岩体应力与渗流的耦合及其工程应用

岩体中应力与渗流的耦合对于工程应用十分重要。应用孔隙弹性力学理论，研究裂隙岩体与多孔介质岩体的应力变化引起的渗透性变化。推导出应力与渗透系数的关系式，得出由于多孔介质含水层疏水及应力变化造成的地表下沉计算公式。基于孔隙弹性理论，开发用于耦合应力与渗流的有限元计算软件。采用有限元方法耦合应力与渗流的关系，模拟不同采宽条件下采煤工作面的采动影响特征，得出工作面围岩渗透性变化、覆岩破坏高度、地表下沉与工作面几何参数的关系，这对于类似条件下的煤矿开采与设计有指导意义。     

灰岩单裂隙非饱和渗流–应力耦合特性试验研究

为研究不同应力条件下岩体裂隙非饱和渗流特性及其影响因素,基于自主研发的岩体裂隙非饱和渗流试验系统,对4组灰岩裂隙试样开展变饱和度和不同围压条件下的渗透试验。试验结果表明：(1)随着围压的增加,裂隙进气值增大,非饱和渗透系数–毛细压力关系曲线下降斜率及幅度均减小,在相同毛细压力下,高围压对应的裂隙非饱和渗透系数要高于低围压的情况;(2)通过对比毛细压力、围压这2个因素对非饱和渗透系数的影响发现,随着毛细压力的增加,围压对非饱和渗透系数的影响降低;同样,随着围压的增加,毛细压力对非饱和渗透系数的影响降低;(3)随着粗糙度的增大,裂隙饱和渗透系数降低,残余饱和度有小幅增长;(4)基于不同围压和毛细压力下的裂隙非饱和渗流试验数据,对裂隙非饱和渗透系数与毛细压力和围压的关系式进行拟合,从拟合曲面与试验实测数据的对比来看,拟合关系式可以较为准确地描述试验测得的裂隙非饱和渗透系数随毛细压力和围压的变化。本文对变应力条件下裂隙非饱和渗流过程及规律的研究成果可为降雨入渗条件下的工程岩体稳定分析提供依据。     

多轴应力作用下砂砾岩单裂隙渗流规律试验研究

用劈裂的方法在砂砾岩块上制造裂隙来模拟天然岩体的张性裂隙,在自行研制渗流-多轴应力耦合试验机上开展了一系列单裂隙渗流应力耦合试验,分别研究了垂直于裂隙面加载、平行于裂隙面加载对裂隙渗透能力的影响规律,对单裂隙岩体在多轴应力作用下的渗流规律作了探讨.成果表明,法向应力和侧向应力对裂隙的渗透系数有着明显的影响,共同决定着渗透系数的变化.     

含裂隙岩石渗流力学特性研究

岩体中裂隙的存在严重影响着岩体的渗流特性。为了解不同载荷作用对含裂隙岩体渗流性能的影响规律,利用高精度渗流应力耦合三轴试验系统,对含裂隙砂岩和粉砂岩加载及卸载作用下的渗流特性进行试验研究。试验结果表明:(1)加载试验过程中,随着载荷的增大,试样裂隙隙宽逐渐减小,渗透率随之逐渐减小,渗透率与有效围压呈负指数关系;(2)卸载过程中,随着载荷的减小,岩石渗透率逐渐回升,但回升路径明显低于原始路径,路径不重合表明试样中裂隙的变形具有塑性变形的特征。根据试验结果,建立渗透率与有效围压的关系式,并确定关系式中的待定参数。在试验及理论研究的基础上,通过数值模拟分析试样裂隙面渗透率及渗流速度的变化规律。     

岩体楔形裂隙水压力分布探讨

岩体所具有的节理、裂隙等缺陷是岩体渗流的主要通道,当岩体由于开挖或加载导致岩体的原始地应力状态发生变化时,岩体裂隙的隙宽将会发生变化,而岩体裂隙宽度的变化将引起裂隙中的水压力分布发生变化.假定岩体应力发生变化时,裂隙由平行板裂隙变为楔形板裂隙,由此推导了楔形板裂隙中的水压力分布公式,并与前人的研究结果进行了对比.     

