液相ClO2脱除烟气中NOx的实验研究

为经济有效地脱除燃煤烟气中的NO_x,采用鼓泡反应器进行液相ClO_2脱除烟气中NO_x的实验研究。实验结果表明:相比于其他氧化剂(KMnO_4,NaClO_2,H_2O_2),ClO_2在较低的质量浓度下对NO具有良好的氧化能力,NO转化效率保持100%。ClO_2能够迅速地将NO转化为NO_2,却不能进一步氧化为HNO_3,并且阻碍水溶液对NO_2的吸收作用,ClO_2质量浓度和反应温度越高,阻碍效果越明显。烟气中SO_2的添加会在一定程度上促进NO_2的吸收,而溶液中pH值的变化对吸收作用的影响并不大。当ClO_2结合Ca(OH)_2溶液进行NO脱除时,NO_x的脱除效率可以稳定在96%以上,表明ClO_2作为氧化剂在脱除NO的过程中具有良好的应用潜力。     

介质阻挡放电脱硫脱硝过程特性

氮氧化物和硫氧化物在介质阻挡放电(DBD)反应器中的脱除率与很多因素有关,如氧气含量、相对湿度和烟气中SO_2的初始浓度等。本文通过改变SO_2初始浓度、氧气含量和相对湿度来研究脱除氮氧化物和硫氧化物过程中的反应机理。结果发现,在N_2/SO_2/NO体系中SO_2初始浓度在较大范围内变化对NO和SO_2的脱除率影响很小;而N_2/NO/SO_2/H_2O体系中相对湿度的增加对SO_2的脱除的影响较NO的影响大,增加烟气中相对湿度能明显减少SO_2在烟气中的浓度;N_2/NO/SO_2/O_2体系中氧气的增加对SO_2的脱除效率影响不明显,但能促进NO氧化成NO_2或者其他的氮氧化物,同时,在一定的条件下,也能加速NO的生成。探讨NO和SO_2的反应机理,发现SO_2的反应主要与OH和水合电子有关,而NO的反应与O、N等活性基相关。     

ClO2/尿素溶液同时脱硫脱硝实验研究

SO_2和NO作为燃煤电厂排放烟气中的主要污染物,对环境产生了巨大危害。为有效进行燃煤烟气中的SO_2和NO的一体化脱除,文中通过对传统鼓泡床湿法脱硫脱硝装置进行改善,以ClO_2/尿素为新型复合吸收剂进行了湿法燃煤烟气脱硫脱硝一体化研究。实验结果表明:ClO_2的添加可以显著改善尿素吸收剂的脱硝能力,并且对SO_2的脱除还具有一定的促进作用。当n(ClO_2)/n(NO)=0.75,尿素质量分数为10%时,SO_2的脱除效率为100%,NO的脱除效率稳定在91%。实验中探究了ClO_2添加量,反应温度,吸收剂初始pH值,SO_2质量浓度和NO质量浓度对脱硫脱硝效率的影响,提出ClO_2/尿素复合剂脱硫脱硝的反应机理,表明新型复合吸收剂湿法脱硫脱硝的具有良好的应用前景。     

臭氧/氧化镁同时脱硫脱硝的反应特性

本实验利用一套自行设计的鼓泡反应装置进行了臭氧前置氧化、氧化镁溶液吸收的脱硫脱硝反应特性研究,探索了臭氧浓度、混合烟气温度、吸收液pH值、反应温度、SO_2及NO初始浓度等参数对脱硫脱硝效率的影响。结果显示,高O_3浓度和烟气温度有助于SO_2和NO的脱除,但吸收液pH值和反应温度不宜过高,烟气中的SO_2浓度变化对NO的脱除效率影响甚微。最佳实验条件下SO_2脱除效率可达99%,NO脱除效率可达52%。     

超声雾化过硫酸钠联合氢氧化钙吸收脱硫脱硝

使用超声雾化/紫外光/热量协同活化过硫酸钠(Na_2S_2O_8)溶液,联合Ca(OH)_2吸收作用,脱除烟气中的SO_2和NO,获得了较高的脱除效率。实验研究了影响烟气中SO_2和NO脱除的主要因素,并且对实验过程中的主要活性物质以及反应机理进行了分析。使用超声波雾化器产生的液滴d_(50)值为7.2μm,粒径小于10μm液滴占总数的72%。超声雾化可以加速Na_2S_2O_8溶液在受紫外光/热量协同活化时分解产生SO_4~-·和·OH等自由基,提高污染物的脱除效率。Na_2S_2O_8浓度、UV功率的升高会促进烟气中NO和SO_2的脱除;烟气流量、溶液pH值等参数的升高不利于NO和SO_2的脱除;烟气温度变化对NO的脱除具有双重影响。在最佳的条件下,NO和SO_2的脱除效率分别为97.5%,86.3%。同时确定了该实验体系下脱硫脱硝过程中的主要活性物质为SO_4~-·和·OH。     

