印尼高水分褐煤干燥特性研究

以印尼高水分褐煤为试验对象,采用蒸汽管回转干燥技术对其进行静态、动态干燥试验研究。褐煤干燥速率特性试验表明,褐煤粒径和质量基本相同时,干燥蒸汽温度越高,水分蒸发速率越快,褐煤干燥速率越大;褐煤质量相同时,褐煤粒径越小,干燥时间越短,干燥速率越大;褐煤粒径相同时,褐煤质量越小,干燥时间越短,干燥速率越大;褐煤干燥速率曲线常在煤中水分低于空干基水分前出现拐点,即进入干燥降速阶段。通过对褐煤干燥前后的粒径分布、热稳定性分析可知,褐煤干燥过程伴随着细颗粒煤粉的产生,褐煤干燥后细颗粒煤粉增加了14.87%;褐煤干燥前后TS6分别为10.3%和19.2%,均属于低热稳定性煤,且干燥后褐煤的热稳定性好于干燥前;干燥后褐煤的反应开始温度RI和燃尽指数Cb分别降低了7℃和0.1112,相差较小,均极易着火和燃尽。     

干燥褐煤的自燃与爆炸特性试验研究

为抑制褐煤堆放时发生自燃与煤粉爆炸,利用自燃装置试验台和煤粉爆炸试验台,对褐煤及其干燥到不同水分的干燥煤进行试验研究,分析其自燃特性和爆炸特性。结果表明,对于自燃特性而言,褐煤水分减少10%,耗氧速度增加约0.17%/min,粒径减小一个等级,耗氧速度增加约0.11%/min;对于爆炸特性而言,褐煤水分减少5%,平均煤粉爆炸下限质量浓度约降低0.015 kg/m~3,温度每升高10℃,平均煤粉爆炸下限质量浓度降低约0.03 kg/m~3;总体而言,随着干燥程度的加深,褐煤自燃、爆炸特性均增强,危险性增加。     

宝日希勒褐煤的热压提质试验研究

介绍了气流干燥技术的优点,并利用HPU试验线对宝日希勒褐煤进行了热压提质研究。煤样热重分析表明宝日希勒褐煤适宜的干燥温度为105～371℃。通过分析干燥温度、给料频率对提质煤粉水分的影响及提质煤粉水分对型煤质量的影响,说明提质煤粉水分随干燥温度的升高而降低,随给料频率的增加而增大,宝日希勒褐煤适宜的干燥温度为220～320℃,给料频率为30～50 Hz;提质煤粉较适宜的水分范围为5%～13%,最佳水分为5%～8%,此时,型煤抗压强度可达900 N/个以上,落下强度超过80%。因此,以高温烟气为干燥介质,采用气流干燥技术对宝日希勒褐煤进行脱水干燥提质是可行的。试验结果为拓展宝日希勒褐煤的加工利用途径提供了依据,也为其他地区的褐煤提质提供参考。     

国内典型煤种在富氧条件下的燃烧性能

为掌握富氧燃烧对不同煤种燃烧性能的影响,在煤粉气流着火温度试验炉和改造后的一维火焰燃烧试验台架上进行国内典型烟煤和贫煤在不同O_2体积分数下的煤粉气流着火温度、一维火焰炉燃尽率、结渣性能测试。研究结果表明,随着O_2体积分数的增加,不同煤种均呈现煤粉气流着火温度下降、燃尽率上升的规律,表明O_2体积分数的增加可以提高燃煤的燃烧稳定性和经济性,同时随着O_2体积分数的增加,炉膛燃烧尖峰温度提前并升高,燃煤的结渣性能加重。需要注意的是不同煤种的燃烧性能受O_2体积分数的影响程度不同,具体煤种需进行相应的富氧燃烧试验确定。     

神府煤粉燃烧特性

为了给煤粉锅炉用户提供煤粉优选理论依据,以煤粉锅炉主要用煤神府煤制备的煤粉为研究对象,采用TG-DTG对煤粉的燃烧特性进行研究,分析了不同煤粉及升温速率对煤粉燃烧特性的影响。结果表明:在空气气氛下,升温速率提高,TG、DTG曲线向高温方向移动,煤粉的着火温度升高,最大质量变化速率增大,最大失重温度提高,燃尽指数增大;随着灰分和粒径改变,升温速率为10或20℃/min时,煤粉的着火温度变化不显著,燃尽指数及综合燃烧特性指数均有影响。灰分减小,粒径不变时,D煤粉的综合燃烧指数为1.51,优于粒径74μm、灰分9.5%的P煤粉。     

