RDX的TNT包覆钝感研究

为降低RDX的机械感度,维持其爆炸性能,研究了用少量TNT包覆RDX的钝感方法。以RDX为主体炸药成分,以质量分数3％～10％的TNT为含能钝感剂,再加入质量分数2％～3％的含能增塑剂和微量水溶性表面活性剂,利用TNT和含能增塑剂在水中不同温度的熔化和凝固结晶,通过水悬浮分散包覆工艺,将TNT和含能增塑剂包覆在RDX颗粒的表面,制得内层为RDX、外层为TNT的双层混合炸药。分析了包覆钝感的工艺条件及炸药包覆后的粒径和SEM的变化情况。研究表明,该RDX—TNT双层混合炸药的撞击感度可降至20％以下,摩擦感度降至28％以下,压制成药柱的密度为1．73g／m^3,爆速可达8400m／s。     

DNAN基高致密熔铸炸药装药安全性研究

文章从熔铸炸药的一般性质入手,分析了以球形化RDX/DNAN为基的高致密熔铸炸药装药的可行性与优越性;通过制备一定量的RDX/DNAN和RDX/TNT熔铸炸药药柱,采用GJB炸药试验方法,进行密度和冲击波感度测试。试验结果表明,相同配比下使用球形化RDX的TNT基高致密熔铸炸药相对于使用普通RDX的TNT基高致密熔铸炸药,其密度更高,冲击波感度略有降低。而相同RDX含量下,将载体由TNT改为DNAN,其冲击波感度又降低了超过15%,安全性得到了极大的提升。     

装药厂总排放口废水中TNT、RDX的气相色谱测定法

一、前言装药厂总排放口废水中所含 TNT、RDX 主要是由于冲洗地面的水带来的污染。据某厂用乙酰丙酮光度法分析该厂总排放口废水的测试结果统计值看:TNT 约在12.31～19.89mg/L,RDX 约在0.44～1.40mg/L 之间,TNT 含量约比 IDX 高20倍。据报道 TNT 的相对电子吸收率比 RDX 高4倍。因而废水中 TNT 在电子捕获检测器上的响应值比 RDX 大近百倍,这就给 TNT、RDX 的分离造成了困难。     

含RDX低燃速丁羟推进剂的配方研究

为满足某发动机装药需求,设计了固体质量分数为87.5%含RDX的低燃速丁羟推进剂配方,采用最小自由能法进行理论计算,研究了RDX和改性草酸铵对热力学参数的影响.用BSFΦ165标准试验发动机测试了比冲和燃速.结果表明,含RDX低燃速推进剂配方中,RDX和改性草酸铵的含量影响其热力学参数.当RDX质量分数为(10.0%),改性草酸铵为2.0%时,低燃速推进剂的实测比冲为2 374 N·s·kg~(-1),比冲效率为0.919,燃速为4.12 mm·s~(-1);通过添加少量改性草酸铵、改变氧化剂的粒度级配,能够在保证推进剂能量基本不变的前提下,满足含RDX低燃速丁羟推进剂配方的低燃速指标要求.     

纳米铝对RDX基炸药水下爆炸能量的影响

为了探索纳米铝对RDX基压装炸药的水下爆炸能量的影响,测试了含纳米铝、微米铝、以及纳米铝和微米铝级配的RDX基炸药水下爆炸能量,分析了其水下爆炸能量的变化规律。结果表明,RDX基压装炸药中,当单独使用纳米铝或微米铝时,纳米铝对炸药水下爆炸总能量的提高不如微米铝;当铝粉总质量分数为30%,且纳米铝和微米铝的质量比为1∶2时,水下爆炸总能量比单独使用微米铝时提高7%,说明纳米铝和微米铝合理级配能够提高铝粉的能量释放效率。当铝粉总质量分数为35%时,即使采用级配也无法提高含铝炸药的水下爆炸能量。     

RDX基含硼炸药的能量特性

为了研究RDX基含硼炸药的能量特性,按照GJB772A-1997701.1方法和705.1方法分别测试了不同硼含量的RDX基含硼炸药的爆热和作功能力,通过传感器测得RDX基含硼炸药超压和时间的关系曲线,并计算了水下能量。结果表明,在RDX中添加硼粉可以提高炸药的爆热、水下能量和作功能力。当硼的质量分数为20%时,爆热达到最大值7 162kJ/kg;当硼的质量分数低于20%时,水下总能量与硼含量呈线性相关。当硼的质量分数为10%时,作功能力达到最大,为1.649倍TNT当量。     

装药厂总排放口废水中 TNT、RDX 的气相色谱测定法

一、前言装药厂总排放口废水中所含 TNT、RDX 主要是由于冲洗地面的水带来的污染。据某厂用乙酰丙酮光度法分析该厂总排放口废水的测试结果统计值看:TNT 约在12. 31～19. 89mg/L,RDX 约在0. 44～1. 40mg/L 之间,TNT 含量约比 RDX 高20倍。据报道 TNT 的相对电子吸收率比 RDX 高4倍。因而废水中 TNT 在电子捕获检测器上的响应值比 RDX 大近百倍,这就给 TNT、RDX 的分离造成了困难。为此,我们用填充柱气相色谱法对这一分析任务进行了研究,进行了固定液和分离条件的选择试验,用经过与废水同样萃取过程的标准水样做标准物,采用外标法定量,测定了该     

