柴油机废气排放控制技术新进展

首先论述了柴油机的主要排放污染物,概述了目前公认的排放物生成机理。在此基础上,分析了控制柴油机排放的机内和机外净化措施,特别是采用电控技术优化燃烧过程、用还原法降低NO X的SCR法、用微粒过滤器降低PM。最后,展望了柴油机废气排放控制技术的发展趋势,并讨论了在我国为降低柴油机排放所采取的技术路线。     

SCR降低柴油机NOx排放的理论研究和试验验证

SCR是降低柴油机NOx排放的有效措施,是柴油机NOx排放控制的关键技术。介绍了SCR技术降低柴油机NOx排放的工作机理、SCR系统构成、SCR技术在大幅度降低NOx排放方面的优势以及影响SCR系统性能稳定性的因素。SCR技术可使产品柴油机达到欧Ⅳ排放水平,最后介绍了车用柴油机SCR技术还需要解决的问题。     

SCR降低柴油机NO_x排放的理论研究和试验验证

SCR是降低柴油机NOx排放的有效措施,是柴油机NOx排放控制的关键技术。介绍了SCR技术降低柴油机NOx排放的工作机理、SCR系统构成、SCR技术在大幅度降低NOx排放方面的优势以及影响SCR系统性能稳定性的因素。SCR技术可使产品柴油机达到欧Ⅳ排放水平,最后介绍了车用柴油机SCR技术还需要解决的问题。     

柴油机尿素SCR系统稳态及瞬态特性研究

利用自主开发的尿素SCR后处理系统在发动机台架上进行试验研究,研究了欧洲稳态循环工况点下的尿素SCR稳态性能,获得了气态污染物及微粒的排放特性,通过对瞬态工况的研究提出了瞬态控制修正参数.结果表明:催化剂温度和空速是影响尿素SCR系统性能的主要因素,两者在不同的工况下重要程度不同;尿素SCR不但可以降低NOx,还会降低HC排放,但同时也造成了CO的增多;钒基SCR催化剂可以部分降低微粒的排放,并改变其粒径分布特性;引入负荷阶跃比可以对柴油机瞬态工况NOx的排放量进行较好的修正,从而有效地减少氨泄漏.     

柴油机EGR中的微粒过滤器应用

柴油机使用排气再循环降低氮氧化物时,采取措施降低微粒排放是必要的,其中使用微粒过滤器是一种行之有效的方法.本文详细阐述了有关微粒过滤器种类、再生方式以及相关的排气再循环过滤系统模式.     

重型车车载诊断系统中的DPF和SCR系统的监控

随着排放法规的日益严格,不仅轻型车要求安装车载诊断系统,而且在重型车上安装车载诊断系统也成为必然趋势。笔者详细介绍了柴油微粒过滤器(DPF)和选择性还原催化剂(SCR)的工作原理和监控原理。     

柴油机EGR中的微粒过滤器应用

柴油机使用排气再循环降低氮氧化物时，采取措施降低微粒排放是必要的，其中使用微粒过滤器是一种行之有效的方法。本文详细阐述了有关微粒过滤器种类、再生方式以及相关的排气再循环过滤系统模式。     

重型柴油车尿素SCR系统及其控制策略研究进展

对选择性催化还原(SCR)系统工作原理进行了介绍;提出了DeNOx系统催化器集成方案;分析了SCR控制系统面临的主要问题;重点介绍了传统SCR控制技术和先进的SCR控制技术,分析了不同控制方法的优缺点。已有研究结果表明:SCR控制系统主要面临SCR模型非线性问题、多时间尺度耦合控制问题、商业传感器测量问题。开环控制系统NOx转化效率可以达到60%～80%,仅满足国Ⅳ和国Ⅴ排放法规要求。而闭环控制系统具有更高的NOx转化效率,可以满足更为严格的排放法规要求。先进SCR控制技术具有良好的控制效果和鲁棒性,能更有效地控制NOx排放和NH3泄漏。发动机和后处理系统协同控制增加了后处理系统的可控性,可以进一步降低柴油车污染物排放。     