响应曲面法评价与优化混煤富氧燃烧特性

研究了小龙潭褐煤、富源烟煤和昭通褐煤混煤的燃烧特性,对比了不同氧气浓度、不同升温速率下煤样的热解及燃烧特性,采用响应曲面法优化软件对氧气浓度、升温速率及煤粉配比进行优化.结果表明,富氧燃烧时,煤样着火温度和燃尽温度降低,燃烧时间缩短;氧气浓度高于30%(?)后,煤粉燃烧特性参数变化趋于平缓,实际应用中氧气浓度应控制在30%左右;煤粉燃烧后段活化能较高,煤样活化能、指前因子随氧气浓度增大而增大;升温速率增大,煤样的着火温度和燃尽温度升高,煤粉燃烧时间延长,稳定性、燃烧性变差.氧气浓度越高,煤样燃烧性能越好,设置可燃性指数和燃烧特性指数最大,燃尽温度和投资成本最小,小龙潭褐煤:昭通褐煤:富源烟煤质量比为100:55.07:1时优化的4个评价指标最好,可燃性指数为43.56×10-7,燃烧特性指数为4.27×10-10,燃尽温度为680.01℃,成本为252.49$/t.     

呼伦贝尔褐煤等温干燥过程

以水分含量高达40 %的呼伦贝尔褐煤煤粉为实验物料,利用热重法研究了等温条件下的干燥特性,对比分析了温度、颗粒粒度对干燥过程的影响。实验结果表明,呼伦贝尔褐煤干燥过程具有明显的恒速干燥阶段,其特征与干燥温度和自由水含量密切相关。获得了呼伦贝尔褐煤煤粉在不同温度和粒度条件下的临界含水量(MC_cr)和平衡含水量(MC_eq),发现随着颗粒粒度的减小,褐煤煤粉干燥速率略有增大,但当粒度较小时,粒度因素对干燥过程的影响不明显。MC_cr与MC_eq均随温度的升高而减小,而随着颗粒粒度的减小,MC_cr略有降低,MC_eq略有增大。实验结果可以为褐煤制粉干燥工艺条件的选择和优化提供依据。     

低温烘焙提质对褐煤着火燃烧特性的影响

褐煤高水分和高挥发分不利于运输和储存，且会降低锅炉燃烧效率，低温烘焙提质作为一种褐煤提质常用技术，能有效降低燃料中水分并提升燃料品质，显著改变褐煤燃烧特性。为研究低温烘焙提质对褐煤着火特性的影响，利用平面火焰燃烧系统并结合CMOS相机研究了不同热协流温度(1 473、1 673和1 873 K)和O₂体积分数(5%、10%和20%)下低温烘焙预处理(200、250和300℃)对褐煤着火燃烧特性的影响，并分析低温烘焙提质对着火延迟距离和火焰亮度的影响。结果表明，经低温烘焙预处理的褐煤颗粒在相同热协流温度和O₂浓度条件下的着火延迟距离稍大于原始褐煤颗粒；O₂体积分数为5%时，200℃烘焙褐煤的着火延迟距离在热协流温度1 473、1 673和1 873 K时较原始褐煤颗粒分别增加了0.24、0.28和0.13 cm;此外，不同烘焙温度下煤粉颗粒的着火位置较褐煤均有所延迟，且升高烘焙温度会降低褐煤着火距离，在1 673 K、O₂体积分数5%下，烘焙温度200、250和300℃时对应的着火延迟距离较褐煤的增加...     

富氧气氛下升温速率对煤燃烧及动力学的研究

在同步热分析仪上对小龙潭褐煤进行了不同升温速率(5K/min,10K/min和20K/min)下的O2/CO2燃烧特性实验,确定不同升温速率下煤粉的燃烧特性参数及动力学参数.实验结果表明,随着升温速率的增大,煤粉的TG曲线和DTG曲线均向低温区偏移,煤样的着火温度和燃尽温度升高,燃烧时间延长,可燃性指数和综合燃烧特性指数增大,同时,反应动力学参数随升温速率的变化而不同,频率因子呈上升趋势.     

低氧气氛下煤粉燃烧特性

为研究煤粉低氮燃烧时CO_2成分在低氧含量气氛下对燃烧的作用,在热重分析仪上进行了煤粉低氧气氛下的燃烧试验。通过模拟真实燃烧反应中的反应气氛,研究了O_2/CO_2混合比例、升温速率对煤粉燃烧特性的影响。结果表明,在O_2/CO_2混合气氛下,温度为1 000℃以内均存在着燃烧反应和气化反应的竞争关系。CO_2含量高时,CO_2与煤粉的气化反应对煤粉燃烧反应抑制程度逐渐增加。O_2/CO_2比例降低,煤粉的燃尽温度升高幅度明显,煤粉难以燃尽;煤粉的点火温度受CO_2含量影响不大;升温速率由10℃/min升至20℃/min对煤粉可燃性和着火稳定性提升明显,20℃/min升至30℃/min影响不大。     

