柔性加劲材拉出行为之完全非线性有限元分析

本文进行不同长度及围压情况下拉出试验，并发展非线性加劲元素模拟柔性加劲材，以达到“完全非线性”有限元分析柔性加劲材拉出试验行为之目的。研究结果显示，有限元分析值与试验量测值相比较甚为合理，进而证明其中存在临界围压与临界长度之关系，使得加劲材之拉出破坏与拉断破坏同时产生。本研究同时指出“阶段性传递应力”模式虽然可解释加劲材在拉出破坏模式下之力学行为，但在拉断破坏时，摩擦应力将受限于前或中三角形分布阶段而已，不会传递至埋置尾端     

台湾西部外海回填土壤剪切模量与阻尼比之研究(英文)

本研究采用云林外海的土壤进行共振柱试验，以求得回填土壤之剪切模量与阻尼比。试验资料正规化（Ｇ／Ｇｍａｘ）与剪应变振幅（γ）关系曲线位于Ｓｅｅｄ和Ｉｄｒｉｓ所建议曲线的上限范围，而阻尼比与剪应变振幅关系曲线则位于其下限范围。采用Ｓｅｄ和Ｉｄｒｉｓ评估土壤剪力数模的方式，建立不同细粒含量回填土壤于不同相对密度下，所对应的Ｋ２值之相关图表，以提供作为回填造地工程规划之参考。同时本研究利用静力三轴试验结果，以弹性理论推求于轴应变为１％时所对应之偏应力与最大剪切模量具有相关联性。利用本研究所建立之回填土壤动态特性相关评估方式及图表可作为回填土壤造地时有关承受动态荷重基础及结构物之参考。     

人工冻结竖井中冻土壁强度与变形分析*

 在K0排水固结后再冻结(K0DCF)过程下，通过冻结兰州砂土和冻结兰州黄土的卸载剪切试验发现，不同围压下两种土质的应力-应变曲线均类似于理想刚塑性应力-应变曲线，但是K0固结段却表现出明显的差异。他们的屈服强度随围压的增大而线性增大，且黄土的屈服强度明显大于砂土；破坏变形随围压的增大也线性增大。他们的屈服强度均随温度的降低而增加，但黄土的强度值明显大于砂土；对破坏变形则存在两种不同的关系，对砂土，随温度的降低破坏变形降低；对黄土，随温度的降低破坏变形逐渐增大。     

泥岩夹层对盐岩变形和破损特征的影响分析

针对我国大多数盐矿的多层盐岩地质构造特征，对含泥岩夹层盐岩、纯泥岩和纯盐岩3种岩芯试样进行单轴压缩和不同围压下三轴压缩试验研究，对比分析3种试样的变形和破坏特性。试验结果表明：泥岩夹层对盐岩体的变形和破坏特性有明显的影响，强度高于盐岩的泥岩夹层却先于盐岩出现横向拉伸破坏；此外还观察到应力-应变曲线的“应力跌落”现象。针对试验结果，利用Cosserat介质扩展理论对泥岩夹层的影响进行理论分析。分析结果表明，泥岩和盐岩力学特性上的不匹配导致二者界面附近泥岩体等效受到横向拉伸应力作用，这很好地解释试验结果，这一分析结果可对进一步进行层状盐岩体内油（气）储库洞室稳定性分析提供理论基础。     

周期荷载作用下红砂岩三轴疲劳变形特性试验研究

为了解三向应力状态下周期荷载作用时红砂岩的疲劳变形特性，利用RMT-150B岩石力学多功能试验机，对红砂岩试什进行不同围压时静态应力-应变全过程试验和疲劳试验。试验结果表明：三轴周划荷载作用下红砂岩疲劳破坏时的变形量与应力上限（б1-б3）水平线任相应围压下的静态应力-应变全过程曲线峰后犀对应的变形量相当；轴向小可逆变形发展呈现三阶段规律；三轴周期荷载的上限应力和幅值对疲劳破坏特性有显著影响。     

三轴应力状态下不同湿度原状黄土的结构性定量化参数

通过对黄土结构性研究现状的分析，对与原状样干密度相同的扰动饱和土施加荷载来实现破坏结构性的目的，以三轴试验得到的原状黄土以及扰动饱和黄土的应力-应变曲线为基础，用一个定量化结构性参数综合反映土的排列和胶结特征所表现出的综合结构势（结构性强弱），探讨不同围压及含水量下结构性参数在剪切过程中的变化特性。研究结果表明：（1）定义的结构性参数能够反映围压、含水量对原状黄土剪切过程中结构性的影响，具有很好的合理性、灵敏性和稳定性：（2）结构性参数随着含水量的增大而减小，低应变时含水量对结构性的影响很明显，这种影响随着应变增大而逐渐减弱；（3）初始加荷和试样破坏时，结构性参数随着围压的增大而减小，应变达到15％时，结构性参数随着围压的增大呈先增大后减小的趋势。     