砂岩隙宽变化与CT数变化的相关关系

利用最新研制的中低压多功能CT机配套专用渗流试验装置，分别对干燥砂岩试样和渗流砂岩试样进行了三维应力状态下的实时CT观测，根据试验结果初步讨论了砂岩裂隙隙宽变化与CT数变化的相关关系，并提出了裂隙隙宽的计算公式。     

裂隙岩体卸荷渗透规律试验研究

边坡开挖等岩体工程使得岩体形成卸荷作用,同时引起岩体中地下水性态的改变。水库蓄、放水使库岸边坡产生加载、卸荷效应,库岸边坡的稳定性受到影响。这都涉及到有关卸荷-渗流问题,因此研究裂隙岩体卸荷渗透规律具有重要意义。文章通过裂隙岩体的卸荷-渗流试验,探讨了裂隙岩体的渗透系数在卸荷过程中的变化规律,不仅揭示了裂隙岩体渗透系数与卸荷量的近似双曲线关系,还验证了裂隙岩体在加载、卸荷过程中渗透系数的迟滞现象。同时从理论上推导了裂隙岩体卸荷量与渗透系数之间的关系式,并对式中的试验系数进行了优化计算,其计算结果与试验结果吻合较好。     

充填砂裂隙在剪切位移作用下渗流规律的实验研究

对充填砂裂隙进行控制位移的剪切渗流实验，结合充填砂的物性，揭示了岩体裂隙发生剪切位移时的渗流规律，并对剪切位移与隙宽、剪切位移与流量、隙宽与流量的关系进行了探讨，提出了砂粒的微小扰动与孔隙比（隙宽）的增加是影响裂隙流量的主要因素。     

裂隙岩体等效渗透系数张量数值法研究

由于核废料地质储存、地热开采、深部油气开采的工程需求,裂隙岩体渗透性及其随着应力、温度的影响受到广泛关注。通过温度-渗流-应力耦合三轴仪对大理岩人工裂隙渗透率随应力及温度变化规律进行了试验研究,获得了大理岩闭合裂隙渗透率随应力、温度的变化趋势及受影响程度。在试验基础上,通过数值方法研究了裂隙岩体等效渗透系数的尺寸效应及各向异性,获得了该裂隙岩体的等效渗透系数REV及渗透张量。     

基于核磁共振实时成像技术的裂隙砂岩渗流特性研究

地下工程岩体内部存在着大量不规则、多尺度的孔(裂)隙,使得其渗流问题十分复杂,研究裂隙岩体的渗流特性及流场分布对岩体工程安全和深部资源开发利用具有重要的工程实际意义.利用核磁共振岩石渗流过程实时在线分析与成像系统对含不同裂隙性状的砂岩试样开展裂隙岩石渗流试验,对渗流过程中试样的体积含水率、T2谱曲线和渗透系数等参数的演...     

应变敏感的裂隙及裂隙岩体水力传导特性研究

通过将岩体单裂隙视为非关联理想弹塑性体，导出单裂隙在压剪荷载作用下，其机械开度和水力传导度的解析模型，并采用已有相关试验研究成果对解析模型进行验证。在此基础上，通过将岩体概化为含一组或多组优势裂隙的等效连续介质，给出一种描述裂隙岩体在复杂加载条件下考虑非线性变形特征及滑动剪胀特性的等效非关联理想弹塑性本构模型。基于该模型，给出裂隙岩体在扰动条件下应变敏感的渗透张量的计算方法，该计算方法不仅考虑裂隙的法向压缩变形，而且反映材料非线性及峰后剪胀效应对裂隙岩体渗透特性的影响。该模型通过引入滑动剪胀角和非关联理想塑性，较为逼真地反映了真实裂隙及裂隙岩体峰后的剪胀特性、变形行为和水力传导度变化特征。通过数值算例，研究了裂隙岩体在力学加载及开挖条件下渗透特性的演化规律。     

An approach to assessing the hydraulic conductivity disturbance in fractured rocks around the Syueshan tunnel,Taiwan

The Syueshan tunnel, a long and recently completed tunnel in Taiwan, suffered many collapses due to huge groundwater surges during excavation. Thus, variations in hydrological conditions in fractured rocks after excavation have become a topic of interest in the field. A proposed model has been developed to predict the disturbance of hydraulic conductivity caused by excavating around the Syueshan tunnel in fractured rocks. The closure of fractures is assumed to be the sole factor that causes hydraulic conductivity changes, and a hyperbolic relation between normal stress and closure is introduced instead of using a linear relation in this estimation. The magnitude and range of disturbed hydraulic conductivity are straightforwardly evaluated by coupling the models of the redistributed stress, stress-dependent closure and the cubic law. A computer program, UDEC (Universal Distinct Element Code), is used to estimate the relation between normal stress, closure, and the disturbed stress after excavation. Linking the model of redistribution stresses and closure, the variation of apertures in the excavation’s disturbance zone can be obtained and the change of hydraulic conductivity estimated by the cubic law. Results show that the effect of the fracture parameters on the permeability changes and the redistributed stresses is the principal cause of hydraulic conductivity changes. Furthermore, large increases in tangential stresses result in the closure of fractures, so that excavation is not the immediate cause of groundwater surges. In addition, reductions in radial and increases in tangential hydraulic conductivity form a permeable excavation disturbance zone around the tunnel. This axial channel would become a diversion of regional groundwater, causing the huge seepage at the intersection of the fractured zone.     