垃圾焚烧烟气臭氧同时脱硝脱汞反应动力学研究

近年来,臭氧多种污染物一体化脱除技术在大气环境治理方面得到了广泛应用。臭氧作为一种强氧化剂,除了可将烟气中的NO深度氧化外,还可实现对微量重金属元素Hg的氧化脱除。通过建立臭氧与多种烟气污染物的反应动力学机理,采用Chemkin Pro软件,对某垃圾焚烧烟气臭氧同时脱硝脱汞过程进行反应动力学模拟。通过对NO、Hg与O_3反应的敏感度系数分析,得到O_3对NO和Hg氧化的关键基元反应,从而提出O_3和Hg的氧化反应路径;并进一步改变原烟气的初始参数,探究烟气温度、摩尔比和反应时间对NO和Hg脱除过程的影响。模拟结果表明,随着O_3/NO摩尔比增大,NO和Hg的氧化脱除效率增大。温度对于O_3深度氧化NO过程和Hg氧化脱除过程均有显著影响,温度过低,反应速率较慢,氧化过程延长;温度过高,反应速率加快,但由于中间产物的氧化分解,导致总体氧化脱除效率降低; NO深度氧化为N_2O_5的反应时间远大于初级氧化为NO_2的反应时间,深度氧化时间为5~8 s,最佳反应温度为60~80℃;垃圾焚烧过程产生的HCl气体对Hg氧化具有促进作用,Hg氧化为Hg~(2+)的反应时间在4~6 s,最佳反应温度在110℃左右,最终氧化产物为HgO和HgCl_2。     

等离子烟气硫、硝、汞一体化脱除的中试研究

利用自主研发的窄脉冲高压电源放电产生的等离子体对某燃煤电厂脱硫后烟气中的硫、硝、汞一体化脱除进行研究。结果表明:脉冲放电等离子体作用后烟气中的NO、SO_2和Hg~0浓度明显降低;喷水或喷雾对等离子脱除NO没有明显影响,而喷水时SO_2的脱除效率却有明显提高,但单独喷雾作用其也无明显变化;提高脉冲频率利于NO和SO_2的脱除;本文研究对脉冲放电等离子燃煤烟气脱硫脱硝工业化应用具有一定指导意义。     

燃煤烟气多污染物协同治理试验研究

为实现燃煤烟气污染物的深度脱除,在1 000 MW电站燃煤锅炉除尘器入口加装了多功能烟气污染物治理中试装置,并研究了该烟气治理装置对烟气中烟尘、SO_3和Hg等污染物吸附转化特性的影响。结果表明:该装置可以有效解决常规技术无法解决的PM_(2.5)、SO_3和Hg等排放问题。试验工况条件下,烟尘、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)及PM1的脱除效果非常明显,脱除效率均高于99.3%(5 mg/m~3,dry normal);当氢氧化钙为吸附剂、Ca/SO_3为1时,SO_3的脱除效果为88.78%(0.77 mg/m~3,dry normal)、Hg的脱除效率为94.272%,其中气态汞的脱除效率为75.883%。     

燃煤烟气中SO_3控制研究进展

本文论述了燃煤电厂烟气中SO_3的主要来源为炉膛中SO_2与原子氧结合、省煤器中SO_2被飞灰中金属催化氧化和SCR催化剂的作用下SO_2与O_2发生反应,整体转化率为2%~3%;深入探讨了燃煤锅炉烟气中SO_3的危害,如空预器堵塞设备腐蚀、烟气酸露点升高、蓝色烟羽等;最后,对比分析了燃煤烟气中SO_3的控制方法,如喷入碱性吸收剂、湿式静电除尘器(WESP)、低低温电除尘、脱硫废水耦合脱除SO_3等技术的脱除效率及优缺点,得出结论,现有技术脱除效果较高但对SO_3的选择性差,脱硫废水耦合脱除SO_3技术同时解决多个环境问题,具有重要的研究价值。     

燃煤烟气污染物协同控制技术的研究进展

针对燃煤烟气中SO_2,NO和汞等污染物,简述不同单一污染物控制技术和多污染物协同控制技术的优缺点以及研究进展。对比传统单一污染物串联控制技术,多污染物协同控制技术可有效解决其系统庞大复杂,投资运行成本高等问题,具有结构简单,投资运行成本低,脱除效率高等优点。目前我国燃煤烟气干法协同控制技术尚存在问题,基于湿法烟气脱硫同时脱硝脱汞技术具有重要的工程应用前景。     