600 MW褐煤机组掺烧烟煤对MB型风扇磨性能的影响

为掌握褐煤掺烧烟煤后对MB型风扇磨煤机提升压头、研磨出力、干燥出力及运行参数选取的影响,在SO2风扇磨煤机上进行了褐煤掺烧烟煤的半工业性试磨试验以及MB3600/1000/4900三介质风扇磨的热平衡计算,同时在一维火焰燃烧试验炉和煤粉气流着火温度试验炉上进行了相应的燃烧性能测试。结果表明,劣质褐煤掺烧合适比例的优质烟煤,可提高机组的带负荷能力,且磨煤机的提升压头和干燥能力也能满足运行要求。需要注意的是,由于烟煤的磨损性能较褐煤强,可能导致打击板寿命的降低。     

Analysis of D2 law in case of Shengli lignite drying under inert and uninert environment

Shengli lignite coal, originated from inner Mongolia China, contains significantly high amount of moisture (more than 30%) which can cause spontaneous combustion or other application problems. Thus, it is of interest to understand the heat and mass transfer mechanism of the low-rank lignite drying under different drying environments such as N₂, CO₂, air, argon, and helium. In this study, fundamental drying experiments with different drying agents were performed on coal samples using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) method. Lignites with size of 0.045–0.075?mm were heated up from ambient temperature to a target temperature of 175°C under different environments at heating rates of 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 °C/min, respectively. It was found that thermal conductivity of drying media, heating rate, and initial moisture content are three most significant factors affecting lignite drying process. The highest moisture release rate and the lowest T_peak (when maximum moisture release rate occurred) were observed when drying with helium due to its highest evaporation constant (i.e., highest thermal conductivity). Moreover, higher heating rate and moisture content resulted in higher evaporation rate and T_peak. In the meantime, the classical D² law, which is used to simulate the liquid fuel droplet combustion, was further developed to describe the “group effect” of moisture evaporation process of solid fuel during drying. The D² law well explains the experiment results. Finally, the structures of the dried lignite samples under different drying mediums were investigated through scanning electron microscopy studies. It was found that lignite coals shrank and became more compact when dried out, especially with drying agent CO₂.     

Combustion and Pollutant Emission Characteristics of Lignite Dried by Low Temperature Air

Lignite is a kind of coal that has high moisture content and needs to be dried before being utilized. In this article, a Chinese lignite was dried in air at 120–180°C and the changes in its physical and chemical structures after drying were investigated. The results showed that the pore volume and specific surface area of the lignite decreased after drying. Some of the methylene and methyl groups were oxidized by the oxygen in the drying air, resulting in an increase in oxygen functional groups. The combustion characteristics of the dried coals and parent coal (dry basis) were studied via thermogravimetric analysis. The total volatile yields of the dried coals increased compared to the parent coal. The burnout temperatures of the dried coals were higher than the parent coal, whereas the ignition temperatures stayed almost unchanged. An entrained flow system was set up to study the release of nitrogenous gas products during rapid pyrolysis and combustion. The HCN yields of the dried coals during pyrolysis were higher than that of the parent coal, and a similar trend was found for the NO yield during combustion. The mechanism changes of combustion and pollutant emission characteristics were discussed according to the results of the physical and chemical structure analyses.     

褐煤干燥特性及产品特性研究

通过对内蒙古锡林浩特褐煤的热重分析可知,褐煤干燥过程约30 min,干馏过程约1.5 h。对不同粒径褐煤进行了干燥特性研究,说明+100,100～50,-50 mm原煤完全干燥分别需要4.0,1.0,0.5 h,粒径越小,煤样失重率越大,干燥速度越大,达到相同干燥效果所需的干燥时间也越短。最后分析了干燥温度对产品特性的影响,同时测试了干燥、干馏提质产品的自燃特性和复吸水特性,结果表明:与原煤相比,150,200℃产品挥发分分别提高了33.72%和31.13%,更易发生自燃,而550℃干馏过程中挥发分降低了30.89%,热稳定性大幅增加;150,200,550℃产品吸氧量分别提高了0.43,0.65,0.72 cm3/g;干燥产品燃点要低于原煤,而干馏产品燃点则高于原煤;干馏煤因改变了孔隙结构,最高内在水分降低,即复吸水的能力降低。因此,干燥提质产品与褐煤性质基本一致,而干馏提质产品性能则获得较大改善。     