柴油机SCR技术分析

选择性催化还原技术(SCR)是降低车用柴油机NOX排放的机外措施之一。文中简述了降低柴油机NOX排放的SCR选择催化还原技术的化学反应机理,系统组成及工作原理,分析了车用柴油机SCR技术应用情况及还需解决的问题。     

柴油机EGR和微粒过滤器的试验研究

采用废气再循环(EGR)技术与微粒过滤器(DPF)同时降低了柴油机NOx与PM的排放;基于宽范围氧(UEGO)传感器的闭环反馈控制EGR系统,在不同工况下,通过试验方法确定柴油机的空燃比及其它性能参数与EGR率的关系,寻找最佳EGR率,得出了最佳EGR率与空燃比的关系;对于微粒过滤器主要进行了再生的试验研究,通过对加热器的结构和辐射盘上流通孔分布的优化后,研究了再生所用的废气量对再生温度的影响.试验结果表明,闭环控制的EGR系统标定后,在对柴油机的动力性和经济性影响比较小的前提下,大幅度降低了发动机的NOx排放;微粒过滤器系统经过合理的再生优化,再生温度能控制在900℃左右,再生效率能达到80%以上.     

柴油机微粒捕集技术研究进展

微粒捕集技术的应用可以应对日益严格的排放法规,是柴油机发展的必然趋势。介绍了当前正在研究和应用中的柴油机微粒捕集技术,包括蜂窝陶瓷、泡沫陶瓷、编织纤维、多孔金属、静电旋风及其它相关捕集技术,并对有关新方法和新装置作了简单介绍。     

Soot deposition effects and microwave regeneration modelling of diesel particulate filtration system

Regeneration of accumulated soot particles in the substrate walls of the diesel particulate filtration system is one of the major challenges faced by the automotive industry. This study investigated the conversion efficiency and filtration behaviour of the after treatment system comprising of diesel oxidation catalysis (DOC) and diesel particulate filtration (DPF) system. The average conversion efficiency of hydrocarbons was close to 54% and filtration efficiency of the particle number emissions was around 92%. Characterization of the DOC and DPF substrate were conducted using microscopic imaging, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and particle size analysis (PSA). The results of FTIR study indicated the presence of carcinogenic agents trapped in the porous walls of the filter substrate. A model for microwave based regeneration system is proposed in this article and CFD analysis were conducted to determine the temperature and electric field distribution in the DPF substrate for a regeneration time of 180 s. Results of simulation showed that the microwave radiations raise the temperature close to soot oxidation temperature (873 K), ensuring effective regeneration.     

Microstructure and particle-laden flow in diesel particulate filter

Due to the public awareness with regard to harmful diesel emissions, more strict diesel emissions standards such as Euro V in 2008 are being set in the world. As one of the key technologies, a diesel particulate filter (DPF) has been developed to reduce particulate matters (PM) in the after-treatment of exhaust gas. Since the structure of the filter is small and complex, it is impossible to examine the phenomena inside the filter experimentally. In this study, we conducted fluid simulation in DPF. We used the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). The microstructure of DPF was taken into account. The complex flow pattern appears by using the non-slip boundary condition on the filter wall surface. The soot accumulation was simulated to consider the PM trap in the diesel filter. Results show that the flow is largely changed due to soot deposition. As the soot concentration inside the filter is increased, the filter backpressure is increased.     