Fe2+液相催化氧化脱除烟气中SO2

提出了一种烟气脱硫新工艺。实验选用水作脱硫剂 ,在只以Fe为催化剂的条件下进行。加入吸收液槽中的铁屑可与脱硫产生的稀硫酸进行反应 ,不仅可维持较高的吸收液pH值 ,而且产生的Fe2 + 引发了液相催化氧化SO2 反应。连续运行实验结果表明脱硫过程在不同阶段分别受SO2 溶解、Fe2 + 液相催化氧化SO2 反应、气相中SO2 扩散和铁屑与酸反应控制。吸收液中Fe2 + 质量浓度的变化和初始Fe2 + 质量浓度对脱硫率及吸收液pH值影响显示 ,可直接由清水制取高浓度硫酸亚铁溶液。实验还调查了SO2 入口质量浓度、液气比、空塔气速和吸收温度对脱硫率和吸收液pH值的影响     

A study on simultaneous removal of NO and SO2 by using sodium persulfate aqueous scrubbing

Nitric oxide(NO) removal and sulfur dioxide(SO_2) removal by sodium persulfate(Na_2S_2O_8) were studied in a Bubble Column Reactor. The proposed reaction pathways of NO and SO_2 removal are discussed. The effects of temperatures(35–90 °C), Na_2S_2O_8(0.05–0.5 mol·L~(-1)), Fe SO4(0.5–5.0 m mol·L~(-1)) and H_2O_2(0.25 mol·L~(-1))on NO and SO_2 removal were investigated. The results indicated that increased persulfate concentration led to increase in NO removal at various temperatures. SO_2 was almost completely removed in the temperature range of 55–85 °C. Fe~(2+)accelerated persulfate activation and enhanced NO removal efficiency. At 0.2 mol·L~(-1) Na_2S_2O_8 and 0.5–1.0 mmol·L~(-1) Fe~(2+), NO removal of 93.5%–99% was obtained at 75–90 °C, SO_2 removal was higher than 99% at all temperatures. The addition of 0.25 mol·L~(-1) H_2O_2 into 0.2 mol·L~(-1) Na_2S_2O_8 solution promoted NO removal efficiency apparently until utterly decomposition of H2 O2, the SO_2 removal was as high as98.4% separately at 35 °C and 80 °C.     

Simultaneous SO x /NO x removal in a fluidized bed reactor using natural manganese ore

In this experiment, the simultaneous removal of SO₂ and NO from flue gases was investigated through the use of natural manganese ore as a sorbent‐catalyst in a fluidized bed reactor. Selective catalytic reduction behavior was determined as a function of the sulfation degree within the temperature range from 100 °C to 500 °C. The natural manganese ore showed a high activity in the production of nitrogen and water by the reaction of nitric oxide with ammonia and oxygen up to around 200 °C. At higher temperatures, the nitric oxide removal efficiency decreased due to the oxidation of ammonia by oxygen. With the increase of sulfation degree, the temperature at which the maximum selective catalytic reduction of nitric oxide appears gradually increased, however the maximum nitric oxide removal efficiency decreased. Additionally, we investigated the removal efficiency of sulfur dioxide and nitric oxide with reaction time in a batch fluidized bed reactor within a temperature range of 350 °C to 500 °C. As the reaction temperature increased, the adsorption capacity of sulfur dioxide increased, but the nitric oxide removal efficiency decreased. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

燃煤电厂协同脱汞研究进展及强化措施

燃煤电厂是大气汞排放的重要源头,但是我国目前尚无完善的烟气汞控制方案。本文简要综述了国内外烟气脱汞技术研究现状,统计了国内污控设备（包括脱硝设备、除尘设备和脱硫设备）的装机容量。指出污控设备对烟气汞具有一定的协同脱除作用,但是受到我国煤质及运行条件等因素的制约,效果并不理想。本文结合国内某燃煤电厂的实测情况,提出了以下强化措施：①通过添加溴盐溶液,提高选择性催化还原（SCR）对烟气汞的氧化效率;②通过粉末活性炭与溴盐联合使用,强化静电除尘器（ESP）对烟气汞的协同脱除效率,脱汞效率可达90%以上;③通过精确控制脱硫浆液的pH值以及定期外排脱硫浆液,以降低其中汞的再释放率,维持湿法脱硫工艺（WFGD）稳定的烟气汞协同脱除效率;④通过优化和调整锅炉运行条件,提高现有污控设备体系的协同脱汞能力。     

