碾压混凝土内时损伤本构模型

本文应用内时理论和损伤力学建立了碾压混凝土压剪及压压剪状态下的内时损伤本构模型。其特点是：混凝土的弹塑性特性由内时理论描述，而破坏由损伤力学来描述。前者使本构模型摆脱了一般弹塑性中屈服面的概念，从而简化了非线性计算过程；后者使微裂纹引起的软化、体积膨胀等都可由损伤变量来考虑；从而既反映了混凝土的本质特性，又使模型的参数和基本方程大大减少。应用本文建议的模型分析碾压混凝土压剪及压压剪状态剪应力－应变关系，所得计算结果与试验数据相符合，可作为碾压混凝土重力及拱坝设计的依据。     

循环荷载作用下的混凝土弹塑性损伤本构模型及数值实现

该文建立了一种描述混凝土在循环荷载作用下复杂力学行为的弹塑性损伤模型。该模型借助四参数等效应变将复杂的多轴问题转换至单轴等效应变空间中求解,考虑了混凝土卸载过程中的刚度退化现象及不可逆变形。同时针对等效应变的非负特性,提出了拉压转换处理方法,从而在求解损伤变量时无需区分拉损伤和压损伤。该文提出的弹塑性损伤模型数学形式简洁,且实现过程不依赖于四参数模型,实现方法普遍适用于各类混凝土等效应变模型,通过模拟单轴循环荷载试验和Koyna大坝动态损伤过程,验证了该文模型的正确性与可靠性。     

RPC200塑性与各向异性损伤耦合本构建模研究

针对活性粉末混凝土 (RPC200:Reactive Powder Concrete 200MPa)的非线性行为,将连续损伤力学和塑性力学结合起来,建立了RPC200的弹塑性各向异性损伤耦合本构。在有效应力空间内,采用非关联流动法则和非均匀等向强化法则建立了RPC200的塑性本构。基于损伤能释放率建立了损伤准则,并由正交法则给出损伤演化法则,同时采用两个不同的损伤硬化法则来描述拉、压性能不同的损伤硬化。证明了该文所建模型与热动力学基本原理的相容性。最后,给出了RPC弹塑性各向异性损伤耦合本构模型数值计算流程,并以简单例证证明了所建模型的预测能力。     

受侧向约束混凝土的内时损伤本构模型

受侧向约束混凝土结构由于其核心混凝土处于三向受压应力状态,其强度和变形能力有了很大的提高,因此在土木工程得到了广泛的应用。为了更好的描述这一结构形式的强度和变形特征,该文结合Valanis所提出的内时理论和Mazars的损伤理论,建立了一种全新的适用于侧向约束混凝土结构分析的内时损伤本构模型。该模型考虑弹塑性与损伤的耦合,用内时理论来描述混凝土的弹塑性特性,用各向同性损伤理论描述混凝土微裂缝扩展引起的刚度退化,通过与试验结果以及与其他模型的比较证实了模型的正确性和必要性。最后将该本构模型用于对常见的约束混凝土结构,如钢管混凝土和CFRP约束混凝土结构的应力-应变全过程分析中。     

混凝土拉-压疲劳损伤模型及其验证

基于连续损伤力学理论,提出了混凝土单轴拉-压疲劳损伤模型。模型中采用了拉和压两个边界面。加载面、边界面方程均以损伤能量释放率表示。在能量释放率空间内,由加载面与初始损伤面、边界面之间的位置描述损伤状态。通过建立累积损伤与相应循环损伤能量释放率阈值之间的关系,确定了疲劳加载中极限断裂面尺寸的变化规律,由此模拟混凝土在循环荷载作用下的刚度退化过程。结合作者完成的疲劳试验结果,确定了理论模型中的计算参数。经比较,理论模型预测的应力-应变数值、疲劳寿命和试验结果吻合较好。     

模拟混凝土滞回行为的各向异性损伤模型

该文引入相互独立的拉损伤、压损伤演化规律,分别描述受拉开裂和受压破碎导致的混凝土损伤行为,然后采用非线性卸载．线性重加载模拟滞回行为,建立了改进的各向异性损伤模型。该文还建议了模型关键参数的率定方法。应用该模型模拟混凝土受拉和拉一压往复加载试验,计算获得的应力-应变曲线与试验曲线具有良好的可比性,能够反映损伤导致的刚度...     

