高温后单向侧压作用下混凝土与钢筋黏结-滑移性能研究

高温后混凝土与钢筋间的黏结性能影响钢筋混凝土结构的安全评估,实际工程中钢筋混凝土常承受侧向约束作用。为此,该文以高温温度和侧压力为参数,完成了48个钢筋混凝土试件的中心拉拔试验,分析侧压力对高温后试件破坏形态、峰值黏结应力、峰值滑移、残余黏结强度的影响规律,建立了峰值黏结应力随高温温度和侧压力变化的经验公式。将侧压下钢筋-混凝土黏结应力场简化为肋前混凝土挤压力和侧压力的线性叠加,并基于微观传力模型及高温后混凝土的多轴强度破坏准则推导计算了无侧压及单向侧压下的黏结强度理论。研究结果表明:侧压作用和高温温度直接影响试件破坏形态;随着侧压力增加,高温后混凝土与钢筋间的峰值黏结应力、残余黏结强度、峰值滑移逐渐增大,但温度达到500 ℃后,有侧压试件峰值滑移较无侧压试件小;黏结强度理论计算值与实测值较为吻合,能较好地预测高温后混凝土与钢筋间的黏结强度。     

局部火灾下钢筋混凝土平面框架结构的耐火性能研究

高温后混凝土与钢筋间的黏结性能影响钢筋混凝土结构的安全评估,实际工程中钢筋混凝土常承受侧向约束作用。为此,该文以高温温度和侧压力为参数,完成了48个钢筋混凝土试件的中心拉拔试验,分析侧压力对高温后试件破坏形态、峰值黏结应力、峰值滑移、残余黏结强度的影响规律,建立了峰值黏结应力随高温温度和侧压力变化的经验公式。将侧压下钢筋-混凝土黏结应力场简化为肋前混凝土挤压力和侧压力的线性叠加,并基于微观传力模型及高温后混凝土的多轴强度破坏准则推导计算了无侧压及单向侧压下的黏结强度理论。研究结果表明：侧压作用和高温温度直接影响试件破坏形态;随着侧压力增加,高温后混凝土与钢筋间的峰值黏结应力、残余黏结强度、峰值滑移逐渐增大,但温度达到500 ℃后,有侧压试件峰值滑移较无侧压试件小;黏结强度理论计算值与实测值较为吻合,能较好地预测高温后混凝土与钢筋间的黏结强度。     

中低加载速率下BFRP筋-混凝土粘结性能研究

BFRP(basalt fiber reinforced polymer)筋是一种取代钢筋用于土木工程领域的新型纤维复合材料,中低加载速率下BFRP筋-混凝土粘结性能是保证其协同作用承受动荷载的重要前提.该文根据正交试验方法设计了16组粘结试件,利用MTS试验系统对不同加载速率(0.005 mm/s～5 mm/s)下的...     

Bond behavior of GFRP and steel bars in ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete

The bond behavior of glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) and steel bars embedded in ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) was investigated according to embedment length and bar diameter. Post-peak bond stress-slip softening curve of the GFRP bars was obtained, and a wedging effect was quantitatively evaluated. Test results indicated that a normalized bond strength of 5 was applicable for steel bars embedded in UHPFRC, and the development lengths of normal- and high-strength steel bars were determined to be 2 and 2.5 times the bar diameter, respectively. The GFRP bars exhibited approximately 70% lower bond strength than the steel bars, and the bond stress additionally applied by the wedging effect increased almost linearly with respect to the slip. Based on dimensionless bond stress and slip parameters, an appropriate theoretical model for the bond stress and slip relationship of steel bars in UHPFRC was suggested, and it was verified through comparison with the test data.     