软弱地层中深开挖产生隆起的迷思

一个位於台湾台北市软弱地层之深开挖基地,依据防止隆起规范及公式分析均合乎安全要求,仍然产生全面性破坏的实例检讨中,发现目前部分土壤力学理论与软弱地层的实际应力应变行为不一致的迷思。并确定软弱地层於国际间尚是一种地层的模糊名词,至今未有明确“定性”的定义与适当“定量”的方法确认,亦缺少完整理论基础。软弱地层基本上是沿用由过压密粘土发展之“弹塑性理论”,於实际开挖的原型量测中发现甚多不能合理解释的矛盾点,必须另建立较合乎软弱地层实际力学特性、具有三线性之“弹变塑性理论”。     

地下工程岩体剪胀与锚杆支护的相互影响

 探讨隧道开挖边界附近的岩体剪胀对全长黏结式锚杆轴力分布的影响,区分依赖围压和塑性剪切应变的岩体剪胀与恒定的岩体剪胀对锚杆支护作用影响的差异性,分析锚杆对岩体膨胀的抑制作用。研究结果表明,对于恒定的剪胀角值,锚杆轴力随着剪胀角的增加而增加,且梯度亦随之增加,但其不能反映剪胀对隧道围压和岩体塑性变形的依赖关系,从而低估锚杆在低围压区域内遭受的张拉荷载,并高估高围压区域的所受的张拉荷载。由剪胀角模型计算得出的锚杆轴力分布突显锚杆在低围压环境下承受的较大张拉荷载状态,以及围压增加导致其轴力快速降低的行为趋势,能够合理反映锚杆在地下工程应用中的力学行为。由于锚杆支护增加岩体围压,抑制高剪胀区的扩展,从而减小隧道围岩的变形。在地下工程支护设计中,应重点支护紧邻开挖面低围压环境的岩体以有效地控制其破坏和膨胀变形。     

基于统计损伤理论的莫尔–库仑岩石强度判据修正方法之研究

首先，引进基于莫尔–库仑岩石强度判据的岩石微元强度表示方法，从岩石微元强度服从Weibull随机分布的角度出发，基于岩石三轴应力–应变试验曲线建立了特定围压下反映岩石破裂全过程的损伤软化统计本构模型；然后，通过探讨岩石损伤软化统计本构模型参数与围压的关系对模型参数进行了合理修正，从而建立出更加符合实际的岩石三维损伤软化统计本构模型；最后，在此基础上，根据岩石屈服或破坏的概念，重点探讨了利用多元函数求极值的方法建立岩石强度判据的途径，从而对莫尔–库仑岩石强度判据进行了合理修正，修正后的莫尔–库仑岩石强度判据与实测结果及莫尔–库仑岩石强度判据比较表明，其具有明显的优越性。     

非饱和重塑黄土强度与屈服特性试验研究

为研究非饱和重塑黄土的强度与屈服特性,在控制吸力的条件下以黄土三轴剪切试验为基础,研究了重塑黄土的应力-应变曲线、强度与屈服特性。试验结果表明：在试验控制吸力条件下,重塑黄土的破坏形式均呈塑形破坏;在同一吸力、不同净围压作用下,重塑黄土从理想塑形破坏（或弱硬化型）向强硬化型发展;在p-q面内,强度包线几乎呈直线;黏聚力c随吸力增大而增大,但内摩擦角φ变化较小;不同吸力作用下,重塑黄土的εr-log（q／p）关系曲线呈三阶段分布,得到了非饱和重塑黄土的屈服应力（ps,qs）。     

Displacement and load transfer mechanisms of geogrids under pullout condition

Reinforcing elements embedded within soil mass improve stabilization through a load transfer mechanism between the soil and the reinforcement. Geogrids are a type of geosynthetic frequently used for soil reinforcement, consisting of equally spaced longitudinal and transverse ribs. Under pullout conditions, the longitudinal ribs are responsible for tensile resistance, while transverse ribs contribute to a passive resistance. This paper describes a new analytical model capable of reproducing both load transfer and displacement mechanisms on the geogrid length, under pullout conditions. The model subdivides the geogrid into rheological units, composed by friction/adhesion and spring elements, mounted in line. Friction/adhesion elements respond to the shear component mobilized at the soil–geogrid interface. Spring elements respond to the geogrid's tensile elongation. Model parameters are obtained through tensile strength tests on geogrids and conventional direct shear tests on soil specimens. The need for instrumented pullout tests becomes therefore eliminated. Results predicted from this new model were compared to instrumented pullout test data from two types of geogrids, under various confining stress levels. The results revealed that the new model is capable of reasonably predicting load and displacement distributions along the geogrid.     

