Development and validation of the Neuropsychology Behavior and Affect Profile.

This series of 4 studies describes the psychometric properties of the Neuropsychology Behavior and Affect Profile, which consists of 5 peer-rated scales (106 items) designed to measure personality change in brain-impaired individuals. Study 1 pertains to item derivation. Study 2 used relatives of 61 Ss identified as demented to determine the test's internal consistency. Results showed moderate levels of internal consistency across the 5 scales, with slightly higher coefficients (.68–.82) obtained for present (vs. premorbid) emotional status. High test–retest reliability was demonstrated in Study 3 (intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from .92 to .99). Study 4 established discriminant validity; the instrument differentiated 61 demented Ss from 88 normal elderly controls on the basis of present behavioral affective style. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Development and evaluation of validity scales for the Neuropsychology Behavior and Affect Profile: A dissembling study.

The Neuropsychology Behavior and Affect Profile ( NBAP) is a peer-rated inventory of behavioral and affective changes in brain injured individuals and consists of five Clinical Scales that have demonstrated strong external validity. A potential confound is the NBAP's susceptibility to rater bias. In the present investigation, four validity scales were developed and external validity and psychometric properties were examined through a dissembling paradigm. Study1 describes item selection and construction of the validity scales. Study 2 demonstrates that various combinations of both the clinical and validity scales effectively differentiated dissemblers from informants of two groups of traumatic brain injury patients. Although results differed somewhat when dissemblers were grouped according to their level of neuropsychological training, highly trained dissemblers (licensed clinical neuropsychologists) could be detected. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Neuropsychology and imaging.

Introduces this special of issue of Neuropsychology, the theme of which is Neuropsychology and Imaging. The question for neuropsychology is no longer how to locate the lesions, but, rather, how to consistently relate neuropsychological dysfunctionings with the image of the lesion. Both questions are easier to answer when lesions are better circumscribed. Answers are more difficult in the presence of multiple, diffuse, or subcortical lesions. In order to address the more difficult questions, this issue includes papers by Levin and High, Wilson et al., Wiednann et al., and Jernigan and Butters which are devoted to challenging clinical diseases (head injury, Alzheimer's, and Huntington's) where lesions and dysfunctionings are not consistently defined. Interestingly, some disease-related correlations emerge from these papers, and SPECT data are viewed as well. Correlating neuropsychological and imaging measurements is both unbounded and restrained. Papers in this special issue on Neuropsychology and Imaging highlight this, and the issues and concerns for future investigations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Neuropsychology: Retrospect and prospect.

Presents a brief history of neuropsychology and suggestions for its future development. It is argued that psychology is a single discipline, not a loose assemblage of separate disciplines; neuropsychology is fundamental to it, but not a separate area of research to be pursued in isolation from other modes of psychology. Although it frequently uses physiological methods, it remains distinct from physiology since its direct concern is not with synapse, corpus callosum, or cortex, but with the behavior of the whole animal. (French abstract) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Neonatal Amygdala Lesions Affect Appetitive Motivational and Consummatory Aspects of Social Behavior in the Rat.

In the present study, rats received amygdala lesions (AMX) on either Postnatal Day 7 (PD 7; immature brain) or PD 21 (almost mature brain), and adult social activity was studied after short-term isolation housing. Sham-operated rats demonstrated increased following and approaching behavior after 7 days of isolation compared with after 4 days of isolation, an effect that was absent in AMX-PD 7 and AMX-PD 21 rats. Furthermore, AMX-PD 7 rats, but not AMX-PD 21 rats, displayed a reduction in investigatory behavior after prolonged isolation. This indicates that in AMX-PD 21 rats, mainly appetitive motivational aspects of social behavior were affected, whereas in AMX-PD 7 rats both motivational and consummatory aspects were disturbed. Finally, the reported deficits in AMX-PD 7 rats may reflect neurodevelopmental deficits of structures connected with the amygdala. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

高炉内型曲线和炉料下降性能

高炉内型不仅对炉料的下降速度分布而且对料层结构和气流有极大的影响。在1／10～1／20缩小比例的立体半剖面高炉模型研究结果的基础上确定，在从料流和气流稳定角度优化高炉内型方面，炉墙耐火砖的侵蚀和渣皮的形成使炉身上部的料流和气流不稳定；炉墙的侵蚀极大地改变了高炉下部软熔带的形状。讨论了大型高炉内型下部的问题。     

Neuropsychology is not just in the eye of the provider.

