逐层可加的急速学习机

已有的急速学习机（Extreme Learning Machine）的学习精度受隐节点数目的影响很大。无论是已提出的单隐层急速学习机还是多隐层神经网络,都是先确定隐藏层数,再通过增加每一层的神经元个数来提高精度。但当训练集规模很大时,往往需要引入很多的隐节点,导致违逆矩阵计算复杂度大,从而不利于学习效率的提高。提出逐层可加的急速学习机MHL-ELM（Extreme Learning Machine with Incremental Hidden Layers）,其思想是首先对当前隐藏层神经元（数目不大且不寻优,因而复杂度小）的权值进行随机赋值,用ELM思想求出逼近误差;若误差达不到要求,再增加一个隐含层。然后运用ELM的思想对当前隐含层优化。逐渐增加隐含层,直至满足误差精度为止。除此以外,MHL-ELM的算法复杂度为[l=1MO(N3l)]。实验使用10个UCI,keel真实数据集,通过与BP,OP-ELM等传统方法进行比较,表明MHL-ELM学习方法具有更好的泛化性,在学习精度和学习速度方面都有很大的提升。     

极限学习机类不平衡数据学习算法研究

尽管极限学习机因具有快速、简单、易实现及普适的逼近能力等特点被广泛应用于分类、回归及特征学习问题,但是,极限学习机同其他标准分类方法一样将最大化各类总分类性能作为算法的优化目标,因此,在实际应用中遇到数据样本分布不平衡时,算法对大类样本具有性能偏向性。针对极限学习机类不平衡学习问题的研究起步晚,算法少的问题,在介绍了极限学习机类不平衡数据学习研究现状,极限学习机类不平衡数据学习的典型算法-加权极限学习机及其改进算法的基础上,提出一种不需要对原始不平衡样本进行处理的Adaboost提升的加权极限学习机,通过在15个UCI不平衡数据集进行分析实验,实验结果表明提出的算法具有更好的分类性能。     

Extreme learning machine and its applications

Recently, a novel learning algorithm for single-hidden-layer feedforward neural networks (SLFNs) named extreme learning machine (ELM) was proposed by Huang et al. The essence of ELM is that the learning parameters of hidden nodes, including input weights and biases, are randomly assigned and need not be tuned while the output weights can be analytically determined by the simple generalized inverse operation. The only parameter needed to be defined is the number of hidden nodes. Compared with other traditional learning algorithms for SLFNs, ELM provides extremely faster learning speed, better generalization performance and with least human intervention. This paper firstly introduces a brief review of ELM, describing the principle and algorithm of ELM. Then, we put emphasis on the improved methods or the typical variants of ELM, especially on incremental ELM, pruning ELM, error-minimized ELM, two-stage ELM, online sequential ELM, evolutionary ELM, voting-based ELM, ordinal ELM, fully complex ELM, and symmetric ELM. Next, the paper summarized the applications of ELM on classification, regression, function approximation, pattern recognition, forecasting and diagnosis, and so on. In the last, the paper discussed several open issues of ELM, which may be worthy of exploring in the future.     

一种基于鲁棒估计的极限学习机方法

极限学习机(ELM)是一种单隐层前馈神经网络(single-hidden layer feedforward neural networks,SLFNs),它相较于传统神经网络算法来说结构简单,具有较快的学习速度和良好的泛化性能等优点。ELM的输出权值是由最小二乘法(least square,LE)计算得出,然而经典的LS估计的抗差能力较差,容易夸大离群点和噪声的影响,从而造成训练出的参数模型不准确甚至得到完全错误的结果。为了解决此问题,提出一种基于M估计的采用加权最小二乘方法来取代最小二乘法计算输出权值的鲁棒极限学习机算法(RBELM),通过对多个数据集进行回归和分类分析实验,结果表明,该方法能够有效降低异常值的影响,具有良好的抗差能力。     

Extreme learning machine for interval neural networks

Interval data offer a valuable way of representing the available information in complex problems where uncertainty, inaccuracy, or variability must be taken into account. Considered in this paper is the learning of interval neural networks, of which the input and output are vectors with interval components, and the weights are real numbers. The back-propagation (BP) learning algorithm is very slow for interval neural networks, just as for usual real-valued neural networks. Extreme learning machine (ELM) has faster learning speed than the BP algorithm. In this paper, ELM is applied for learning of interval neural networks, resulting in an interval extreme learning machine (IELM). There are two steps in the ELM for usual feedforward neural networks. The first step is to randomly generate the weights connecting the input and the hidden layers, and the second step is to use the Moore–Penrose generalized inversely to determine the weights connecting the hidden and output layers. The first step can be directly applied for interval neural networks. But the second step cannot, due to the involvement of nonlinear constraint conditions for IELM. Instead, we use the same idea as that of the BP algorithm to form a nonlinear optimization problem to determine the weights connecting the hidden and output layers of IELM. Numerical experiments show that IELM is much faster than the usual BP algorithm. And the generalization performance of IELM is much better than that of BP, while the training error of IELM is a little bit worse than that of BP, implying that there might be an over-fitting for BP.     