土工格栅界面摩擦特性试验研究

土工格栅与土的界面作用特性直接影响着加筋土挡墙的安全与稳定性。因此,土工格栅与填料的界面技术指标在加筋土挡墙的设计中至关重要。本文在从试验方法、加载方式、试验箱侧壁边界效应和尺寸效应、填料厚度、压实度以及筋材夹持状况等几方面分析土工格栅界面摩擦特性影响因素基础上,进行了土工格栅在砂砾料和粘性土中的拉拔试验和直剪试验。试验结果表明:土工格栅与砂砾料接触面抗剪强度较高,而与粘土接触面抗剪强度很低;对于加筋土挡墙拉拔力较大的层位,应选用刚度大的土工格栅和砂砾料为填料。直剪摩擦试验不适合确定土工格栅接触面的抗剪强度。该试验结果对土工格栅加筋土挡土墙的设计具有重要的参考价值。     

Pullout tests conducted on clay reinforced with geogrid encapsulated in thin layers of sand

The interaction between reinforcement and backfill materials is a significant factor for analysis and design of reinforced earth structures which is simplified as pullout or direct shear resistance. This paper presents the results of pullout tests aimed at studying the interaction of clays reinforced with geogrids embedded in thin layers of sand. Pullout tests were conducted after modification of the large direct shear apparatus. Samples were prepared at optimum moisture content and maximum dry densities obtained from standard Proctor compaction tests. Tests were conducted on clay-geogrid, sand-geogrid and clay-sand-geogrid samples. A unidirectional geogrid with sand layer thicknesses of 6, 10 and 14 mm were used. Results revealed that encapsulating geogrids in thin layers of sand under pullout conditions enhances pullout resistance of reinforced clay. For the clay-sand-geogrid samples an optimum sand layer thickness of 10 mm was determined, resulting in maximum pullout resistance which increased with increasing confining pressure. The optimum sand layer thickness was the same for all the normal pressures investigated. For sandy soils the passive earth pressure offered the most pullout resistance, whereas for clayey soils, it was replaced by frictional resistance. It is anticipated that provision of thin sand layers will provide horizontal drainage preventing pore pressure built up in clay backfills on saturation.     

土工格栅纵横肋的筋土承载特性分析

为研究土工格栅纵横肋与砂土的界面受力特性,进行了不同法向压力的格栅拉拔试验,分别设计了横向与纵向剪除横肋的6种拉拔试验工况,研究横肋减少对格栅受力、拉拔阻力峰值和位移及似摩擦系数的影响,并分别对比了整体剪切和刺入剪切破坏模式下的格栅拉拔阻力,揭示格栅筋土界面的相互作用机理。结果表明,随着横肋的减少,格栅拉拔阻力和似摩擦系数不断地变小;横肋沿横向减少的格栅最大拉拔阻力大于横肋沿纵向减少的最大拉拔阻力,完整横肋有助于筋土界面的加筋作用的充分发挥。理论计算格栅界面摩擦力约为18%~19%的试验拉拔阻力,而试验获得的格栅界面摩擦力与试验拉拔阻力的比值为29%~33%,横肋与土体挤压咬合产生的承载力分量占了总拉拔阻力的67%~71%,横肋极大提高了土工格栅的拉拔阻力。     

Influence of cyclic tensile loading on pullout resistance of geogrids embedded in a compacted granular soil

This paper deals with some results of a wide experimental research carried out in order to study factors affecting cyclic and post-cyclic pullout behaviour of different geogrids embedded in a granular soil. The new test procedure developed (multistage pullout test) and the relative results are described. In particular, test results obtained using the constant rate of displacement (CRD) and the multistage pullout tests highlighted the influence of the different factors involved in the research (cyclic load amplitude and frequency, vertical confining stress, geogrid tensile stiffness and structure) both on the peak pullout resistance and on the peak apparent coefficient of friction mobilized at the interface.     