压力溶解和自由面溶解/沉淀对双重孔隙岩体中热–水–应力耦合影响的有限元分析

 引入裂隙开度的压力溶解和自由面溶解/沉淀模型,针对一个假设的位于饱和双重孔隙–裂隙岩体中的高放废物地质处置库,拟定3种计算工况：(1) 裂隙开度是压力溶解和自由面溶解/沉淀的函数;(2) 裂隙开度仅随压力溶解而变化(这2种工况中基岩的孔隙率亦是应力的函数);(3) 裂隙开度和基岩的孔隙率均为常数,进行热–水–应力耦合的二维有限元分析,考察岩体中的温度、裂隙开度及渗透系数、孔隙水压力、地下水流速和应力的变化、分布情况。结果表明：自由面溶解/沉淀引起的裂隙开张及渗透系数增量的绝对值要明显大于压力溶解产生的裂隙闭合及渗透系数减量的绝对值,而压力溶解对裂隙的开度及其渗透系数的影响较小;同时计入压力溶解和自由面溶解/沉淀相比于仅考虑压力溶解,同时计入压力溶解和自由面溶解/沉淀的裂隙开度及其渗透系数分别约为仅考虑压力溶解时的1.5和7.0倍;在释热温度场的作用下,计算域中的裂隙水压力随时间先上升再下降,但变化幅度不大;3种工况下岩体中的应力量值及分布差别很小。     

Formulation of strain-dependent hydraulic conductivity for a fractured rock mass

By characterizing rock masses as anisotropic continua with one or multiple sets of critically oriented fractures, a methodology is developed in this paper to address the change in hydraulic conductivity resulted from engineering disturbance, material nonlinearity and anisotropy. An equivalent elastic–perfectly plastic constitutive model with non-associated flow rule and mobilized dilatancy is developed to describe the global nonlinear response of the rockmass under complex loading conditions. By separating the deformation of fractures from that of the equivalent medium, a strain-dependent hydraulic conductivity tensor is formulated. This not only considers the normal compressive deformation of the fractures, but also and more importantly, integrates the effect of material nonlinearity and post-peak shear dilatancy. Using this methodology, a closed-form solution is derived to describe the hydraulic behavior of a single fracture during combined normal and shear loading processes. The closed-form solution is validated by an existing coupled shear-flow test under wide ranges of normal and shear loads. Numerical simulations are performed to investigate the changes in hydraulic conductivities of a cubic block of fractured rock mass under triaxial compression and shear loading, as well as a circular underground excavation in a biaxial stress field at the Stripa mine, Sweden. The simulation results agree well with the in-situ experimental observations and an existing elastic strain-dependent analytical solution, respectively. The evaluation results clearly demonstrate that the proposed model is capable of predicting the changes in hydraulic properties of fractured rock masses under loading or excavation.     

采用Monte-Carlo模拟技术计算裂隙岩体的渗透系数张量

裂隙岩体的渗透系数张量是一个非常重要的岩体水力学参数。本文采用结构面现场测量及统计分析方法建立岩体结构的概率模型 ,进而采用 Monte-Carlo模拟技术生成岩体裂隙网络模型 ,由裂隙网络模型中的连通裂隙计算岩体的渗透系数张量 ,并给出了工程应用实例。     

Performance assessment of a nuclear waste repository: Upscaling coupled hydro-mechanical properties for far-field transport analysis

A methodology for addressing the DECOVALEX III Bench Mark Test 2 is presented. Hydro-mechanical (HM) modelling has been conducted on fracture networks generated from fracture length and density statistics, which have been described by a power law. For each rock formation in the test, effective hydraulic conductivity tensors have been derived for a range of mechanical parameters and depths below ground level. The upscaled hydraulic conductivities have been used in a site scale continuum model of groundwater flow and transport to assess performance indicators, including time of travel from repository to ground surface. Preliminary results indicate that interpretation of the fracture length and density data can have a significant effect on upscaling calculations, including the determination of a suitable hydraulic representative elementary volume. HM modelling shows that there is a non-linear decrease in the change of fracture aperture with depth, and that although large aperture fractures remain at depth, the majority of fractures tighten to almost the residual aperture at about 750 m below ground level. Consequently, anisotropy of the effective hydraulic conductivity also changes with depth. Flow and transport modelling at the field scale indicates that, of the controls investigated, mechanical properties of the rock have the greatest influence on solute travel times.     