气提法去除油田污水中二氧化碳气体的实验研究

采用氮气气提装置处理油田污水中溶解的CO2气体,考察了气液比、温度、pH及含油量对CO2去除效果的影响。结果表明,气提法去除油田污水中的CO2效果明显,在气液比为5∶1、温度为30℃、pH为5条件下,污水中的CO2去除率可达98%以上;升高温度、降低污水中的含油量有助于增强氮气气提对CO2的去除效果;处理后的污水CO2质量浓度降到2 mg/L,pH升高到7,碳钢的腐蚀速率降到0.02 mm/a以下。     

Applications of high-gravity technologies in gas purifications: A review

The traditional gas purification techniques such as wet gas desulfurization, with their advantages of large-scale implementation and maturity, have still been widely used. However, the main drawback of these techniques is the low transfer efficiency, which normally needs towers as tall as tens of meters to remove the pollutants. Therefore, new technologies which could enhance the mass transfer efficiency and are less energy-intensive are highly desirable. As a process intensification technology, high-gravity technology, which is carried out in a rotating packed bed(RPB), has recently demonstrated great potential for industrial applications due to its high mass transfer efficiency, energy-saving, and smaller volume. This consequently provides higher efficiency in toxic gas removal, and can significantly reduce the investment and operation costs. In this review, the mechanism,characteristics, recent developments, and the industry applications of high-gravity technologies in gas purifications, such as hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen oxide, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, volatile organic compounds and nanoparticle removal are discussed, most of the demonstration projects and practical application examples in gas purification come from China. The perspective and prospective of this technology in gas purification and other fields are also briefly discussed.     

生物质再燃焦管道喷射脱汞性能

采用高温携带流反应装置在1050℃和1150℃条件下制备了稻壳再燃焦（RH1050和RH1150）和小麦秸秆再燃焦（WS1050和WS1150），并分别将其与燃煤灼烧飞灰混合制成相应的脱汞吸附剂。在吸附剂管道喷射脱汞实验装置上，研究了生物质种类、吸附温度、初始汞浓度和烟气组分（SO₂、NO和HCl）对生物质再燃焦管道喷射脱汞性能的影响，并结合生物质及其再燃焦的理化特性分析，探讨了单质汞（Hg⁰）脱除机理。结果表明：4种生物质再燃焦平均脱汞效率相差不大，约为30%，稻壳再燃焦的脱汞效率略高于小麦秸秆焦。随着吸附温度的升高，RH1050脱汞效率持续增加，RH1150脱汞效率则呈现波动变化趋势。随着初始汞浓度的升高，稻壳再燃焦的平均脱汞效率均呈现先增大后减小的趋势，初始汞浓度为25μg/m³时RH1050和RH1150的平均脱汞效率最大，分别为35.6%和37.1%。SO₂对生物质再燃焦管道喷射脱汞具有一定的抑制作用，NO具有一定促进作用，而HCl的促进作用更为显著，且当HCl浓度大于50μL/L时，生物质再燃焦的平均脱汞效率均在90%以上。     

Catalytic removal of SO2, NO and HCl from incineration flue gas over activated carbon-supported metal oxides

Activated carbon-supported copper, iron, or vanadium oxide catalysts were exposed to incineration flue gas to investigate the simultaneous catalytic oxidation of sulfur dioxide/hydrogen chloride and selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxide by carbon monoxide. The results show that AC-supported catalysts exhibit higher activities for SO₂ and HCl oxidation than traditional γ-Al₂O₃-supported catalysts and the iron and vanadium catalysts act as catalysts instead of sorbents, and can decompose sulfate with evolution of SO₃ and then regenerate for more SO₂ adsorption to take place. The AC-supported catalysts also display a high activity for NO reduction with CO generated from a flue gas incineration process and the presence of SO₂ in the incineration flue gas can significantly promote catalytic activity. Using CO as the reducing agent for NO reduction is more effective than using NH₃, because NH₃ may be partially oxidized in the presence of excess O₂ (12 vol%. in the incineration flue gas used) to form N₂, which can decrease the overall extent of NO reduction.     

Application of the reaction kinetics and dispersion model to gas-solid reactors for removal of sulfur dioxide from flue gas

The conversions of a reactive, micro-grained limestone were studied in terms of exposure time and concentration of sulfur dioxide in the flue gas. The rates of the sulfation reaction were correlated as a function of the conversion of calcium oxide to sulfate and concentration of sulfur dioxide in the gas phase. In comparison with active sodium carbonate the sulfation of limestone particles proceeds at the rate which is substantially lower than the sulfation rate of soda particles.The empirical kinetic equation developed in this study is further applied in a two-phase dispersion model of simplified non-ideal flow behavior of the gas and solid in the reactor. The model can serve a rational basis for the conceptual design of a suitable contacting apparatus. Numerical solutions of the model equations outline possibilities and limitations of the dry lime process for the removal of sulfur dioxide from hot flue gas.