A multi‐agent approach to unit commitment

This paper proposes a multiagent system to power system unit commitment problems. Multiagent is a new paradigm for developing software applications. Coordinating the behavior of autonomous agents is a key issue in agent‐oriented programming techniques today. Recently, agents are being used in an increasingly wide variety of applications, ranging from comparatively small systems such as E‐mail filters to large, open, complex systems such as air traffic control. Though some agent frameworks have been proposed in the power system field, the number of studies is limited. In this paper, we developed a power system unit commitment application by multiagent architecture. Our multiagent system has the following characteristics: (1) The system consists of a single facilitator agent, two mobile agents, and one or more generator agents which are elements of power system network. (2) The facilitator agent is developed to act as a manager for the process by using the singleton design pattern. The mobile agents migrate to generator‐agents to increase or decrease their power generations. The generator agents have their operational data. (3) Message object is developed to communicate between the agents using KQML‐like object. The proposed approach is applied to a simple model system, and the results show that the multiagent system is an efficient decentralized approach for solving power system unit commitment problems. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 141(2): 41–47, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10057     

A multiagent approach to power system normal operation

Recently, the electric utility industry worldwide has been facing pressure to be deregulated or restructured in order to increase its efficiency, to reduce operational cost, or to give consumers more alternatives. For this aspect, a great deal more research is needed to achieve a better, intelligent knowledge process. The present centralized system for power system control, operation, and planning must be remodeled to cope with these situations. With the promotion for the deregulation of the electric power system, the definition of the objective function for the optimization problem such as outage work operation for electric power systems is becoming critical. Currently, agents are an intense focus in many subfields of computer science and artificial intelligence. Agents are being used in an increasingly wide variety of applications. In this paper, we developed a power system normal operation application by multiagent architecture. Our multiagent system consists of several facilitator agents, equipment agents, and switch‐box agents. Facilitator agent acts as a manager for negotiation process between agents. Equipment agent corresponds to the element of the electric power system, such as bus, transformer, and transmission line, while switch‐box agent is the pseudo object which consists of neighboring current breakers and disconnecting switches. The proposed system realizes the appropriate switching operations by interacting with corresponding agents. The proposed approach is applied to a simple network, and the results show that the proposed multiagent system is an efficient decentralized approach for solving power system normal operations. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 146(4): 26–33, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10227     

Multiagent‐Based Electric Power Interchange between Microgrids

In this paper, we propose a multiagent‐based electric power interchange method between microgrids (MGs). The proposed multiagent system consists of eight types of agent: a single micro virtual power plant (MVPP) agent , several MG controller agents (MGCs), several load agents, several gas turbine (gas engine) agents, several photovoltaic generation agents, several wind turbine generation agents, several battery agents, and a single grid agent. In the proposed system, the MVPP plays an important role, facilitating electric power exchange between MGCs. Simulation results suggest that the proposed multiagent system could improve the load factor and reduce the MG operation cost.     

A Multiagent‐Based Microgrid Operation Method

In this paper, we propose an autonomous microgrid operation using a multiagent approach. The proposed multiagent system consists of seven types of agent: a single microgrid controller agent (MGC), several load agents (LAGs), several gas‐turbine (gas‐engine) agents (GAGs), several photovoltaic generation agents (PVAGs), several wind‐turbine generation agents (WTAGs), several battery agents (BAGs), and a single grid agent (GridAG). In a microgrid, LAGs act as consumers or buyers, GAGs, PVAGs, and WTAGs act as producers or sellers, and BAGs act as prosumers or sellers/buyers. In order to verify the performance of the proposed system, it is applied to a simple model system with different electrical power prices. From the simulation results, it can be seen that the proposed multiagent system can perform microgrid operations efficiently.     