Extreme learning machine for structured output spaces

Recently, extreme learning machine (ELM) has attracted increasing attention due to its successful applications in classification, regression, and ranking. Normally, the desired output of the learning system using these machine learning techniques is a simple scalar output. However, there are many applications in machine learning which require more complex output rather than a simple scalar one. Therefore, structured output is used for such applications where the system is trained to predict structured output instead of simple one. Previously, support vector machine (SVM) has been introduced for structured output learning in various applications. However, from machine learning point of view, ELM is known to offer better generalization performance compared to other learning techniques. In this study, we extend ELM to more generalized framework to handle complex outputs where simple outputs are considered as special cases of it. Besides the good generalization property of ELM, the resulting model will possesses rich internal structure that reflects task-specific relations and constraints. The experimental results show that structured ELM achieves similar (for binary problems) or better (for multi-class problems) generalization performance when compared to ELM. Moreover, as verified by the simulation results, structured ELM has comparable or better precision performance with structured SVM when tested for more complex output such as object localization problem on PASCAL VOC2006. Also, the investigation on parameter selections is presented and discussed for all problems.

     

改进人工蜂群优化的极限学习机

针对极限学习机(ELM)在训练过程中需要大量隐含层节点的问题,提出了差分进化与克隆算法改进人工蜂群优化的极限学习机(DECABC-ELM),在人工蜂群算法的基础上,引入了差分进化算法的差分变异算子和免疫克隆算法的克隆扩增算子,改进了人工蜂群收敛速度慢等缺点,使用改进的人工蜂群算法计算ELM的隐含层节点参数.将算法应用于回归和分类数据集,并与其他算法进行比较,获得了良好的效果.     

基于共轭梯度的极速学习机

极速学习机(ELM)由于具有较快的训练速度和较好的泛化能力而被广泛的应用到很多的领域,然而在计算数据样例个数较大的情况下,它的训练速度就会下降,甚至会出现程序报错,因此提出在ELM模型中用改进的共轭梯度算法代替广义逆的计算方法。实验结果表明,与求逆矩阵的ELM算法相比,在同等泛化精度的条件下,共轭梯度ELM有着更快的训练速度。通过研究发现:基于共轭梯度的极速学习机算法不需要计算一个大型矩阵的广义逆,而大部分广义逆的计算依赖于矩阵的奇异值分解(SVD),但这种奇异值分解对于阶数很高的矩阵具有很低的效率;因为已经证明共轭梯度算法可通过有限步迭代找到其解,所以基于共轭剃度的极速学习机有着较高的训练速度,而且也比较适用于处理大数据。     

Extreme learning machine with autoencoding receptive fields for image classification

Neural Computing and Applications - Based on the theory of local receptive field based extreme learning machine (ELM-LRF) and ELM auto encoder (ELM-AE), a new network...     

基于聚类欠采样的极端学习机

针对极端学习机算法对不平衡数据分类问题的处理效果不够理想,提出了一种基于聚类欠采样的极端学习机算法。新算法首先对训练集的负类样本进行聚类生成不同的簇,然后在各簇中按规定的采样率对其进行欠采样,取出的样本组成新的负类数据集,从而使训练集正负类数据个数达到相对平衡,最后训练分类器对测试集进行测试。实验结果表明,新算法有效地降低了数据的不平衡对分类准确率的影响,具有更好的分类性能。     

Extreme learning machine model for water network management

Neural Computing and Applications - A novel failure rate prediction model is developed by the extreme learning machine (ELM) to provide key information needed for optimum ongoing...     

Extreme learning machine for regression and multiclass classification

Due to the simplicity of their implementations, least square support vector machine (LS-SVM) and proximal support vector machine (PSVM) have been widely used in binary classification applications. The conventional LS-SVM and PSVM cannot be used in regression and multiclass classification applications directly, although variants of LS-SVM and PSVM have been proposed to handle such cases. This paper shows that both LS-SVM and PSVM can be simplified further and a unified learning framework of LS-SVM, PSVM, and other regularization algorithms referred to extreme learning machine (ELM) can be built. ELM works for the "generalized" single-hidden-layer feedforward networks (SLFNs), but the hidden layer (or called feature mapping) in ELM need not be tuned. Such SLFNs include but are not limited to SVM, polynomial network, and the conventional feedforward neural networks. This paper shows the following: 1) ELM provides a unified learning platform with a widespread type of feature mappings and can be applied in regression and multiclass classification applications directly; 2) from the optimization method point of view, ELM has milder optimization constraints compared to LS-SVM and PSVM; 3) in theory, compared to ELM, LS-SVM and PSVM achieve suboptimal solutions and require higher computational complexity; and 4) in theory, ELM can approximate any target continuous function and classify any disjoint regions. As verified by the simulation results, ELM tends to have better scalability and achieve similar (for regression and binary class cases) or much better (for multiclass cases) generalization performance at much faster learning speed (up to thousands times) than traditional SVM and LS-SVM.     

