on the inertial sensor RAW data is a demanding computational task. Therefore, an analysis of the computational costs and achievable accuracy of a Kalman filter and a complementary filter algorithm is provided. Highly customized and thus low-power, wearable computation platforms require low-level, platform independent communication protocols and connectivity. State-of-the-art small sized commercial inertial sensors either lack the availability of an open, platform independent protocol, wireless connectivity or extension interfaces for additional sensors. Therefore, an extensible, wireless inertial sensor called Institute of Microelectronic Systems Inertial Measurement Unit (IM)²SU, featuring onboard inertial sensor fusion, for use in home based stroke rehabilitation is presented. Furthermore, a Quaternion based, singularity free orientation estimation accuracy error measure is proposed and applied. To evaluate orientation estimation accuracy an optical system is used as golden reference. Orientation estimation based on a Kalman filter and a complementary filter algorithm is evaluated. The proposed IMU provides high orientation estimation accuracy, is platform independent, offers wireless connection and extensibility and is low cost.     

Depth completion towards different sensor configurations via relative depth map estimation and scale recovery

Depth completion, which combines additional sparse depth information from the range sensors, substantially improves the accuracy of monocular depth estimation, especially using the deep-learning-based methods. However, these methods can hardly produce satisfactory depth results when the sensor configuration changes at test time, which is important for real-world applications. In this paper, the problem is tackled by our proposed novel two-stage mechanism, which decomposes depth completion into two subtasks, namely relative depth map estimation and scale recovery. The relative depth map is first estimated from a single color image with our designed scale-invariant loss function. Then the scale map is recovered with the additional sparse depth. Experiments on different densities and patterns of the sparse depth input show that our model always produces satisfactory depth results. Besides, our approach achieves state-of-the-art performance on the indoor NYUv2 dataset and performs competitively on the outdoor KITTI dataset, demonstrating the effectiveness of our method.