Influences of Nd~（3＋） doping on structure and electrochemical performance of layered Li_（1.05）V_3O_8

Nd3+-doped Li1.05V3O8 was synthesized by liquid-state reactions combined calcination.The influences of Nd3+ doping on physical and electrochemical performances of Li1.05V3O8 were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD),cyclic voltammograms,a.c.impedance and galvanostatic charge-discharge tests,etc.Results indicated that Nd3+-doped products had well developed crystal structure of layered LiV3O8 and uniform particle size distribution.Nd3+ doping with a proper amount improved the initial discharge capacity,discharge voltage and ion conductivity of the cathode material to some extent.Nd3+ did not participate in the electrochemical reactions and was beneficial to stability of the crystal structure during cycling.     

Influence of Rare Earth Elements on Luminescent Properties of Y2SiO5 ： Tb

Photoluminescent （PL） and cathodoluminescent （CL） properties of rare earths （Sc^3＋ , La^3＋ , Gd^3＋ and Lu^3＋ ） doped （Y0.97Tb0.03）2SiO5 were studied. Rare earth doping clearly influences PL and CL properties of Y2SiO5 ： Tb. For La^3＋ doped system, PL intensity increases nearly 10 % at x = 0.05 whereas for Lu^3＋ doped system, the intensity increases about 20% at x = 0.20. Gd^3 ＋ doping and Sc^3＋ doping reduce the intensity; at x = 0.3, it is reduced about 30% for Gd^3＋ doped system and about 15 % for Sc^3＋ doped system, respectively. Quenching concentration of activator became higher in rare earth doped samples, which may be understood by that the rare earth dopants might dilute the concentration of the activator. Additionally, doping also influences the color saturation of Y2SiO5 ： Tb. Sc^3＋ , La^3＋ , and Gd^3 doping improve the color saturation, whereas Lu^3＋ doping decreases the color saturation. CL measurements show that CL intensity increases for all rare earths doped systems. The energy transfer from Gd^3＋ to Tb^3＋ was discussed.     

Effects of La^3＋ Non-Uniformly Doping in TiO2 Films on Photocatalytic Activities

TiO2 thin films non-uniformly doped by La^3＋ were prepared by sol-gel method. The comparison of thin film activities, which was characterized by photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange, shows that doping modes have great activities. The non-uniformly effects on photocatalytic doped TiO2 films resuh in good photocatalytic activities with an optimal concentration; about 0. 5% （ atom fraction ）. UV-Vis transmittance spectra indicate that the absorption edges of these TiO2 thin films shift to ward longer wave- lengths remarkably, and electrochemical behavior also reveales that e^- -h^＋ pairs are prone to formation and separation under UV irradiation. The mechanism of photocatalytic activities are enhanced by La^3＋ non-uniformly doping was discussed on the analogy of the theory of “window effect” of solar cell heterojunction.     

Luminescence Properties of Tb^3＋ -Doped LuAG Films Prepared by Pechini Sol-Gel Method

Lu3Al5O12（LuAG） thin films with different Tb^3＋ concentration were prepared on carefully cleaned （111 ） silicon wafer by a Peehini process and dip-coating technique. Heat treatment was performed in the temperature range from 800 to 1100 ℃. The crystal structure was analyzed by XRD. The results show that LuAG film starts to crystallize at about 900 ℃, and the particle size increases with the sintering temperature. Excitation and emission spectra of Tb^3＋ doped LuAG films were measured. The effects of heat-treatment temperature and doping concentration of Th3 ＋ on the luminescent properties were also investigated. For a comparison study, Th^3＋-doped LuAG powders were also prepared by the same sol-gel method.     