过滤体对柴油机排气微粒粒径分布的影响

建立了柴油机排气微粒测量装置,对泡沫陶瓷与壁流式蜂窝陶瓷两种过滤体前后的柴油机排敢中的微粒分布进行了测量,发现壁流式蜂窝陶瓷对不同大小的微粒都有较高的过滤效率,而泡沫陶瓷过滤体对微粒的过滤效率与流速、微粒大小及泡沫孔参数有密切关系。     

生物柴油对直喷式柴油机燃烧和排放的影响

列举了生物柴油的基本物化特性。介绍了生物柴油对直喷式柴油机燃烧和排放的影响。相比普通柴油,燃用生物柴油可以减少CO、CO_2、SO_2、HC、微粒以及碳烟的排放且不会影响柴油机工作性能。采用EGR、乳化油、多次喷射及微粒捕捉器等措施可以进一步降低使用生物柴油的微粒和NOx排放。生物柴油作为一种可再生的替代能源,以其良好的环境效应受到越来越多的关注。     

Experimental–theoretical methodology for determination of inertial pressure drop distribution and pore structure properties in wall-flow diesel particulate filters (DPFs)

Wall-flow particulate filters have been placed as a standard technology for Diesel engines because of the increasing restrictions to soot emissions. The inclusion of this system within the exhaust line requires the development of computational tools to properly simulate its flow dynamics and acoustics behaviour. These aspects become the key to understand the influence on engine performance and driveability as a function of the filter placement. Since the pressure drop and the filtration process are strongly depending on the pore structure properties – permeability, porosity and pore size – a reliable definition of these characteristics is essential for model development. In this work a methodology is proposed to determine such properties based on the combination of the pressure drop rement in a steady flow test rig and two theoretical approaches. The later are a lumped model and a one-dimensional (1D) unsteady compressible flow model. The purpose is to simplify the integration of particulate filters into the global engine modelling and development processes avoiding the need to resort to specific and expensive characterisation tests. The proposed methodology was validated against measurements of the response of an uncoated diesel particulate filter (DPF) under different flow conditions as cold steady flow, impulsive flow and hot pulsating flow.     

柴油机微粒袋滤器的试验研究

本将袋滤技术用于柴油机生粒排放控制，根据柴油机的工作特点，研制了一结构较为紧凑的柴油机微粒袋滤器，在４８５Ａ柴油机台架上重点对柴油机的微粒质量排放特性，袋滤器的过滤效率、阻力及清灰效果进行了试验考察。结果证实，柴油机的质量排放浓度在高、低速工况下较高而在中等转速下较低，袋滤器的微粒捕集效率在不同工况下均高于９０％；袋滤器的清灰系统在整个试验期间能有效地工作而无故障。     

Hydrogen applications in selective catalytic reduction of NOx emissions from diesel engines

Diesel engines have been considered as a major source in nitrogen oxide (NO_x) formation worldwide. The widespread use of diesel engines in consequence of their low fuel consumption, high durability and efficiency increases NO_x emissions day by day. NO_x emissions from diesel engines cause unavoidable damage on environment and people health. Although so many technologies such as exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), lean burn combustion, electronic controlling fuel injection systems, etc. have been developed to control NO_x emissions from diesel engines, they couldn't meet the desired reduction in NO_x emissions. In any case, Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) as one of the most promising aftertreatment-emission control technologies is an effective solution in restriction of NO_x emissions. The use of SCR systems especially in heavy-duty diesel powered vehicles has been increasing nowadays. In these systems, to use of hydrogen (H₂) as a reductant or promoter have been improved the conversion efficiency especially at low exhaust temperatures. Many researchers have been focused on the use of H₂ in SCR systems for controlling NO_x emissions.In this study, the applications of H₂ in SCR of NO_x have been discussed. The studies on use of H₂ in SCR of NO_x emissions were examined and the effects on NO_x conversions were determined. Consequently, it is confirmed that H₂ is a promising and alternative reductant in SCR of NO_x and it has been kept as an attracting subject for many researchers.     

船舶柴油机IMO Tier III减排技术趋势研究

在简单介绍IMO Tier Ⅱ减排技术的基础上,着重阐述了应对IMO Tier Ⅲ的减排技术,包括SCR、EGR和LNG发动机等,分析了这些技术的减排性能与存在的关键问题,以把握IMO规范下减排技术发展动态与趋势,为应对日益严苛的排放法规寻求良策.