Comparison of Centralized and Decentralized Systems in Power System Restoration

This paper proposes a multiagent approach to decentralized power system restoration for distribution system networks and presents a comparison of centralized and decentralized systems for power system restoration. Numerous studies have been conducted on power system restoration problems. From the viewpoint of system structures, this research can be divided into two categories: centralized systems and decentralized systems. In this study, we solve a power system restoration problem for a power distribution network by two different methods: mathematical programming (MIP) and the proposed multiagent‐based method (MAS). The proposed multiagent system consists of several distributing substation agents (DSAGs) and load agents (LAGs). An LAG corresponds to the customer load, and a DSAG supplies electricity to the LAG. From the simulation results, it can be seen that the proposed system can reach the right solution by making use of only local information and that the solution quality is better than that of the centralized system (MIP). This means that the proposed multiagent restoration system is a promising approach to larger scale distribution networks.     

Load Frequency Control of Interconnected Power System via Multi-Agent System Method

For the load frequency control (LFC) of the interconnected power system, a two-level coordinated control frame based on multi-agent system is proposed to improve the frequency control performance of the power system. In the control frame, the upper-level agent, in a centralized manner, coordinates the lower-level LFC agents to deal with the conflict between narrowing the area control error and stabilizing the system frequency. The lower-level LFC agents, in the distributed cooperative manner, realize the mutual power support among the neighboring areas to guarantee the frequency stability in an emergency. To verify the validity of the proposed method, the numerical simulations are performed on the three-area interconnected power systems.     

Market-based multiagent system for reconfiguration of shipboard power systems

On ships, the electric shipboard power system (SPS) supplies electrical power to critical functions such as navigation, communication, emergency systems, and in the case of warships, weapon systems. During ship operation, some parts of the SPS may become unavailable due to damage, fault, or maintenance. For the survivability and reliability of ships, it is desired to make the SPS highly reconfigurable. This paper presents a market-based multiagent system (MAS) for the reconfiguration of radial SPS. Radial SPSs are found on majority of ships. In the proposed MAS, each agent only communicates with its neighbor agents to make the system work in a fully decentralized manner. The MAS is implemented using Java Agent Development Framework (JADE), which is fully implemented in Java and compliant with Foundation of Intelligent Physical Agents (FIPA). An SPS with two generators and four loads is used for testing the proposed MAS. The results show the proposed MAS can successfully reconfigure a radial SPS.     

Power-system stabilizing control by SMES using fuzzy techniques and neural networks

It has been clarified that a superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) is very effective for power system stabilization. The control methods proposed for power system stabilization by SMES include the pole assignment, the optimum control, and so on, each of which, however, has its drawbacks. The application of fuzzy control is considered to overcome these drawbacks. This paper considers the power system stabilization by fuzzy control of the active and reactive power of SMES. First, the adequate fuzzy control rules of an SMES for the model power system is derived. Then, to alleviate the dependence of the fuzzy control on the operating condition and the fault, a method is proposed which adjusts the fuzzy parameter according to the operating condition and the fault using a neural network. The validity of the proposed method is examined by computer simulations.     

Autonomous decentralized voltage profile control of super‐distributed energy system using multi‐agent technology

A super‐distributed energy system is a future energy system in which a large part of its demand is fed by a huge number of distributed generators. At one time some nodes in the super‐distributed energy system behave as load, whereas at other times they behave as generator—the characteristic of each node depends on the customers' decision. In such situation, it is very difficult to regulate the voltage profile over the system due to the complexity of power flows. This paper proposes a novel control method of distributed generators that can achieve autonomous decentralized voltage profile regulation by using multi‐agent technology. The proposed multi‐agent system employs two types of agent: a control agent and a mobile agent. Control agents generate or consume reactive power to regulate the voltage profile of neighboring nodes and mobile agents transmit the information necessary for VQ‐control among the control agents. The proposed control method is tested through numerical simulations. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 164(4): 43–52, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20484     

A multiagent‐based microgrid operation method considering charging and discharging strategies of electric vehicles

In this paper, we propose a multiagent‐based microgrid (MG) operation method considering charging and discharging electric vehicles (EVs). The proposed system consists of five types of agents: single microgrid controller agent, several load agents, several gas turbines/engine agents, several photovoltaic generation agents, and several electric vehicle agents. In the proposed method, the load balancing can be realized by suppressing sudden fluctuations in supply and demand balance due to the synchronization of charging and discharging of EVs. From the simulation results, it can be seen that the proposed multiagent system could realize the load equalization in MG.     