Influence of cerium doping on structure and electrochemical properties of LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_4 cathode materials

Pristine LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_4 and cerium doped LiCe_xNi_(0.5–x)Mn_(1.5)O_4(x=0.005, 0.01, 0.02) cathode materials were synthesized by solid-state method. The effect of Ce doping content on structure and electrochemical properties of LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_4 cathode material was systematically investigated. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD), Fourier transformation infrared spectrometer(FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS), cyclic voltammetry(CV) and constant-current charge/discharge tests. The results showed that Ce doping did not change the cubic spinel structure with Fd3m space group, but effectively restrained the formation of Li_xNi_(1–x)O impurity phase. Appropriate Ce doping(x=0.005) could decrease the extent of confusion between lithium ions and transition metal ions, increase the lattice parameter and Ni/Mn disordering degree(Mn~(3+) content). The synergic effects of the above factors led to the optimal electrochemical performance of LiCe_(0.005)Ni_(0.495)Mn_(1.5)O_4 sample. The discharge capacity at 10 C rate could reach 115.4 mAh/g, 94.82% of that at 0.2C rate, and the capacity retention rate after 100 cycles at 1C rate could reach 94.51%. However, heavier Ce doping had an adverse effect on the electrochemical properties, which might be due to the lower disordering degree and existence of more CeO_2 secondary phase.     

Electrocatalytic enhancement of methanol oxidation by adding CeO2 nanoparticle on porous electrode

The polyaniline/polysulfone(PAN/PSF) composite films were prepared by electropolymerization,and then CeO2-Pt particles were codeposited into this composite film to obtain the CeO2-Pt-modified polyaniline/polysulfone(CeO2-Pt/PAN/PSF) electrodes.Their morphol-ogy and chemical component were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS),respectively.The results showed that the composite film had bi-layer structure with asymmetrical pores,and platinum and cerium oxide particles were homogeneously dispersed in the modified film electrodes.The cyclic voltammetry(CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS) techniques were applied to investigate the electrocatalytic activity of the Pt-CeO2/PAN/PSF electrodes.It was indicated that appropriate amount of CeO2 could enhance the catalytic activity of Pt for methanol electro-oxidation.Chronoamperometry(i-t) measurements revealed that the Pt-CeO2/PAN/PSF electrode was relatively endurable for intermediate production.In addition,different mix-ing amounts of Pt and CeO2 nanoparticles were also investigated in detail.     

Study on the preparation and electrochemical performance of rare earth doped nano-Ni（OH）2

Multiphase nano-Ni(OH)2 doped with Y or La was prepared by supersonic co-precipitation method. The crystal morphology, structure and particle size were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and particle size distribution (PSD). The electrochemical performance of samples was investigated by electrochemical workstation and battery tested system. The results indicated that micro-morphology and grain size were changed with the changing of supersonic power, pH values and doping elements. The morphology of Y doped sample was from the flake-like to the needle-like with the increase of supersonic power; Particles were from quasi-spherical particles into needle-like with the increase of pH values; As the supersonic power increased, the proportion of α-Ni(OH)2 increased initially and then decreased. pH value was very important to the formation of crystalline phase. Lower pH value was beneficial to the formation of α-Ni(OH)2. However, the pH values had a slight effect on the reaction reversibility. Complex electrodes were prepared by mixing 8 wt.% nickel hydroxides with commercial micro-size spherical nickel. The discharge capacity of electrodes increased initially and then decreased with the increase of supersonic power. When the supersonic power was 60 W and the pH value was 9, the sample had the largest dis-charge capacity (358 mAh/g) at 0.5 C rate, which was 122.7 and 76 mAh/g higher than the spherical nickel electrode and La doped sample electrode, respectively.     

Microstructure Characteristic and Electrochemical Corrosion Behavior of Surface Nano-crystallization Modified Carbon Steel

The surface nano-crystallization( SNC) of carbon steel was achieved via a high-speed rotating wire-brushing process.Microstructure characteristics of SNC steel were systematically studied.The SNC steel surface exhibited marked deformed plastic flows and high surface roughness.Due to the accumulated strains,a deformed gradient layer with thickness of 40-50 μm was produced,and the grain size of the topmost zone was about 50-100 nm.X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy( XPS) analysis indicated that enhanced Fe oxides and Cr oxides were generated.Electrochemical corrosion tests,including open circuit potential( OCP),electrochemical impendence spectroscopy( EIS),potentiodynamic polarization( PDP) and potentiostatic polarization( PP) were conducted to study the corrosion behavior of SNC steel in 3.5 mass% Na Cl solution,where an improved corrosion resistance was observed.The resulted improvement resulted from the dominated positive effects( the attached Cr alloying element and enhanced oxide film) against the negative effects( the higher roughness and the improved corrosion activity of surface microstructure).     