Asserts that, regardless of psychologist's self-view as a clinical psychologist or neuropsychologist, it is mandatory that psychologists recognize, scrutinize, and comply with recognized standards for training that are sufficient for the delivery of neuropsychological services. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Neuropsychology and working memory: A review.

Reviews the relationship between neuropsychological approaches to human memory and the working memory theory introduced by A. D. Baddeley and G. J. Hitch (1974). It is argued that neuropsychological perspectives have made a number of different contributions to the development of the theory. On occasion, they have provided unique natural experiments that cannot be simulated in the laboratory and that represent a significant input to theoretical refinement. They also yield a rich source of information on a central tenet of working memory theory, which is that the components of working memory support everyday complex cognitive activities. Neuropsychological studies have played an important role in identifying the contributions of the phonological loop to the acquisition and processing of language and of the visuospatial sketchpad to learning to recognize new faces. More generally, neuropsychological investigations have substantially reinforced developments of theory based on work from the experimental laboratory, and they provide convincing evidence for the robustness and generality of the theory. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Neuropsychology and pathology of the cerebral cortex

In all clinics we are faced with questions about certain aspects of cerebral dominance. We consider first the problem of recognition of faces where the right hemisphere plays a leading role. However, the disorders manifesting that function appear only bilateral lesions. This suggests that the left hemisphere participates in this process. The reception of language raises a problem which is analogous with the preceding: we propose the participation of both hemispheres in this activity: the left hemisphere is dominant in the analysis of phonemes and syntax, the right hemisphere seems implicated above all in the processing of prosodic aspects--in particular intonations and individual features of the voice.     

Affect and the overjustification effect.

Studied the role of affect as a mediator of the overjustification effect and proposed that negative affect has a critical detrimental influence on intrinsic motivation, either as a reaction derived from self-perception and evaluation processes or as a factor that acts independently of these cognitive activities. Two studies, with 180 undergraduates, used the typical overjustification paradigm to test these hypotheses. In Exp I, the overjustification effect was successfully replicated for both behavioral and self-report measures of intrinsic motivation. It is important that the negative affect paralleled these results and was greatest in those conditions in which intrinsic motivation was predicted and found to be low (e.g., expected reward). In Exp II, affect was directly manipulated, independently of the cognitive manipulations. Results show that the induced positive affect erased the decrease in intrinsic motivation that was observed in Exp I. It is suggested that what determines the decrease in intrinsic interest in any activity is, in part, the amount of negative affect that becomes associated with the activity. (55 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

An examination of depression in the spouses of stroke patients.

Examined the prevalence and correlates of depression in the spouses (SPs [mean age 61.8 yrs]) of 41 stroke patients (SPTs [mean age 65.6 yrs]). SPs reported their own mood on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and rated their partners' (the SPTs') mood using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD). A clinician evaluated the SPTs' mood using the HRSD and their cognitive/language and physical impairments using a battery of neuropsychological tests. Results indicated that 44% of the SPs were depressed. SP depression was not correlated with the severity of the SPTs' physical, cognitive, or language impairments. However, the SPs' perception of the SPTs' mood was a better predictor of the SPs' mood than was the clinicians' evaluation of the SPTs' mood. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The teacher version of the Child Behavior Profile: I. Boys aged 6–11.

Reports the development and standardization of the teacher version of the Child Behavior Profile for boys aged 6–11 yrs. The teacher profile is scored from the Teacher's Report Form (TRF). Factor analysis of TRFs completed on 450 clinically referred boys yielded 8 behavior problem syndromes: anxious, social withdrawal, unpopular, self-destructive, obsessive-compulsive, inattentive, nervous-overactive, and aggressive. Norms were constructed from a sample of 300 randomly selected nonreferred boys. Compared to normal Ss, disturbed Ss scored significantly higher on all behavior problem scales and significantly lower on teacher-reported school performance and adaptive functioning. One-week test–retest reliability averaged .89 for the behavior problem scales, whereas 2- and 4-mo stability averaged .77 and .64, respectively. Computer- and hand-scored versions of the new teacher profile are described. (24 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Neuropsychology and Computerized Axial Tomography: Further Comments.