定侧压混凝土双压疲劳损伤模型

基于边界面概念和损伤力学理论,建立了一向定侧压混凝土双轴压各向异性损伤模型。加载面、边界面方程均以损伤能量释放率表示。在能量释放率空间内,由加载面与初始损伤面、边界面之间的位置描述损伤状态。通过建立累积损伤与相应循环损伤能量释放率阈值之间的关系,确定了疲劳加载中极限断裂面尺寸的变化规律,由此模拟混凝土在循环荷载作用下的刚度退化过程。结合已有的试验结果,确定了理论模型中的计算参数。经比较,理论模型预测的应力-应变数值、疲劳寿命和试验结果吻合较好。     

一种新的混凝土各向异性弹塑性损伤本构模型及其数值实施

该文的目的是建立一种新的、相对简单的混凝土各向异性塑性损伤本构模型,以方便的模拟混凝土结构的破坏行为。为了更好地描述混凝土在拉、压荷载作用下的不同损伤机制,建立了拉、压不同的两种损伤演化方程,用于确定各向异性的拉、压损伤变量。另外,根据应变等效假设,假定有效构型和损伤构型的应变相等,该方法不仅大大简化了模型的推导过程,而且可方便的通过解耦算法进行有效应力和损伤及名义应力的计算,也即塑性部分计算可通过现有的隐式算法实现,损伤部分及名义应力的计算则可通过较为简便的显式算法实现,从而可大大提高计算效率。模型结果与试验结果的对比分析表明：该模型能较好地描述混凝土在三维应力状态下的非线性行为;对双边开口四点弯曲梁试件的模拟也表明：该模型能反应混凝土损伤各向异性的特点,计算结果相比ABAQUS软件自带的混凝土损伤塑性本构模型(CDP模型)更符合实际情况,计算效率也更高。     

基于能量的弹塑性损伤实用本构模型

建立一个实用的弹塑性损伤本构模型。在有效应力空间采用经验公式计算塑性变形,能将模型塑性部分与损伤部分解耦,降低模型的数值处理复杂性,同时大大简化模型塑性应变的计算。结合不可逆热力学理论,基于损伤能量释放率建立损伤准则,损伤能量释放率由修正后的弹性Helmholtz自由能导出,模型中将弹性Helmholtz自由能分解为应力球量部分和应力偏量部分,将其应力球量部分产生的损伤取为零,同时根据应力状态引入折减系数对其应力偏量部分进行修正,使得模型能较为准确的模拟混凝土材料在双轴加载下的本构行为。将应力张量谱分解为正、负两部分以分别定义材料受拉、受压损伤演化,并采用受拉损伤变量、受压损伤变量分别模拟混凝土材料在拉、压加载下的本构特性。引入一个加权损伤变量使得模型能较准确的反映混凝土材料的“拉-压软化效应”。最后该文给出初步试验验证,证明了该文模型的有效性。     

基于统一强度理论考虑拉压模量不同散体材料桩承载力计算

考虑岩土类材料拉压模量不同和应变软化特性,运用空间轴对称的统一强度理论分析了柱形孔扩张问题,推导出了圆孔扩张问题的应力场、位移场及最终扩张压力的统一解表达式,并在此基础上推导出了散体材料桩极限承载力计算公式。将该公式应用于某高速公路碎石桩复合地基中碎石桩极限承载力的计算,计算值与试验值吻合良好。最后,分析了不同拉压模量比、软化特性参数及其他计算参数对计算结果的影响。分析结果表明:采用传统弹性理论,不考虑拉压模量不同及应变软化的计算方法,会带来较大的误差。     