海水浸泡对FRP筋-珊瑚混凝土粘结性能的影响

开展了30℃海水浸泡条件下玻璃纤维增强树脂基复合材料（GFRP）筋、碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料（CFRP）筋与珊瑚混凝土粘结性能的试验研究,分析了纤维增强树脂基复合材料（FRP）筋-珊瑚混凝土粘结滑移曲线特征、破坏形态及粘结强度变化。试验结果表明,海水浸泡后FRP筋力学性能和粘结性能均表现为不同程度的降低。随浸泡时间增加,GFRP筋表层树脂与纤维间的孔隙率明显增大,并逐渐出现脱粘现象,纤维本身遭受到侵蚀,而CFRP筋仅表面基体有少许损伤,其耐久性明显优于GFRP筋;FRP筋-珊瑚混凝土粘结强度呈现出先增加后减小的趋势,且后期下降速率逐渐变小,部分GFRP筋-珊瑚混凝土试件的破坏模式逐渐由筋被拔出转变为筋材断裂;增加保护层厚度能有效地减缓海水对GFRP筋的侵蚀,有利于保持GFRP筋-珊瑚混凝土间的粘结性能。     

Steel-to-concrete bond after concrete splitting: constitutive laws and interface deterioration

In a previous paper, bond behaviour after concrete splitting was presented as a relevant aspect of the interaction between the reinforcement and the concrete, in r.c. elements characterized by large steel ratios, small concrete covers, small free bar interspaces and high strength steel. Within this framework, the general philosophy and the experimental set-up of an innovative kind of test were presented, and the results of a three-phase research project regarding pull-out, presplit r.c. specimens were shown and discussed. During each test the opening of the preformed splitting crack was kept constant. In the present paper some of the previous test results are briefly recalled in order to work out empirical constitutive laws regarding bond stiffness, bond strength and bond stress as a function of bar slip and of confinement stress, and tangent friction coefficient as a function of the crack opening. Taking advantage of the special bars used in Phase B tests (where the stresses close to the bar are roughly plane and the deformations of the concrete can be examined at the surface of the specimen by means of the moiré technique), the contribution of microcracking and shear strains to bar slip is analysed, as well as the extension of the deteriorated concrete close to the bar. The formulation of suitable constitutive laws is a first step towards a rational design of the transverse reinforcement (i.e. stirrups in an r.c. beam) while the evaluation of the damaged zone within the concrete mass can help in the modellization by finite elements, since bond-related non-linearity may be limited to narrow bands close to each bar.     

Bar-concrete bond in mixes containing calcium carbide residue,fly ash and recycled concrete aggregate

A mixture of calcium carbide residue and fly ash (CRFA) is an innovative new binder for concrete instead of using ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Therefore, this study aims at investigating the bond interaction between common steel reinforcing bars and the aforementioned concrete. To this end, both CRFA and OPC concretes using crushed limestone and recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) as a coarse aggregate were prepared to investigate the bond strength of smooth and deformed bars by pull-out tests. The bond stress−slip relationships were also identified to determine the effects of CRFA binder and RCA on the bond strength behavior. The results indicate that the values the of bond-slip behavior and bond strengths of steel bar in CRFA concretes are similar to those embedded in OPC concrete. Moreover, the bond strength was significantly affected by RCA and the types of steel bar. Although the concretes had the same compressive strengths, the deformed bar embedded in CRFA concrete with RCA had a lower bond strength than the one with crushed limestone. However, the reduction in bond strength of the CRFA concrete with RCA was still less than that of OPC concrete with RCA. For the CRFA concretes, the bond strengths of the deformed bars were approximately 1.7–3.6 times higher than that of smooth bars.     

考虑拉伸刚化效应的FRP筋/混凝土轴拉构件变形计算方法

考虑拉伸刚化效应是精确计算纤维增强树脂复合材料(FRP)筋/混凝土构件变形和裂缝的基础.提出了考虑拉伸刚化效应的FRP筋/混凝土拉伸构件变形计算的解析方法.首先,对修正Eligehausen黏结滑移模型(修正BPE模型)进行简化提出四线性黏结-滑移模型.根据该模型推导了拉伸构件在不同拉伸荷载阶段的FRP筋、混凝土应力和...     