Effect of rare earth ions doping on properties of LiFePO4/C cathode material

LiFe0.99RE0.01PO4/C cathode material was synthesized by solid-state reaction method using FeC2O4·2H2O, Li2CO3, NH4H2PO4, RE(NO3)3·nH2O as raw materials and glucose as a carbon source. The doping effects of rare earth ions, such as La3+, Ce3+, Nd3+, on the structure and electrochemical properties of LiFePO4/C cathode material were systematically investigated. The as-prepared samples were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and particle size analysis. The electrochemical properties were investigated in terms of constant-current charge/discharge cycling tests. The XRD results showed that the rare earth ions doping did not change the olivine structure of LiFePO4, and all the doped samples were of single-phase with high crystallinity. SEM and particle size analysis results showed that the doping of La3+, Ce3+ and Nd3+led to the decrease of particle size. The electrochemical results exhibited that the doping of La3+ and Ce3+ could improve the high-rate capability of LiFePO4/C cathode material, among which, the material doped with 1% Ce3+ exhibited the optimal electrochemical properties, whose specific discharge capacities could reach 128.9, 119.5 and 104.4 mAh/g at 1C, 2C and 5C rates, respectively.     

Effect of loading content of copper oxides on performance of Mn-Cu mixed oxide catalysts for catalytic combustion of benzene

A series of Mn-Cu mixed oxide catalysts were prepared by precipitation method. The catalysts were characterized by N 2 adsorption-desorption, H 2 -TPR and XPS. When the loading ratio of manganese oxides to copper oxides was 8:2 or 7:3, the catalysts possessed better catalytic activity, and benzene was converted completely at 558 K. Results of H 2 -TPR showed that the loading of a small amount of copper oxides decreased the reduction temperature of catalysts. Results of XPS showed that the loading of a small amount of copper oxides increased the proportion of manganese and defective oxygen on the surface of catalysts, and stabilized manganese at higher oxidation state. And the catalyst with the loading ratio 7:3 was a little worse than 8:2, since the interaction between manganese oxides and copper oxides is too strong, copper oxides migrate to the surface of catalysts and manganese oxides in excess are immerged.     

Characterization of high-temperature oxide films on dysprosium-doped Fe-20Cr alloys by electrochemical techniques

The oxidation properties of Fe-20Cr,Fe-20Cr-0.2Dy and Fe-20Cr-1Dy alloys were studied using gravimetric and electrochemical techniques.The high-temperature oxide films of Dy-doped Fe-20Cr alloys were prepared in air at 900 oC for 24,48 and 100 h,respectively.The electrochemical experiment was performed by a three-electrode electrochemical cell and in 0.1 mol/L Na2SO4 aqueous solution.Proper models were built for describing electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of the different oxide layers and the spectra were interpreted in terms of a two-layer model of the films.The results revealed that the oxide films of Dy-doped Fe-20Cr alloys became compacter than that of undoped alloys and retained their good protective ability for a relatively long time.With increasing content of Dy,the protection of the oxide films slightly decreased.Mott-Schottky curves indicated that all the oxides were n-type semi-conductors,and the Nd value of oxide film on Fe-20Cr was much larger than that of Dy-doped Fe-20Cr alloys.The results of kinetic curves and SEM were in agreement with electro-chemical impedance spectroscopy and Mott-Schottky data.     

Synthesis and Characteristic Study on Complexes of Europium（Ⅲ） and Maleic Acid Doped with Non-Fluorescent Ions

Complex of europium （Ⅲ） with maleic acid, and binuclear complexes of europium（Ⅲ）with maleic acid doped with non-fluorescent ions gadolinium, lanthanum and yttrium, were synthesized. The compositions and structures of complexes were characterized with elemental analysis, single crystal X-ray diffraction, IR and DSC-TG. Fluorescent properties were studied with fluorescence spectrum. The results indicated that the strongest fluorescent complexes were obtained when the ratio of europium and non-fluorescent ion was 8：2. The order of Eu^3＋ fluorescence strengthened by three doped rare earths was Gd^3＋ 〉La^3＋ 〉Y^3＋     