Modeling of Nonlinear Mechanical Behavior for 3D Needled C/C-SiC Composites Under Tensile Load

This paper established a macroscopic constitutive model to describe the nonlinear stress–strain behavior of 3D needled C/C-SiC composites under tensile load. Extensive on- and off-axis tensile tests were performed to investigate the macroscopic mechanical behavior and damage characteristics of the composites. The nonlinear mechanical behavior of the material was mainly induced by matrix tensile cracking and fiber/matrix debonding. Permanent deformations and secant modulus degradation were observed in cyclic loading-unloading tests. The nonlinear stress–strain relationship of the material could be described macroscopically by plasticity deformation and stiffness degradation. In the proposed model, we employed a plasticity theory with associated plastic flow rule to describe the evolution of plastic strains. A novel damage variable was also introduced to characterize the stiffness degradation of the material. The damage evolution law was derived from the statistical distribution of material strength. Parameters of the proposed model can be determined from off-axis tensile tests. Stress–strain curves predicted by this model showed reasonable agreement with experimental results.     

Nonlinear compressive stiffness in impacted composite laminates determined by an inverse method

This paper presents use of an inverse method and non-contact optical measurements for determining the apparent compressive stiffness reduction in impact damage zones in composite laminates. The tensile stiffness distribution and nonlinearity is also briefly covered. The method is based on iterative updating of the material properties in a finite element model with the objective to match the predicted displacement fields to those measured optically in impacted specimens under load. To examine the effect of the damage on initial imperfections, strain and buckling, the displacement fields obtained experimentally by digital image correlation are demonstrated and discussed. Finally, the method is applied to the obtained full-field measurements and the influence of applied strain on the nonlinear tensile stiffness and apparent compressive stiffness of real impact damage zones is evaluated. Material nonlinearity in tension is found to increase towards the damage centre where fibre damage is more severe. Stiffness in compression can only be represented by a uniform apparent material nonlinearity, which is strongly linked to local buckling.     

A density-dependent endochronic plasticity for powder compaction processes

This paper is concerned with the numerical modeling of powder cold compaction process using a density-dependent endochronic plasticity model. Endochronic plasticity theory is developed based on a large strain plasticity to describe the nonlinear behavior of powder material. The elastic response is stated in terms of hypoelastic model and endochronic plasticity constitutive equations are stated in unrotated frame of reference. A trivially incrementally objective integration scheme for rate constitutive equations is established. Algorithmic modulus consistent with numerical integration algorithm of constitutive equations is extracted. It is shown how the endochronic plasticity describes the behavior of powder material from the initial stage of compaction to final stage, in which material behaves as solid metals. It is also shown that some commonly used plasticity models for powder material can be derived as special cases of the proposed endochronic theory. Finally, the numerical schemes are examined for efficiency in the modeling of a plain bush, a rotational-flanged and a shaped tablet powder compaction component.     

Quantitative characterization of accelerated aging in cement composites using flexural inverse analysis

A constitutive model consisting of a tri-linear tensile stress-strain with residual strength was applied in characterization and prediction of long term flexural behavior of several cement-based composite materials. Flexural test results were back-calculated to obtain material parameters and establish their relationship with aging. The material behavior is described by tensile stress-strain parameters consisting of elastic modulus, first cracking strain, post cracking stiffness, ultimate strain, and a residual strength parameter. The relationships between the material parameters and age were established by studying the time dependent flexural performance of various composites with glass and natural fibers as reported by Litherland et al. (1981), Marikunte et al. (1997), Bartos et al. (1996), and natural fibers reported by Toledo-Filho et al. (2000). An analytical model for prediction of rate and extent of damage as a function of time and temperature is proposed for degradation of flexural behavior of strain softening and hardening fiber reinforced concrete subjected to aging. This model is applicable to long-term durability of different classes of materials subject to accelerated aging under different environmental conditions.     