Bond of ribbed galvanized reinforcing steel in concrete

The ASTM beam end test (ASTM A944) has been used to compare the bond and slip behaviour of deformed (i.e. ribbed) galvanized, epoxy-coated and black steel bars in concrete. The objective was to determine whether galvanizing adversely affects bond strength. From a series of thirty specimens, the average bond strength of black steel and galvanized steel reinforcement used in these tests has been determined and bond stress has been shown to act uniformly over the embedded bar area. A slip value of approximately 0.4 mm has been confirmed to be associated with bond failure by concrete splitting. The results indicated that while epoxy coating resulted in a significant loss in bond strength of the order of 20% compared to black steel, there is no adverse effect on bond with the use of galvanized steel. Chromate treatment of galvanized bars is deemed unnecessary since there was no evidence of long term reduction in bond due to the possible effects of hydrogen gas evolution resulting from the reaction between zinc and wet concrete.     

纤维增强塑料筋在土木工程中的应用

BFRP筋是一种可取代钢筋用于海洋工程的新型增强材料,具有广阔的应用前景。针对BFRP筋在混凝土结构中粘结强度不足的问题,采用碳纤维布锚固的方法改善BFRP筋-混凝土粘结性能,从而提高BFRP筋与混凝土的协同作用。该文通过20个中心拉拔试件,分析了碳纤维锚固长度、锚固直径及混凝土强度对试件粘结-滑移性能和破坏形态的影响。结合试验结果对现有模型的粘结特征参数进行修正,提出碳纤维布锚固条件下BFRP筋-混凝土的粘结强度计算公式,建立一种BFRP筋-混凝土粘结滑移本构模型。结果表明：碳纤维锚固端可以有效的提高粘结性能,限制混凝土开裂,提高残余粘结强度,充分发挥BFRP筋的增强作用;混凝土强度是影响锚固性能的主要因素;随着锚固长径比的提高,碳纤维的锚固性能逐渐提升。     

高延性混凝土与带肋钢筋黏结性能试验研究

为研究高延性混凝土(HDC)与带肋钢筋的黏结性能,设计制作了20组试件。通过中心拔出试验,研究单调和重复荷载作用下试件的破坏形态及黏结滑移破坏机理,分析了HDC的抗压强度、纤维掺量、纤维种类及保护层厚度对带肋钢筋与HDC黏结性能的影响。结果表明：单调与重复荷载作用下,普通混凝土试件发生了脆性劈裂破坏,HDC试件发生劈裂和拔出破坏;试验结果表明,带肋钢筋与HDC的黏结强度随HDC抗压强度增加而提高;相同HDC抗压强度时,纤维掺量的增加可改善带肋钢筋与HDC的黏结性能;相比PP纤维,相同体积掺量的PE纤维与PVA纤维可有效限制混凝土内部径向裂缝的开展,提高带肋钢筋与HDC的黏结强度;依据破坏形态和黏结强度,得出临界相对保护层厚度为2.0;单调与重复荷载作用下,试件黏结强度比由纤维种类和相对保护层厚度主导,残余黏结强度比由抗压强度和纤维掺量主导;根据试验结果,建立了带肋钢筋与HDC的黏结强度计算公式和黏结-滑移本构模型。     

Experimental study on anchored bars in R.C. elements with transverse reinforcement

In the present paper, the experimental results of pullout tests on anchorages are presented. The experiments allow for the evaluation of bar-to-concrete slip and splitting crack openings at several points along the anchored bar. Particular attention is devoted to the confining contribution of both transverse reinforcement and concrete cover. Two series of tests have been performed: in the first series, the influence of the confining contribution of transverse bars is studied, while in the second series the confining contribution of the concrete cover is analyzed. In specimens from the first series without transverse reinforcement, a splitting collapse of the anchorage occurred at the onset of the slip at the unloaded end of the anchored bar. The opposite was true for all the other specimens, as the transverse reinforcement percentage was such that a pull-out failure of the anchorage occurred. As the stirrup index of confinement Ω rose, the resultant ultimate bond stress value $\bar \tau $ increased; however, beyond the value Ω_max ≈ 0.05, there was no further significant increase of bond strength. The splitting-crack propagation rate exhibited a bilinear trend, with a faster crack propagation when the load was larger than 50% of the peak load.     

