控制合闸电压幅值的变压器励磁涌流抑制方案

在分析变压器励磁涌流的影响因素和推导励磁涌流与各影响因素间数学关系的基础上,提出了一种基于合闸电压幅值控制的变压器励磁涌流抑制方案。该方案通过选择适当的合闸电压幅值控制曲线,对合闸电压的幅值进行控制,确保变压器空载合闸过程中产生的磁通不超过饱和磁通,从而达到抑制空载合闸励磁涌流的目的。根据磁通不等式约束与暂态磁通分量衰减规律给出了电压幅值控制函数,并推导了电压幅值控制函数中初值与变化斜率两个参数的上下限。采用PSCAD/EMTDC软件分别对单相和三相变压器不同状态下的空载合闸过程进行了仿真,并对磁通、励磁涌流、差动电流等参数进行了对比分析。仿真结果表明,通过控制合闸电压的幅值达到控制励磁电流大小的目的,能够将励磁涌流控制在数值较小的范围内,从而克服励磁涌流的影响。     

Sympathetic inrush current in a transformer and a method for its identification

This paper studies the sympathetic interaction between transformers. The influencing factors of the sympathetic inrush current, including the system impedance, closing angle and the initial remnant flux of the added transformer, the system voltage, and the neutral grounding mode of the transformers, are analyzed in detail through dynamic simulation. Based on this, a method for identifying the sympathetic inrush current is proposed based on the essential curve feature of the magnetizing currents of the transformers during the sympathetic interaction, taking advantage of the information sharing between substations. The results from dynamic simulation and field‐recorded data show the validity of the proposed method. © 2016 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

变压器外部故障切除后差动保护误动原因的分析

变压器外部故障切除后,暂态磁通可能超过变压器铁心的饱和点,从而产生一定的恢复性涌流。同时,外部故障过程中电流可能有很大的非周期分量,使CT进入饱和区。这两方面因素均有可能使差动保护在故障切除后误动。该文首先对变压器磁链进行理论推导,然后建立变压器和CT模型进行仿真,并通过实验验证结果。进一步推导得出了影响恢复性涌流大小的因素,研究了各种状态下涌流对差动保护的影响以及CT饱和的作用。最后综合考虑涌流和CT饱和,分析保护误动的主要原因。     

Compensation for magnetizing inrush currents in transformers using a PWM inverter

When a transformer is connected to a circuit, under certain conditions, magnetizing inrush currents may be about ten times the full load current of the transformer. The currents contain a large amount of harmonic components and cause some relays to trip out. In this paper, the magnetizing inrush currents are compensated using a PWM inverter. The magnetizing inrush currents are detected and the PWM inverter generates compensating currents for the inrush currents. Hysteresis current controllers are used for fast response. The validity of this compensation is investigated by the simulation results. In addition, hardware implementation for the compensator is accomplished to verify the simulation results. Moreover, for the compensator, the relation between the compensating characteristics, the maximum switching frequency, and the coupling reactor is discussed based on the simulation results. Finally, characteristics of two current controllers (hysteresis band current controller and ramp‐comparison controller) are compared and it is shown that the hysteresis band current controller is more suitable for the compensator. The PSCAD/EMTDC electromagnetic transient simulator is used for the simulations. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 140(2): 53–64, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10023     

选相关合技术抑制空载变压器励磁涌流的实验研究

针对随机关合空载变压器产生励磁涌流的问题,采用选相关合技术来抑制励磁涌流。在分析选相关合空载变压器原理的基础上,研究了同时合闸策略、快速合闸策略和延时合闸策略下铁芯磁通的变化规律,并对比分析三种合闸策略的适用条件。最后搭建选相投切10 kV空载变压器实验平台,对有无剩磁时不同关合相位下的励磁涌流进行分析。实验结果表明:变压器铁芯无剩磁时,在电压峰值处合闸可以有效抑制励磁涌流;铁芯存在剩磁时,在电压峰值处合闸仍会产生励磁涌流。因此,有必要预测铁芯剩磁以确定最佳合闸相位,实现空投变压器的无冲击平滑过渡。     

多台变压器空载合闸励磁涌流及其抑制方案的研究

以单台变压器合闸励磁涌流原理为基础,结合变压器在实际操作中的情况,进一步研究多台变压器的合闸涌流。根据多台变压器空载合闸的特点提出了增加系统阻抗和串联电容器的方法。通过对比增加系统阻抗后变压器之间磁链变化分析了其对励磁涌流的影响并介绍了选择最佳阻抗值的方法。最后结合仿真软件Matlab仿真了多台变压器同时合闸的励磁涌流并与加载单一电阻方案和电阻加电容器方案的励磁涌流大小进行对比。仿真结果表明,这种抑制方案有效地抑制了多台变压器的励磁涌流。     

变压器空载合闸励磁涌流抑制技术研究

在分析变压器空载合闸励磁涌流暂态过程及现有抑制励磁涌流措施原理的基础上,提出了一种改进的选相位关合技术来抑制三相YN,d接法变压器励磁涌流的新方法。该方法考虑了剩磁对励磁涌流的影响,利用中性点串联电阻的方法抑制首合相励磁涌流暂态过程,利用“延迟合闸”策略限制剩余两相涌流幅值。通过EMTP仿真表明该方法在铁芯剩磁难以准确测量的情况下可以有效地抑制变压器励磁涌流幅值及暂态过程。     