含损伤软化材料层合板承压时的分叉分析

本文讨论了由纤维和树脂-损伤应变软化材料组成的层合板在面内受压时的压缩分叉。用有限变开理论和半解析有限元法建立了相应的分叉方程,并进行数值模拟。计算结果表明,分叉将在损伤材料的应变软化阶段发生,为剪切带形分叉,损伤材料骨有剪应变集中,而且在纤维和树脂的界面附近有较大的剪应变突变等现象。     

循环荷载作用下超高性能混凝土的轴拉力学性能及本构关系模型

对具有不同拉伸应变特性(应变强化和应变软化)的超高性能混凝土(Ultra high performance concrete, UHPC)进行了单调和循环荷载作用下的直接拉伸试验。试验结果表明:应变强化UHPC基体开裂后进入多点微裂纹分布的应变强化段,达到极限抗拉强度后进入单缝开裂的应变软化段;应变软化UHPC基体开裂后直接进入单缝开裂的应变软化段;循环荷载下两种类型UHPC的轴拉应力-应变曲线包络线与单调荷载下的应力-应变曲线基本一致;基于刚度退化过程建立了两种类型UHPC的轴拉损伤演化方程,根据实测应力-应变曲线和试件的裂缝分布形态建立了两种类型UHPC的轴拉本构关系模型,与试验结果基本吻合;采用能量法研究了应变强化UHPC两阶段轴拉本构关系在数值计算时的等效方法。最后,通过无筋应变强化UHPC抗弯试验梁的数值模拟对本文建立的应变强化UHPC轴拉本构关系模型和损伤演化方程及相关假定进行了验证,结果表明本文建立的应变强化UHPC轴拉本构模型能较好地预测UHPC弯拉构件的极限承载力,轴拉损伤变量能在宏观层面上较好地反应试件的裂缝分布状态。      

Modelling damage accumulation in filled polymers

A variant of the non-linear endochronic viscoelasticity theory is developed wherein the reduced-time function depends on a damage parameter, equivalent strains or stresses, as well as on some functions enabling one to distinguish between loading and unloading processes. Some combinations of the first and second invariants of strain and stress tensors are used as the equivalent strains or stresses.
The existence of flaws is taken into account by the introduction of special equivalent stresses which are dependent on principal tensile stresses and the characteristics of the material.
As a criterion of damage equivalence in non-linear viscoelastic materials, the condition of a specific dissipation equality is introduced. Experiments for the determination of material functions entering the constitutive equations are outlined.
The proposed variant of the theory has made it possible to realistically explain the results of creep and constant loading rate tensile tests and creep tests to rupture under conditions of two-step loading sequences acting on filled polymeric materials.     

基于黏塑性理论的碾压混凝土动态剪切本构模型

由于碾压混凝土大坝是逐层碾压而成,坝体层面处的静动抗剪强度均低于其本体强度,在地震、振动或冲击作用下,坝体层面(包括坝基界面)有可能发生沿层面的动态滑移失稳破坏。基于Perzyna黏塑性连续理论,提出了一个用于描述碾压混凝土层面动态剪切断裂行为的本构模型。该模型的特点有:混凝土材料的软化塑性和扩容特性直接与界面处断裂失效过程相联系;使用Carol率相关界面方程作为屈服判据来描述碾压混凝土材料的率相关性;使用经典塑性断裂理论来描述剪切面上的断裂失效和摩擦滑动过程,并且只需要较少的模型参数。利用该模型与含层面碾压混凝土的动态强度试验结果进行了对比分析,包括在不同的应力路径如单轴拉、压和压剪状态下和不同加载速率下的试验结果。结果表明模型与试验得出的结论吻合较好,这种弹-黏塑性动态剪切本构模型对预测包含薄弱层面的碾压混凝土动力破坏性能是有效的,这为相关工程问题的研究提供有益的思路和有效的工具。