基于惯量中心动态信号的交直流互联系统稳定控制

针对交直流互联电力系统的稳定控制问题,提出了基于系统惯量中心(center of inertia,COI)动态信号的发电机励磁和直流功率调制综合控制方案。该方案中各发电机功角和频率动态跟踪由广域测量系统提供的系统COI动态功角和频率轨迹。直流输电线路功率调制的目标是阻尼区域COI功角和频率间的相互振荡。考虑到模型误差和外部干扰因素,采用反步法设计了非线性鲁棒控制器。对某4机2区域系统进行仿真实验,结果表明该控制方案和控制器突破了系统只能稳定于工频下的局限,增大了系统的稳定域,显著改善了系统的功角稳定性。     

基于惯性/下垂控制的变速型风电机组频率协调控制方法

在高渗透风电接入的孤立电力系统中,由于传统调频资源不足,风电大规模波动可能导致系统频率波动,限制新风电的进一步接入。因此,提出一种基于惯性控制和下垂控制的变速型风电机组频率协调控制方法。首先对双馈异步发电机(Doubly Fed Induction Generator,DFIG)、永磁同步发电机(Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator,PMSG)和有源失速异步发电机(Active-Stall Induction Generator,ASIG)三种类型变速风力发电机组(Variable Speed Wind Turbines, VSWTs)的频率控制特性进行分析。在此基础上,提出基于惯量控制和下垂控制的变速型风机频率协调控制策略,并分析在不同扰动条件下,不同惯性参数与下垂参数对孤立电力系统频率的影响,据此选择合适的控制参数。最后,在随机风速扰动和大扰动条件下对风电机组的稳态与暂态响应进行仿真,验证了所提频率抑制方法的有效性。结果表明,所提方法能显著提高孤立电力系统频率稳定水平。     

Stabilizing control of variable impedance power systems: Applications to variable series capacitor systems

In future electric power systems, it will be very important to utilize existing ac networks more effectively with the help of power electronics technology. It has become clear that various types of apparatus utilizing such power electronics technologies as variable series capacitors (VSrC) and high-speed phase shifters (HSPS) can improve transient stability and damping in one-machine, infinite-bus power systems. This paper presents a novel control scheme for variable impedance apparatus such as VSrC and HSPS devices in multi-machine power systems. First, this paper describes a comprehensive approach for control design of VSrC and HSPS apparatus. The proposed control scheme is based on the energy function of multi-machine power systems. The controllers are designed so that the time derivative of the energy function has a smaller negative value than that without controllers. In this sense, the present method assures the improvement of first-swing stability and damping. Next, the proposed control scheme is applied to VSrC apparatus. Digital simulations and eigenvalue analysis are conducted for a three-machine loop system and a five-machine radial system to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The results make it clear that the proposed controllers for VSrC can significantly improve both the transient stability and the steady-state stability of power systems.     

电力系统无功优化的多智能体粒子群优化算法

无功优化是电力系统实现电压和无功功率最优控制和调度的基础,提出了一种全新的优化算法一多智能体粒子群优化算法来求解此类优化问题。该算法结合multi-agent系统和粒子群优化技术,构造了一个格子环境,所有Agent都固定在格子环境中。每一个Agent相当于粒子群优化算法中的一个粒子,它们通过与其邻居的竞争、合作和自学习操作,并且吸收了粒子群优化算法的进化机理,能够更快地、更精确地收敛到全局最优解。在IEEE30节点系统上进行校验,并与其它方法比较,结果表明,提出的算法具有质量高的解、收敛特性好、运行速度快的突出优点。     

基于光伏减载的电力系统紧急降风险控制方法

光伏发电系统通常运行于最大功率点,难以在紧急条件下为电网提供功率支撑。受制于建设和运行成本,储能的大规模应用还难以实现,同步发电机占比的降低使得含高比例光伏发电的电网安全风险不断增加。为此,分析了光伏发电系统的功率特性和稳定运行条件,提出了通过光伏减载运行预留备用功率从而为电网提供紧急功率支撑的思想。进而分析了协议发电成本和风险成本的关系,建立了以同步发电机启停机计划、备用容量和光伏减载量为决策变量的两阶段降风险发电调度优化模型。提出了考虑光伏减载运行的电力系统降风险优化调度方法。最后利用IEEE RTS 24节点系统验证了方法的正确性。算例分析表明,该方法能够在降低电网功率不平衡风险的前提下获得最优的经济性,具有较好的实用性。     