Evaluation of a pressure pulse in a fractured‐rock aquifer to reduce uncertainty of hydraulic conductivity measurements,Rio Grande Rift,New Mexico,United States

Fractured‐rock aquifers are inherently difficult for determining flow dynamics because of variability in fracture orientation and extension. A confined, fractured‐rock aquifer in a semi‐arid mountainous area of the Rio Grande Rift Zone was analysed for its response to recharge events that produced a pressure pulse within its potentiometric surface. The pulse was evaluated at the well scale and subaquifer level to evaluate flowpaths, travel times and dispersion and compare the bulk‐scale aquifer response to possible velocities from slug test hydraulic conductivity measurements. Travel time and dispersion from the pulse proved comparable to probable travel times based on hydraulic conductivity measurements. Evaluation of the pressure pulse and the hydraulic conductivity measurements allowed for a holistic interpretation of the fractured‐rock aquifer through analysis of two distinct data sets that provided corroborative evidence of flow dynamics and fracture connectivity. This holistic approach reduced uncertainty regarding the individual hydraulic conductivity values.     

Impact of stress on solute transport in a fracture network: A comparison study

This paper compares numerical modeling of the effect of stress on solute transport (advection and matrix diffusion) in fractured rocks in which fracture apertures are correlated with fracture lengths. It is mainly motivated by the performance and safety assessments of underground radioactive waste repositories. Five research teams used different approaches to model stress/deformation, flow and transport processes, based on either discrete fracture network or equivalent continuum models. The simulation results derived by various teams generally demonstrated that rock stresses could significantly influence solute transport processes through stress-induced changes in fracture apertures and associated changes in permeability. Reasonably good agreement was achieved regarding advection and matrix diffusion given the same fracture network, while some observed discrepancies could be explained by different mechanical or transport modeling approaches.     

Interactive roles of geometrical distribution and geomechanical deformation of fracture networks in fluid flow through fractured geological media

In this study,the combined effects of geometrical distribution and geomechanical deformation of fracture networks on fluid flow through fractured geological media are investigated numerically.We consider a finite-sized model domain in which the geometry of fracture systems follows a power-law length scaling.The geomechanical response of the fractured rock is simulated using a hybrid finitediscrete element model,which can capture the deformation of intact rocks,the interaction of matrix blocks,the displacement of discrete fractures and the propagation of new cracks.Under far-field stress loading,the locally variable stress distribution in the fractured rock leads to a stress-dependent variable aperture field controlled by compression-induced closure and shear-induced dilatancy of rough fractures.The equivalent permeability of the deformed fractured rock is calculated by solving for the fracture-matrix flow considering the cubic relationship between fracture aperture and flow rate at each local fracture segment.We report that the geometrical connectivity of fracture networks plays a critical role in the hydromechanical processes in fractured rocks.A well-connected fracture system under a high stress ratio condition exhibits intense frictional sliding and large fracture dilation/opening,leading to greater rock mass permeability.However,a disconnected fracture network accommodates much less fracture shearing and opening,and has much lower bulk permeability.We further propose an analytical solution for the relationship between the equivalent permeability of fractured rocks and the connectivity metric(i.e.percolation parameter) of fracture networks,which yields an excellent match to the numerical results.We infer that fluid flow through a well-connected system is governed by traversing channels(forming an"in parallel" architecture) and thus equivalent permeability is sensitive to stress loading(due to stress-dependent fracture permeability),whilst fluid flow through a disconnected system is more ruled by matrix(linking isolated clusters"in series") and has much less stress dependency.     

Size effect on aperture and permeability of a fracture as estimated in large synthetic fractures

Synthetic fractures of from 0.2 to 12.8 m in size were created on a computer by a new spectral method to reproduce the ratio of the power spectral density of the initial aperture (the aperture when the surfaces are in contact at a single point) to that of the surface height determined for a tensile fracture of 1 m. First, the size effect on the standard deviation of the initial aperture was analyzed for fractures with and without shearing. Next, by taking aperture data at constant intervals to establish a flow area, water flow was simulated for fractures during both normal closure and closure after shearing, by solving Reynolds equation to determine the hydraulic aperture. When the fracture is closed without shearing and has the same mean aperture, the effect of the fracture size on the hydraulic aperture disappears if the fracture is larger than about 0.2 m, since beyond this size the standard deviation of the initial aperture is almost independent of the fracture size. When the fracture is closed after shearing, the hydraulic conductivity shows remarkable anisotropy, which becomes more significant with both shear displacement and closure. However, the relation between the hydraulic aperture normalized by the mean aperture and the mean aperture normalized by the standard deviation of the initial aperture is almost independent of both the fracture size and shear displacement when the shear displacement is less than about 3.1% of the fracture size, at which point the standard deviation of the initial aperture of the sheared fracture is almost independent of the fracture size.