塑钢纤维轻骨料混凝土与钢筋粘结锚固试验研究

通过对内贴应变片钢筋的直接拔出试验,分析钢筋直径、相对锚固长度（l_a/d）及混凝土相对保护层厚度（c/d）对塑钢纤维轻骨料混凝土与钢筋间粘结性能的影响,得出不同钢筋直径、锚固长度及相对保护层厚度对试件粘结锚固性能的影响规律,并提出塑钢纤维轻骨料混凝土钢筋锚固长度计算公式。试验结果表明：随钢筋直径的增大,试件粘结刚度增强,极限粘结强度先提高后降低;增加钢筋锚固长度会降低试件极限平均粘结强度,同时极限粘结强度对应钢筋自由端滑移量减小,试件粘结韧性则随锚固长度的增加而减小;混凝土相对保护层厚度增加会使试件极限粘结强度先提高然后趋于平稳。根据试验结果得到的钢筋锚固长度计算公式与规范给出的计算公式进行比较,从极限粘结强度的角度看,规范中的钢筋锚固长度计算公式偏于保守。     

Bond behaviour between recycled aggregate concrete and deformed steel bars

The results of thirty pullout tests carried out on 8 and 10 mm diameter deformed steel bars concentrically embedded in recycled aggregate concrete designed using equivalent mix proportions with coarse recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) replacement percentages of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 % are reported towards investigation of bond behaviour of RCA concrete. Bond strengths of the natural aggregate concrete and the RCA concrete was found to be comparable, particularly for the 10 mm rebars, and the RCA replacement percentage had an insignificant effect on peak bond stress values. However, for both the bar sizes, when the measured bond strengths were normalized with the respective compressive strengths, then the normalized bond strengths so obtained across all the RCA replacement percentages were higher for the RCA concrete compared to the natural coarse aggregate concrete. Further, higher normalized bond strength values were obtained for the 8 mm rebars compared to the 10 mm bars. An empirical bond stress versus slip relationship between RCA concrete and deformed steel bars has been proposed on the basis of regression analysis of the experimental data and it is conservatively suggested that anchorage lengths of 8 and 10 mm diameter deformed bars in RCA concrete may be taken the same as in natural aggregate concrete.     

Pullout tests of epoxy-coated reinforcement in concrete

The bond strength and slip of epoxy-coated reinforcing bars in concrete have been evaluated by carrying out single pullout and double pullout tests. In extended single pullout tests, slip measurements were made while tensile force was applied to reinforcing bars embedded in concrete. In double pullout tests, 20 cycles of load were applied at levels of steel stress between zero and 0·5 times characteristic steel strength. Strains were measured by electrical resistance strain gauges glued inside the bars. Both epoxy-coated and uncoated bars were used in the investigation, to obtain comparative results. The strain gradient along the bar was found to be less for the coated reinforcement. In general, the epoxy coating was found to increase slip in bond and thereby reduce the bond performance of coated bars.     

GFRP筋与自密实混凝土黏结性能的试验研究

为了研究玻璃纤维增强树脂复合材料(GFRP)筋与自密实混凝土(SCC)的黏结性能,制作了66个GFRP/SCC试件进行中心拉拔试验,研究SCC混凝土保护层厚度、GFRP筋直径和黏结长度以及SCC中添加纤维种类等因素对两者黏结性能的影响,并对试件的破坏形式进行分析。结果表明:试件主要出现了三种破坏形式,即劈裂破坏、拔出破坏、拔出带缝破坏;通过电镜扫描发现SCC浇筑方向对GFRP筋与SCC黏结界面的结构有一定影响,GFRP筋上部界面与SCC黏结更紧密。当SCC保护层厚度由4D增大至7D时,黏结强度提高了约44.05%;当GFRP筋黏结长度由5D增大至15D时,黏结强度降低了约65.43%;当GFRP筋直径由12 mm增大至16 mm时,黏结强度降低了约22.57%;SCC中添加聚丙烯纤维、钢纤维、聚丙烯纤维+钢纤维的试件黏结强度比不添加纤维的试件黏结强度分别提高12.80%、15.16%、15.09%。可以通过适当增加SCC保护层厚度、在SCC中添加纤维等措施来提高GFRP/SCC试件的黏结强度。      