不间断电力变电站中分布式电源接入系统研究

将新兴的发电技术(风力发电、燃料电池发电)及新型储能技术(制氢储能、超导储能装置)引入传统的电力变电站后,由于各分布式电源的多样性和复杂性,使得整个系统的运行和控制变的复杂,独立运行单个分布式电源,很难维持整个系统的频率和电压稳定。提出让高度可控的分布式电源,如燃料电池发电系统在通过电压源型逆变器并网的同时参与系统的频率和电压调节,用以解决随机性较大的分布式电源,如风力发电系统功率输出的随机性导致电网电能质量下降的问题。最后通过仿真分析验证了储能装置的这种并网方式能够有效地提高变电站输出电能质量。     

一种基于WIN-TDC的SVC控制系统

提出了一种基于WIN-TDC的全数字静止无功补偿装置(Static Var Comensator,简称SVC)控制系统.SIMATIC-TDC控制器性能卓越,能够满足SVC控制系统对实时浮点运算和复杂控制任务的要求,WINCC是一种非常可靠和成熟的人机界面组态软件,基于WIN-TDC结构的控制系统能够满足工业SVC装置对实时性和可靠性的苛求.在该工业SVC控制系统中,实现了一种基于瞬时无功理论的瞬时功率和瞬时电流的检测算法和一种开环与闭环相结合的复合控制策略,提供了友好的人机界面.该SVC控制系统已经在多项SVC工程中得到了成功的应用.     

含风电接入的省地双向互动协调无功电压控制

为应对规模化风电接入对电网无功电压运行和控制的影响,结合现场实际,提出并实现了一种跨电压等级风电汇集区域风电场与传统电厂的无功电压协调控制方法。在控制中心内,研究并提出计及风功率波动和电网N-1安全约束的敏捷电压控制方法,该方法通过控制周期和控制模型的自适应调整,充分挖掘省调直控风电场的无功电压调节能力,抑制风电波动对电网电压的影响,保留足够的传统发电机动态无功储备。在控制中心间,研究并提出计及风电场调节能力的省地双向互动协调控制方法,通过地区电网内风电场与地调直控变电站的协调控制,发挥地调直控风电场的调节能力,减少地调直控变电站的电容电抗器动作次数,通过省地双向互动协调,协调省地双方无功调节资源,支撑末端地区电网电压,提高电网整体运行的安全性和经济性。所研发的实际控制系统已在江苏电网应用,仿真运行和实际闭环结果证明了该方法的有效性。     

A multiagent approach to distribution system restoration

This paper proposes a multiagent approach to decentralized power system restoration for a distribution system network. The proposed method consists of several feeder agents (FAGs) and load agents (LAGs). LAG corresponds to the customer load, while a FAG is developed to act as a manager for the decision process. From the simulation results, the proposed multiagent system was able to reach the right solution by making use of only local information. This means that the proposed multiagent restoration system is a promising approach to more large‐scale distribution networks. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 152(3): 21–28, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20065     

船舶区域配电系统全智能体重构及其优化研究

为确保船舶电力系统故障发生时主电力推进动力系统不失去供电,对电力推进船舶区域配电系统的拓扑结构重构方法进行了深入研究。依托智能体理论,设计了一种环境智能感知、信念产生、目标控制、粒子群最优决策的全智能体重构方法,实施船舶区域配电系统故障的拓扑重构。重构策略以保证全船的不间断供电、负荷损失最小、继电保护效率最高等为目标。对某电力推进船舶区域配电系统电网发生三相短路工况的仿真实验表明,所设计的全智能体方法相比粒子群算法、遗传算法的电力系统重构更能保证船舶电力系统的安全运行,且具有电力系统故障时重构功率损耗更小、开关效率更高的优点;进一步提高了船舶电力系统的安全可靠性。