半焦空气分级燃烧NOx排放试验研究

半焦是低阶煤经低温热解后的产物,其中半焦粉与煤粉工业锅炉常用煤种烟煤相比价格低廉。若能将半焦粉用作煤粉工业锅炉的燃料,既可拓宽煤粉工业锅炉的适用燃料范围,又可增强煤粉工业锅炉的市场竞争力。由于半焦挥发分低、固定碳高,实现其着火和稳定燃烧需要更高的温度,同时,降低NOx初始排放也是一个技术难题。为了实现半焦在煤粉工业锅炉中的稳定燃烧及NOx排放的降低,采用两段式滴管炉开展半焦空气分级燃烧NOx排放规律研究。笔者对半焦空气不分级燃烧NOx排放规律进行了研究,主要探究了主燃区温度(1 000~1 400℃)及过量空气系数的影响,为后续空气分级燃烧降低NOx的效果提供对比依据。半焦空气分级燃烧试验主要研究了主燃区温度(1 000~1 400℃)及二次风比例(0.4~0.8)的影响,并从燃尽率、NOx减少比例、灰样微观孔隙和形貌等方面进行论证,试验结果表明,在空气不分级燃烧条件下,即燃尽风配风比例为0时,随着主燃区温度升高,NOx排放浓度随之迅速升高;随着过量空气系数增加,NOx浓度先迅速增加,过量空气系数大于1.15时,NOx浓度增速变缓;在空气分级燃烧中,相同主燃区温度条件下,二次风比例由高到低变化时,NOx排放呈先迅速下降后缓慢回升的变化趋势,燃尽率先快速升高而后趋于平缓。二次风比例为0.56时(即燃尽风率为0.39),燃尽率达90%,NOx排放浓度降至最低,为120 mg/m^3以下,此时是试验条件下的最佳二次风比例。     

Structure characteristics of dewatered lignite from different drying temperature and time and effects on its behaviors of re-adsorbing moisture

By changing the drying temperature and residence time, a series of different degree dewatered lignite samples were prepared in the fixed-bed reactor under inert gas and their adsorbing moisture behaviors were investigated under certain re-adsorption conditions. Using SEM, nitrogen adsorption and in-situ FTIR analysis methods, the structure changes of dewatered lignite were measured and associated with the drying and re-adsorption behaviors. The results show that the higher the drying temperature, the higher the drying efficiency and the more obvious structure change of dewatered lignite. But the moisture re-adsorption amount of dewatered lignite showed different changing trends. Under the drying condition of 140°C and 50min, the total moisture content of coal after moisture re-adsorption was the lowest. Most pores are mesoporous in lignite and the macropore structure collapsed into mesopore during drying. When the drying temperature was higher than 120°C, oxygen-containing functional groups began to decompose; with the increase of drying temperature and time, decomposition rate increased. The hydrophilic strengths of -OH and COOH groups are stronger than that of others.     

Investigation of combustion reactivity and NO emission characteristics of chars obtained from the devolatilization of raw and partially dried lignite

In an attempt to achieve the clean and efficient utilization of lignite, drying pre-treatment was performed in this study before lignite combustion. The combustion reactivity and NO emission characteristics of the partially dried lignite samples in the char combustion stage were investigated by means of TG and isothermal combustion tests, and the reactivity could be summarized as the following order: L1>L0.5>raw>L3>LT>L5 (chars obtained from the devolatilization of the raw and partially dried coals at 378 K for 0.5, 1, 3, 5, and 120 minutes) and the NO conversion ratio of L1 was the lowest. When the moisture content in the coal particles was relatively high (19.68%-35.84%), the drying treatment could increase the combustion reactivity and inhibit NO emission in the char combustion stage; When the moisture content was within a relatively low range (0.17%-19.68%), the moisture removal had negative effects on the reactivity and NO emission in the char combustion stage. The surface behaviour and microstructure of the raw coal char and chars derived from the partially dried coals were clarified by temperature programmed desorption/reduction (TPD/TPR) and Raman spectroscopy. The results illustrated that L1 derived from L_c1 (19.68%) was the most reactive sample with the largest amount of C(O) on the particle surface. There were also more reactive aromatic structures in L1 than other samples. Compared with direct combustion or excessive drying treatment, lignite should be dried to a certain degree (19.68%) for optimized lignite combustion.     

振动床混流干燥系统热效率研究

振动床混流干燥系统由热风系统、干燥系统和除尘系统三部分组成,旨在降低褐煤水分,提高单位褐煤的发热量,以提高褐煤质量。由于振动床混流干燥是一种新型干燥系统,因此需要对干燥系统进行测试,并研究振动床混流干燥系统的热效率。通过现场测试,针对不同煤流量分别测得干燥系统进出口的温度、湿度、风量及测定干燥前后煤样的水分及发热量。采用了熵焓值计算方法,得出干燥不同煤量所需的理论风量。通过对比理论风量与测试风量,分析研究干燥系统的热效率,找出干燥效果不佳的直接原因和干燥系统改进的方法,为振动床混流干燥系统的改进提供理论支持。