Extreme learning machine terrain-based navigation for unmanned aerial vehicles

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) rely on global positioning system (GPS) information to ascertain its position for navigation during mission execution. In the absence of GPS information, the capability of a UAV to carry out its intended mission is hindered. In this paper, we learn alternative means for UAVs to derive real-time positional reference information so as to ensure the continuity of the mission. We present extreme learning machine as a mechanism for learning the stored digital elevation information so as to aid UAVs to navigate through terrain without the need for GPS. The proposed algorithm accommodates the need of the on-line implementation by supporting multi-resolution terrain access, thus capable of generating an immediate path with high accuracy within the allowable time scale. Numerical tests have demonstrated the potential benefits of the approach.     

触觉手势情感识别的超限学习方法

为了解决声音和图像情感识别的不足,提出一种新的情感识别方式:触觉情感识别。对CoST（corpus of social touch）数据集进行了一系列触觉情感识别研究,对CoST数据集进行数据预处理,提出一些关于触觉情感识别的特征。利用极限学习机分类器探究不同手势下的情感识别,对14种手势下的3种情感（温柔、正常、暴躁）进行识别,准确度较高,且识别速度快识别时间短。结果表明,手势的不同会影响情感识别的准确率,其中手势“stroke”的识别效果在不同分类器下的分类精度均为最高,且有较好的分类精度,达到72.07%;极限学习机作为触觉情感识别的分类器,具有较好的分类效果,识别速度快;有的手势本身对应着某种情感,从而影响分类结果。     

Extreme learning machine assessment for estimating sediment transport in open channels

The minimum velocity required to prevent sediment deposition in open channels is examined in this study. The parameters affecting transport are first determined and then categorized into different dimensionless groups, including “movement,” “transport,” “sediment,” “transport mode,” and “flow resistance.” Six different models are presented to identify the effect of each of these parameters. The feed-forward neural network (FFNN) is used to predict the densimetric Froude number (Fr) and the extreme learning machine (ELM) algorithm is utilized to train it. The results of this algorithm are compared with back propagation (BP), genetic programming (GP) and existing sediment transport equations. The results indicate that FFNN-ELM produced better results than FNN-BP, GP and existing sediment transport methods in both training (RMSE = 0.26 and MARE = 0.052) and testing (RMSE = 0.121 and MARE = 0.023). Moreover, the performance of FFNN-ELM is examined for different pipe diameters.     

基于云量子花朵授粉的极限学习机算法

为了避免花朵授粉算法在极限学习机识别过程中易陷入局部最优，提出了一种基于云量子花朵授粉的极限学习机算法。首先,将云模型和量子系统引入到花朵授粉算法中，增强花朵授粉算法的全局搜索能力，使粒子能在不同状态下进行寻优。然后,采用云量子花朵授粉算法优化极限学习机的参数，提高极限学习机的识别精度和效率。实验中采用6个标准测试函数对多个算法进行仿真对比，对比结果验证了所提云量子花朵授粉算法的性能优于另外3种群智能优化算法。最后，将改进的极限学习机算法应用到油气层识别中，结果表明其识别精度达到98.62%，相较于经典极限学习机，其训练时间缩短了1.680 2 s，该算法具有较高的识别精度和效率，可以广泛应用到实际分类领域中。     

基于隐藏层输出矩阵的极限学习机算法优化

针对极限学习机(ELM)中隐藏层到输出层存在误差的问题,通过分析发现误差来源于求解隐藏层输出矩阵H的Moore-Penrose广义逆矩阵Η?的过程,即矩阵H?H与单位矩阵有偏差,可根据偏差的程度来选择合适的输出矩阵H以获得较小的训练误差.根据广义逆矩阵和辅助矩阵的定义,首先确定了目标矩阵H?H和误差指标L21范数,其次...     

Non-parametric identification with errors in independent variables

The problem of non-parametric identification of a static system is considered in the presence of errors both in dependent and independent variables. Identification is based on the orthogonal series expansion. Errors in independent variables are modelled in two ways, namely as pointwise errors and as errors caused by an averaging. Sufficient conditions for MISE consistency are proved in both cases.     

Non-parametric identification with errors in independent variables

In this paper the problem of non-parametric identification of a static system is considered in the presence of errors in both dependent and independent variables. Identification is based on the orthogonal series expansion. Errors in independent variables are modelled in two ways: as pointwise errors, and as errors caused by an averaging. Sufficient conditions for MISE consistency are proved in both cases.