THE EFFECT OF CONCRETE BOND ON THE STRESS INTENSITY FACTORS FOR AN EDGE CRACK IN A REINFORCING BAR

Abstract— The stress intensity factors at the tip of an edge crack in a round bar embedded in the tension zone of a concrete beam are found for several conditions of bond failure between the steel reinforcing bar and the concrete. A two-dimensional finite element technique is modified to represent the third dimension, the steel-concrete interface and debonding. The integrated form of the Paris crack growth law is used with the calculated stress intensity factors to compute the propagating fatigue lives for embedded bar and bar in air. The results indicate that embedded bars appear to have shorter fatigue propagation lives than bars in air if the crack initiators are less than 0.05 of the bar diameter, while for deeper crack initiators, the opposite is true. It has also been shown that the propagating fatigue life of the bar increases with the degree of bond.     

Bond and splitting in reinforced concrete: test results on bar pull-out

The test results regarding the pull-out of 16 large-and small-diameter bars (d_b=18 mm), embedded in presplit specimens, are presented here, at the conclusion of a systematic research project on the deterioration, confinement-sensitivity and path-dependency of bond, caused by concrete splitting. The 16 tests carried out at constant width of the splitting crack show that the role of the diameter is not negligible and that small-diameter bars have the edge in terms of bond strength and stiffness, while crack opening is always detrimental to bond efficiency. In all cases, the bond stress-slip curves exhibit a welldefined softening branch, and the bond stress-confinement envelopes are characterized by limited cohesion, a mostly linear ascending branch and a sort of plateau. As for bond confinement-sensitivity and path-dependency, 4 tests on medium-diameter bars were carried out at constant confinement: bond peak-strength turns out to be an almost linear function of the confinement stress, and path-dependency is very limited at high confinement levels. The results are intended to contribute to the formulation of more reliable laws regarding the governing parameters of bond-splitting interaction, in order to quantify and control the unfavorable effects of concrete splitting.     

Numerical calibration of bond law for GFRP bars embedded in steel fibre-reinforced self-compacting concrete

An experimental program was carried out at the Laboratory of Structural Division of the Civil Engineering Department of the University of Minho (LEST-UM) to investigate the bond behaviour of glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars embedded in steel fibre reinforced self-compacting concrete (SFRSCC) for the development of an innovative structural system. Thirty-six pull-out-bending tests were executed to assess the influence of the bond length, concrete cover, bar diameter and surface treatment on the bond of GFRP bars embedded in SFRSCC. This paper reports the results of a numerical study aiming to identify an accurate GFRP–SFRSCC bond–slip law. Thus, the above mentioned pullout bending tests were simulated by using a nonlinear finite element (FE) constitutive model available in FEMIX, a FEM based computer program. The bond–slip relationship adopted for modelling the FE interface that simulates the interaction between bar and concrete is the key nonlinear aspect considered in the FE analyses, but the nonlinear behaviour of SFRSCC due to crack initiation and propagation was also simulated. The evaluation of the values of the relevant parameters defining such a bond–slip relationship was executed by fitting the force versus loaded end slip responses recorded in the experimental tests. Finally, correlations are proposed between the parameters identifying the bond–slip relationship and the relevant geometric and mechanical properties of the tested specimens.     

型钢高性能纤维混凝土粘结滑移性能试验研究

为研究型钢与高性能纤维混凝土之间的粘结滑移性能,以高性能纤维混凝土强度、保护层厚度以及型钢锚固长度为变化参数,设计10个型钢高性能纤维混凝土试件,进而对其进行推出试验,观察试件的破坏过程和裂缝发展形态,获取试件的荷载-滑移曲线。基于试验结果,探讨了各设计参数对特征粘结强度的影响规律,并建立了特征粘结强度的计算公式。对有效粘结应力计算公式进行推导,得到有效粘结应力-滑移分布曲线,并对其进行全过程分析。结果表明:适当增加型钢保护层厚度和混凝土强度,能有效提高型钢高性能纤维混凝土的特征粘结强度;特征粘结强度计算值与试验值吻合较好,表明该文提出的计算公式具有较高的精度;有效粘结应力能够反映型钢与高性能纤维混凝土界面间粘结应力的发展变化过程,并得到粘结应力各组份之间的比例关系。研究成果可为型钢高性能纤维混凝土相关计算理论提供试验依据。