基于磁通轨迹特征的变压器励磁涌流识别新方法

介绍了变压器保护正常动作率的现状,分析了当前比较流行的变压器励磁涌流判断方法,并指出缺陷。提出了一种基于磁通轨迹特征的变压器励磁涌流识别新方法,该方法根据变压器发生内部故障时铁心不饱和,而出现励磁涌流时铁心饱和的原理,利用实测的变压器电压和电流量推算变压器主磁通的轨迹,通过提取主磁通轨迹的特征来判断主磁通变化范围,从而确定变压器是否发生励磁涌流。仿真结果证明了识别方法的可行性。     

基于采样序列整形的配电网线路保护防励磁涌流误动策略

针对配网线路中配变空载合闸导致励磁涌流从而引起上游线路保护误动的问题，提出了一种基于采样序列整形的配电网线路保护防励磁涌流误动策略。当线路电流同时满足快速启动和二次谐波含量低判据时，进入电流序列整形程序。首先，根据二次谐波有效值的稳定区段将电流信号分割为正弦区段和畸变区段，并利用稳定区段的长度设置结束判据。然后，通过确定自适应窗长和标准正弦曲线对正弦区段进行相似度计算，得到原始正弦区段的幅值和相位参数，从而对畸变区段完成整形。最后，将修复后不带励磁涌流的电流信号送至线路保护进行判断。所提策略能够有效应对混叠在负荷电流和故障电流中的励磁涌流，并通过仿真分析验证了所提策略的有效性和可靠性。     

Magnetizing inrush model of transformers based on structure parameters

This paper proposes a circuit model for the transient period of inrush current in a transformer. The magnetizing inrush model is developed from the structural parameters of the transformer. In the analysis of the magnetization curve, the relationship between the magnetic flux density and magnetic field intensity differs from the ordinary B-H curve; this paper interchanges the B and the H and characterizes the B-H of the magnetic core as a simple tangent function in the H-B planes. Furthermore, the concept of inrush equivalent inductance is also used in the magnetizing inrush model. Using the magnetizing inrush model, an inrush current value can be estimated before the transformer is manufactured. Moreover, in the future, this model can provide the power system with a more thorough transient analysis. During this research, the inrush currents are simulated using the circuit model from ICAP/4. Fourteen actual transformers, each with a different winding structure, are used for demonstration. Experiments and simulations are carried out to examine the proposed method.     

The impact of inrush currents on the mechanical stress of highvoltage power transformer coils

From failure experience on power transformers, it was very often suspected that inrush currents, occurring when energizing unloaded transformers, were reason for damage. In this paper, it was investigated how mechanical forces within the transformer coils build up under inrush compared to those occurring at short circuit. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional computer modeling for a real 268 MVA, 525/17.75 kV three-legged step up transformer was employed. The results show that inrush current peaks of 70% of the rated short circuit current cause local forces in the same order of magnitude as those at short circuit. The resulting force summed up over the high voltage coil is even three times higher. Although inrush currents normally are smaller, the forces can have similar amplitudes as those at short circuit however with longer exposure time. Therefore, care has to be taken to avoid such high inrush currents. Today controlled switching offers an elegant and practical solution     

基于差动电流正弦曲线拟合波形的变压器保护原理

以变压器的磁化特性曲线为基础,对比分析了变压器差流为涌流和非涌流时的波形特点,进而提出了一种基于差动电流正弦曲线拟合波形的变压器保护原理。为了更能体现励磁涌流的特征和减少拟合波形幅值的计算误差,建议取拟合角度为差动电流峰值时的角度最为合理。给出了拟合波形幅值的计算方法,并讨论了减小计算误差的方法。大量数字仿真结果表明,所提出的原理可以快速、有效地区分励磁涌流和内部故障电流。     

Elimination of transformer inrush currents by controlled switching.I. Theoretical considerations

Transformer inrush currents are high-magnitude, harmonic-rich currents generated when transformer cores are driven into saturation during energization. These currents have undesirable effects, including potential damage or loss-of-life to the transformer, protective relay misoperation, and reduced power quality on the system. Controlled transformer switching can potentially eliminate these transients if residual core and core flux transients are taken into account in the closing algorithm. This paper explores the theoretical considerations of core flux transients, Based on these studies algorithms were developed which allow controlled energization of most transformers without inrush current     

特高压直流换流变压器励磁涌流及其抑制

对换流变压器空载合闸引起的励磁涌流进行研究是特高压直流工程过电压、滤波器设计以及保护配置的重要依据之一。为研究特高压直流换流变压器励磁涌流产生的原因,结合铁磁性材料的饱和特性曲线,从原理上说明励磁涌流的产生条件。结合单相换流变压器简化数学物理模型分析,建立电磁暂态仿真模型进行验证,仿真模型基于±1 100kV特高压直流用高压端换流变压器,根据系统主回路参数计算结果,将其作为设计输入提供给变压器制造厂商,并推算出换流变压器饱和特性曲线。最后研究了系统短路容量、合闸电阻以及选相合闸对励磁涌流的影响及抑制作用,研究结果对于特高压直流,特别是±1 100kV直流系统换流变压器的励磁涌流及其抑制具有指导意义。     