Electrical characteristics of MOS capacitor using amorphous Gd2O3-doped HfO2 insulator

This work described the electrical characteristics of a kind of amorphous Gd2O3-doped HfO2 insulator for high-k metal-oxide-semiconductor(MOS) capacitors.Compared with pure HfO2,the doped HfO2 with an optimum concentration of Gd2O3 as MOS gate dielectric exhibited a lower leakage current,thinner effective oxide thickness and less fixed oxide charges density.The result indicated that Gd2O3 doping power of 60 W exhibited the best electrical characteristics,maximum capacitance,lowest leakage current of 9.35079...     

Photoluminescent properties of Eu3＋ and Tb3＋ codoped Gd2O3 nanowires and bulk materials

In this paper, the Gd2O3：Eu3＋,Tb3＋phosphors with different doping concentrations of Eu3＋and Tb3＋ions were prepared by a hydrothermal method for nanocrystals and the solid-phase method for microcrystals. The interaction of the doped ions with different concentrations and the luminescent properties of the nanocrystals and microcrystals were studied systematically. Their structure and morphology of Gd2O3：Eu3＋,Tb3＋phosphors were analyzed by means of X-ray powder diffraction （XRD）, transmission electron mi-croscopy （TEM） and scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. The photoluminescence （PL） properties of Gd2O3：Eu3＋,Tb3＋phosphors were also systematically investigated. The results indicated that when the concentration of doped Eu3＋was fixed at 1 mol.%, the emis-sion intensity of Eu3＋ions was degenerating with Tb3＋content increasing, while when the Tb3＋content was fixed at 1 mol.%, the emission intensity of Tb3＋ions reached a maximum when the concentration of Eu3＋was 2 mol.%, implying that the energy transfer from Eu3＋to Tb3＋took place. In addition, Tb3＋could inspire blue-green light and the Eu3＋could inspire red light. Therefore co-doping systems by controlling the doping concentration and the hosts are the potential white emission materials.     

Reduction Mechanism of Scandium Ion in Fluoride Salt Melt

The electrochemical behavior of Sc^3 in LiF - NaF system was investigated. The cyclic voltammetry and chronopotentiometry were used to investigate the reduction mechanism of the electrochemical deposition of Sc^3 to Sc on Ag electrode in LiF-NaF system at 1043 K. Experimental results indicate that the electroreduction of Sc^3 to Sc is a reversible process with simple 3-electron transfer in one step controlled by diffusion.     

Study of corrosion protection of the composite films on A356 aluminum alloy

Composite films were fabricated on A356 aluminum alloy by combined anodizing and rare earth deposition.The corrosion protection effect and corrosion behavior of the composite films in 3.5% NaCl solution were studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS).SEM observation indicated that the rare earth Ce film completely sealed the porous structure of the anodic film,and the compositefilms composed of anodic film and Ce film were compact and integrated.According to the characteristics of EIS,the EIS plots of the composite films at different immersion times were simulated using the equivalent circuits of Rsol(QceRce)(QaRa),Rsol(QceRce)(QpRp)(QbRb) andRsol(QpRp)(QbRb) models,respectively.The test results showed that the Ce film at the outer layer of the composite films had good protectioneffect at the initial stage of the immersion corrosion.It effectively helped the anodic film at the inner layer to prevent chloride irons frompenetrating the aluminum alloy matrix.After 18 days,the Ce film lost its anticorrosive property,and the anodic film took the leading role ofthe corrosion protection.When the corrosion time was up to 42 days,the aluminum matrix was not corroded yet.Thus,the higher protectiondegree of the composite films for A356 aluminum alloy was attributed to the synergism effects of anodic film and rare earth Ce film.     