Comments on the original article "Implications of computerized axial tomography for clinical neuropsychology" by Danny Wedding and Howard Gudeman (see record 1981-08364-001), which reviewed the implications of computerized axial tomography (CAT) for clinical neuropsychology. A major change anticipated by Wedding and Gudeman is that the role in neuropsychology of localizing central nervous system lesions will become obsolete, as this function will be supplanted by the CAT scan technique. This suggests that the emergence of CAT may have a deleterious effect on the utilization of neuropsychologic (NP) techniques, particularly the utilization of NP evaluation in the diagnostic process. The current authors feel that this issue merits further discussion, and that some clarification and extension of the Wedding and Gudeman article is in order. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Report of the 1989 Latin American Society of Neuropsychology meeting.

The First Latin American Congress of Neuropsychology was held in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in June, 1989. The activities covered included the following: (1) Methods for obtaining membership to the Latin American Society of Neuropsychology were devised, (2) a Board of Governors was elected, (3) the Revista Latinoamericana de Neuropsicologia (Latin American Journal of Neuropsychology) was created, (4) decisions about the Second Latin American Congress of Neuropsychology were made, (5) a history of neuropsychology in Latin America will be written, and (6) the Latin American Society of Neuropsychology will get in touch with the International Neuropsychological Society to propose joint future activities. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

浅析供料嘴内部形状对铸轧板表面质量的影响

本文针对改善铝箔板面质量,从铸轧坯料入手,对供料嘴的材质、内部结构的改变所产生的不同表面质量进行了叙述,从而对三级分配与二级分配的铸嘴进行了比较,通过试验证明,采用三级分配的供料嘴可改善铸轧坯料的板面质量,使铝箔表面的暗纹得以控制,铝箔的板面质量得到提高。     

Affect and adult self-regulation.

100 female undergraduates reviewed 1 of 5 sets of 45 self-statements representing manipulations of affect (positive somatic, positive self-evaluation, negative somatic, negative self-evaluation, or neutral) and then completed an ostensibly separate task involving self-regulation of difficult or easy mathematics problems to examine the influence of induced affect on Ss' self-regulated performance and related subjective responses. Before and after the affect induction, Ss completed several measures of affect and self-perception, including the Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist and the Subjective Probability Questionnaire. Following the performance phase, Ss observed their problem-solving activities, evaluated them, and made attributional and other responses. It was hypothesized that (1) somatic affect inductions would prove most potent, (2) affect would have greater impact in the low-task-mastery context, and (3) positive vs negative affect inductions would produce differential effects, dependent on task-mastery condition. The somatic inductions more substantially influenced subjective reports and performance, in accord with Hypothesis 1, and the positive somatic induction significantly improved self-regulation only in the low-mastery condition, in partial support of Hypotheses 2 and 3. Discussion focuses on the importance of the arousal dimensions of affect and concomitant shifts in attentional foci as determinants of adult self-regulation. (93 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Affect and stereoscopic resolution.

A set of nonsense syllables were associated, by the method of anticipation, with pictures previously scaled with regard to pleasantness and unpleasantness. Syllables associated with pleasant and with unpleasant pictures were paired and presented in a stereoscopic binocular rivalry apparatus. Ss seeing relatively more "unpleasant" syllables scored significantly in the shallow-affect direction on a personality scale. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Affect regulation and the breadth of interpersonal engagement.

This study investigated the hypothesis that the breadth of responsiveness to a social event rests on adaptive capacities that permit an individual to experience those subjective states evoked by the interaction. Individuals with high or low ego adaptability were placed in same- or mixed-sex dyads with another person of the same level of adaptability and asked to complete a series of stimulating social interaction tasks. Analysis of videotapes made of these interactions, scored for verbal and nonverbal behaviors that reflect emotional and interpersonal engagement, strongly confirmed the hypothesis. In addition, post hoc explorations suggested that ego adaptability supported emotional expressiveness across social contexts, whereas its effect may have been attenuated by gender-related display rules for the more interpersonal forms of social engagement. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)