基于瞬时励磁电感频率特性判别变压器励磁涌流

基于变压器瞬时励磁电感基频分量的有无，提出了判别励磁涌流与内部故障的新方法。涌流时变压器铁心必然经历饱和与非饱和过程，瞬时励磁电感是时变、交替变化的，具有较大的基频分量；内部故障时，变压器铁心工作于线性区，瞬时励磁电感恒为常数，无基频分量。据此，可实现励磁涌流与内部故障的有效判别。但瞬时励磁电感很难精确求取，为方便计算，提出了等效瞬时电感的概念，论证了其基频特性的等效性。动模实验有力地证实了所提方法的可靠性与安全性。     

A Morphological Scheme for Inrush Identification in Transformer Protection

This paper presents a novel morphological scheme for the identification of transformer magnetizing inrush. The scheme decomposes a current signal into multiresolution levels based on synthesis and analysis operators of mathematical morphology. It is able to discriminate between inrush and internal fault currents even in the case of an inrush with a low second harmonic component and an internal fault current with a high second harmonic component. Simulation studies have been undertaken to evaluate the scheme based on a three-phase high-voltage power transformer operating under different conditions, which is simulated with an Alternative Transients Program. The testing results show that the proposed scheme is able to identify inrush currents reliably and provides an alternative solution for transformer differential protection.      

Electromagnetic force investigation on distribution transformer under unbalanced faults based on time stepping finite element methods

The occurrence of short circuit faults is a major cause behind the windings deformation in the transformers. Mechanical force is proportional to the square of the current. Hence under short circuit condition, it will be very high. These stresses radially or axially affect the transformer windings. Therefore, in the transformer designing, evaluating the effects of short-circuit current and inrush current is very important. In this paper, 2-D and 3-D time stepping finite element methods (TSFEM) that improved in Ansoft-Maxwell, are utilized as Instruments to investigate the leakage flux and electromagnetic forces due to short circuit and inrush current on the windings of 1000 kV A, 10/0.4 kV three-phase, three leg, distribution transformer. Electromagnetic forces in the transformer windings are produced as a result of combination between the current density and the leakage flux density in the winding regions. The study demonstrates that, especially, under single phase-to-ground short circuit fault, leakage flux density on the windings of transformer remarkably increase. The interaction between this high leakage flux with current density, causes the significant increase in the electromagnetic forces in transformer windings.     

Development of a Simplified Calculation Tool for Voltage Drop Caused by Transformer Inrush in Distribution System

It is well known that a voltage drop due to inrush current at an energizing transformer may at times interrupt electrical equipment. Generally, the voltage drop is calculated by using a sophisticated tool such as EMTP, so that the transformer saturation phenomenon has been properly represented. However, it is not practical for distribution system engineers to calculate the voltage drop with transformer inrush by using EMTP, because there are many network access requests needing such calculations with many kinds of transformers. Therefore, in this paper, a simplified and easy‐to‐use calculation tool for voltage drops caused by transformer inrush in a distribution system is developed. In order to understand the voltage drop by inrush current during the planning stage, it is formulated by considering the transformer saturation/unsaturation periods in each winding type. The newly developed tool is based on versatile spreadsheet software such as Microsoft Excel ýO.R. It can be used with accuracy similar to that of EMTP. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 185(1): 36–47, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.22394     

适用电子式互感器的变压器保护磁通制动技术

为了解决传统变压器磁通制动技术在电子式互感器应用场合下的使用局限性,提出了一种适用于电子式互感器及三相变压器的磁通复判保护技术。介绍了磁通制动技术在变压器差动保护中的运用情况及存在问题,讨论了电子式互感器暂态特性对磁通制动原理的影响。研究了基于三相变压器差动保护的转角补偿、涌流选相、陷阱复判等问题,给出了保护算法实现流程。实验结果表明,适用电子式互感器的磁通制动技术能大幅提高差动保护动作速度,同时具备可靠的涌流识别能力。     

一种直接消除变压器合闸励磁涌流的方法

变压器在轻载或者空载的情况下合闸通电,可能导致一次绕组流过励磁涌流。涌流出现的原因在于变压器铁心因合闸角、剩磁等各种条件的综合作用而进入饱和区甚至是深度饱和区。励磁涌流对变压器自身和电网的电能质量都有不利影响,本文提出了一种基于二阶欠阻尼电路和分压器组成的涌流抑制器,来消除变压器合闸时刻出现的励磁涌流。利用三卷变压器的第三绕组,配以"涌流抑制器"来实现施加在三卷变压器的第三绕组上的电压幅值逐渐爬升,同时保证施加在两个绕组上的电压幅值不同、但相位相同,以起到对励磁涌流的抑制作用。仿真结果证实了该方法的正确性和有效性。