Structure and oxygen storage capacity of Pr-doped Ce_（0.26）Zr_（0.74）O_2 mixed oxides

Binary Ce-Zr(CZ),Pr-Zr(PZ) and ternary Ce-Zr-Pr(CZP) mixed oxides were prepared by an ammonia-aided co-precipitation method,and were aged in a steam/air flow at 1050 °C.X-ray diffraction(XRD),Raman spectra,X-photon spectra(XPS) and CO temperature programmed reduction(TPR) were carried out to characterize the micro-structure and reducibility of catalysts.The oxygen storage capacity(OSC) was evaluated with CO serving as probe gas.The results showed that a pseudo cubic structure was formed for the Zr-rich ceria-zirconia mixed oxides with Pr doping.The insertion of Pr prevented the phase segregation of the mixed oxides during the hydrothermal ageing.The Pr doped samples showed better redox performances in comparison with CZ,and the sample doped with 5 wt.% Pr showed the most remarkably promoted dynamic oxygen storage capacity.This phenomenon was closely related to both the reducibility and oxygen mobility of the mixed oxides.The introduction of praseodymium into ceria-zirconia could accelerate the oxygen migration by increasing the amount of oxygen vacancies,although it was difficult for Pr3+ ions themselves to participate in the oxygen exchange process.     

Lattice distortion of holmium doped bismuth ferrite nanofilms

Single-phase multiferroic BiFeO3 and rare-earth metal of holmium （Ho） doped BiFeO3 nanofilms were prepared on Pt （100）/Ti/SiO2/Si wafer via solution-gelation technique. It was suggested that the lattice distortion happened with the lattice parameter of d decreasing after doping rare-earth metal of Ho. Meanwhile, the structure of nanofilms transformed from hexahedron phase to tetragonal phase after doping Ho. The analysis on X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS） indicated that the ratio of Fe3~ cations to Fe2＋ cations increased with the increase of binding energy between Fe and O and decrease of that between Bi and O after doping Ho. The present work provided an available way on enhancing multiferroic of BiFeO3 nanofilms.     

Variation of optimum yttrium doping concentrations of perovskite type proton conductors BaZrl_xYxO3-~ （0~~~_0.3） with temperature

A solid state reaction method was used to prepare the perovskite-structured compounds BaZrl-xYxO3-a （x=0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25, 0.3）. The X-ray diffraction （XRD） pattern indicated that the target perovsldte phases were obtained. With increasing Y con- centration the unit cell parameters of BaZrl-xYxO3-a samples were expanded, and Y doping became more difficult. However, high synthesis temperature is helpful to promote Y doping. The SEM results showed that the samples exhibited poor sinterability with in- creasing Y-doping content. Thermal gravimetric （TG） curves analysis showed the more mass decreasing of BaZrl-xYxO3-a （0≤x≤0.3） samples at high temperature with more Y doping and more proton introducing. The electrochemical impedance spectra （EIS） of specimens showed that conductivities of BaZrl_xYxO3（0≤x≤0.3） increased with increasing temperature from 300 to 900 ℃ in wet air. At 900 ℃, the conductivity of BaZrl-xYxO3-a （0≤x≤0.3） first increased with increasing doped amount of Y, and reached the high- est value of 1.07x 104 S/cm when x was 0.2, then decreased gradually with further increasing Y content. At 600 ℃, BaZr0.75Y0.2503-a displayed the highest conductivity, while the conductivity of BaZro.rYo.303-a was the highest at 300 ℃. The results indicated that there should be an optimum Y doping concentration yielding the highest conductivity at a constant temperature, and the optimum Y doping concentration should increase in the humidity atmosphere as the temperature decreases. So increasing the Y-doping concen- tration is helpful to improve the conductivities of BaZrl-xYxO3-a materials at low temperature.     

A Study of Scandia Doped Tungsten Nano-Powders

Scandia and rhenium doped tungsten powders were prepared by solid-liquid doping combined with two-step reduction method. The particle size of doped tungsten and distribution of scandia and rhenium were studied by SEM, EDS, XRD and granularity analysis. Experimental results showed that scandia distributed evenly on the surface of tungsten particles. Addition of scandia and rhenium decreased the particle size of doped tungsten, and the more the content of scandia and rhenium, the smaller the doped tungsten particles. Tungsten powders doped with 3 % Sc2O3 and 3 % Re （mass fraction） had an average size of about 80 nm in diameter. The mechanism of the decrease in the tungsten particle size was discussed.