Evaluation of Extent of Damage to Geogrid Reinforced Soil Walls Subjected to Earthquakes

The aim of this study is to establish a simple method for evaluating the extent of damage to geogrid reinforced soil walls (GRSWs) subjected to earthquakes. Centrifuge tilting and shaking table tests were conducted to investigate the seismic behaviour of GRSWs, with special focus on the effects of the tensile stiffness of the geogrids, the pullout characteristics and the backfill materials. As a result, it was found that GRSWs showed large shear deformation in the reinforced area after shaking, that such deformation was influenced by the tensile stiffness of the geogrids, the pullout resistance and the deformation modulus of the backfill material, and that finally slip lines appeared. However, the GRSWs maintained adequate seismic stability owing to the pullout resistance of the geogrids, even after the formation of slip lines. It is considered that such slip lines appeared due to the failure of the backfill material. Since the maximum shear strain occurring in the backfill can be roughly estimated from the inclination of the facing panels, using a simple plastic theory, it is possible to evaluate whether the backfill has reached its peak state or not. The formation of slip lines observed in the centrifuge model tests could be well explained by this method. Finally, the method is proposed to estimate the failure sections in the GRSWs using a Two Wedge analysis.     

季节性冻土中土工格栅加筋特性试验研究

针对东北地区典型粉质黏土,通过一系列土工格栅在冻土中的拉拔试验,重点分析了土壤含水率及冻融循环作用对土工格栅加筋性能的影响,并基于拉拔摩擦强度、表观摩擦系数、界面摩擦阻力和端承被动阻力等理论,对试验数据进行了详细分析。研究发现:含水率对土工格栅加筋效果存在明显抑制作用,含水率从20%提高至32%时,筋土界面摩擦阻力和端承被动阻力均减小60%以上。而当含水率一定时(w=24%),冻融循环作用反而提高了土工格栅的加筋效果,经历7次冻融循环后,土工格栅加筋效果增幅为30%左右,主要是横肋前端承被动阻力的提高,而筋土间界面摩擦阻力变化不大。上述试验成果可为土工格栅在冻土地区的推广应用提供一定的理论依据。     

黄土和泥岩的动力学特性及微观损伤效应

 为了系统研究天水地区黄土和泥岩的动力学特性和微细观损伤机制,采用循环荷载试验、反复剪试验和SEM电镜扫描技术,获取岩土体的动力学行为特征和微观参量。研究结果表明：黄土和泥岩的动弹性模量随围压的增加逐渐增大,呈非线性关系,而动弹性模量与阻尼比呈反比关系;动剪应力比大于某阈值时,岩土体在相应周期动应力下发生破坏;地震强度以及岩土体自身材料对其动力学强度影响较大;反复剪切次数增加,岩土体的抗剪强度降低,最终达到残余强度,但随围压的增大,岩土体咬合程度增强,抗剪强度增加;静力剪切使土颗粒变细,属颗粒剪切磨碎模式,土颗粒排列更平整,定向性好,颗粒间孔隙变密实;循环动荷载作用下,随着剪切幅值的增加,颗粒剪切磨碎,排列更平整,孔隙明显减少,剪切面表现为“板结”。泥岩微观孔隙的定量化分析与定性研究一致性较好。研究结果对黄土高原地区工程灾害的预测和控制具重要的理论意义和实用价值。     

Applicability of clinker ash as fill material in steel strip-reinforced soil walls

The generation of coal ash by coal-fired thermal power plants has increased in recent years. This study focuses on the use of a type of coal ash, clinker ash, in place of sandy soil as a fill material in soil structures. Clinker ash is an excellent geomaterial to use as backfill for soil structures because it is lightweight and has high shear strength and permeability. In this study, to determine the applicability of clinker ash as a backfill material for steel strip-reinforced soil walls, a series of laboratory pullout tests was conducted on different types of clinker ash to investigate the pullout behaviour of a ribbed strip from a layer of clinker ash and to evaluate the influence of the overburden pressure and the degree of compaction on the maximum pullout resistance. The correlation between the physical properties of clinker ash and the maximum pullout resistance was investigated on the basis of the test results. Additionally, the results of the pullout tests were compared with those of in-situ pullout tests. Furthermore, the usefulness of clinker ash was evaluated by applying the pullout test results to the standard design method for reinforced soil walls and comparing the results with the material constants for commonly used sandy soil. The main conclusions of the study are as follows: (1) The tests performed here confirmed that clinker ash has excellent frictional properties compared with sandy soil. (2) The frictional properties of clinker ash exceed the proposed design values given in the manual describing the reinforced soil wall method. (3) The application of clinker ash in reinforced soil walls is effective from the viewpoint of frictional properties.