老化对TNT基熔铸炸药性能的影响

为了研究老化对炸药性能的影响,对自然贮存的3种熔铸炸药TNT／RDX、TNT／RDX／Al和 TNT／HMX／Al进行了加速老化试验。通过扫描电镜、真空安定性试验研究了老化前后3种炸药的微观形貌和安全性能,并测试了老化前后3种炸药的感度和爆速。结果表明,老化后炸药颜色变深,体积膨胀,质量变轻。样品的放气量小于2 mL／g ,热感度变化也较小。机械感度的变化与炸药组分和老化方式有关。TNT／RDX的爆速随着贮存时间的增加而降低,与整体加速老化情况一致,TNT／RDX／Al和 TNT／HMX／Al的爆热随贮存时间的增加变化趋势相反,说明两者老化机理可能不同。     

老化对TNT基熔铸炸药性能的影响（英文）

为了研究老化对炸药性能的影响,对自然贮存的3种熔铸炸药TNT/RDX、TNT/RDX/Al和TNT/HMX/Al进行了加速老化试验。通过扫描电镜、真空安定性试验研究了老化前后3种炸药的微观形貌和安全性能,并测试了老化前后3种炸药的感度和爆速。结果表明,老化后炸药颜色变深,体积膨胀,质量变轻。样品的放气量小于2mL/g,热感度变化也较小。机械感度的变化与炸药组分和老化方式有关。TNT/RDX的爆速随着贮存时间的增加而降低,与整体加速老化情况一致,TNT/RDX/Al和TNT/HMX/Al的爆热随贮存时间的增加变化趋势相反,说明两者老化机理可能不同。     

军民两用乳化炸药的制备

为解决战争期间军用炸药短缺的问题,以民爆行业生产的乳化炸药为研究对象,通过添加乙二胺二硝酸盐(EDD)、钝化RDX等高能组分,增加其能量水平;通过高效乳化剂丙烯酰化Span 80及微乳化技术进一步提高乳化炸药的稳定性,形成高能乳化炸药。结果表明,当EDD和钝化RDX的质量分数均为10%时,乳化炸药的装药密度为1.57g/cm3,爆速为6 120m/s,威力(TNT当量)136%,爆热4 910kJ/kg。     

铝粉含量和粒径对乳化炸药作功能力的影响

为研究铝粉对乳化炸药作功能力的影响,在负氧平衡的乳化炸药中分别添加不同含量和粒径的铝粉,采用测时仪法测定其爆速;通过水下爆炸实验计算出含铝乳化炸药的比冲击波能、比气泡能和总能量等参数。结果表明,当铝粉(粒径为5μm和35μm)质量分数为5%时,含铝乳化炸药的爆速最大,分别为5 128、5 071m/s;当铝粉(粒径为5μm和35μm)质量分数为20%时,乳化炸药的比冲击波能、比气泡能、总能量均随着铅粉含量的增加而增大,比冲击波能分别增加19.7%、15.3%;比气泡能分别增加12.6%、13.7%,总能量分别增加15.1%、14.5%。     

RDX基含铝炸药水中爆炸近场冲击波特性

通过水中爆炸试验,得到了RDX基含铝炸药在不同比例距离((-R))处的水中冲击波峰值压力、冲量和冲击波能.结果表明,在测试范围内,(-R)＜1.5 m/kg1/3,Al的质量分数为10%～20%时,冲击波峰值压力基本不变;(-R)≥1.5 m/kg1/3时,Al的质量分数为0～30%时,冲击波峰值压力基本不变.测试范围内,Al的质量分数为20%～30%时,冲量基本不变;Al的质量分数小于20%,冲量随Al含量的增加不断增大.(-R)＜1.0 m/kg1/3时,冲击波能随比例距离的增加而不断衰减;(-R)≥1.0 m/kg1/3时,冲击波能随比例距离的增加基本保持不变.(-R)=0.79 m/kg1/3(药柱18倍半径处)时,冲击波能量利用率只有25%左右,初始冲击波能损失了近1/2～3/5.     

水下爆炸冲击波传播的近似计算

水下爆炸冲击波传播计算由能流密度一时间曲线经验表达式化简。用简单数值积分法解由拉格朗日形式流体动力学方程、Hugoniot方程和能流密度一时间关系式组成的偏微分方程组,不同距离处的冲击波峰值由单点初始数据计算。结果表明,由近似计算方法所得结果与实测数据和相似律结果一致。适当选取起算参数,在5倍装药半径以外的爆炸远场范围计算精度良好。5倍装药半径以内的爆炸近场,冲击波未充分形成,计算方法失效。计算了几种含铝炸药的冲击波传播,表明冲击波能显著影响冲击波传播特性,冲击波能有利于抑制超压衰减。     

MgH2型复合敏化储氢乳化炸药的制备及其爆轰性能

为了提高乳化炸药的爆炸威力,研制出了一种MgH₂型复合敏化储氢乳化炸药。该乳化炸药采用包覆后的MgH₂与玻璃微球复合敏化,两种材料分别起到含能添加剂和敏化剂的作用。通过研究“热点”数量和包覆材料对炸药爆轰性能的影响,确定了MgH₂型复合敏化储氢乳化炸药的配方。利用水下爆炸实验和猛度实验,研究了MgH₂型复合敏化储氢乳化炸药的爆轰特征参数和水下爆炸特性。实验结果表明,MgH₂型复合敏化储氢乳化炸药的铅柱压缩量为24.3 mm,达到军用炸药的猛度;与传统玻璃微球型乳化炸药相比,其水下爆炸峰值压力虽然下降了4.90%,但比冲击波能、比气泡能和总能量分别提高了7.83%、22.94%和18.32%。MgH₂型复合敏化储氢乳化炸药的猛度和做功能力得到了显著提高。     

Study on Key Factors Affecting Energy Output of Emulsion Explosives in Underwater Explosion

In this paper, emulsion explosives were investigated. Rules for the change of output energy of emulsion explosives with different oxygen balance, aluminum powder content, charge condition, decoupling media etc. were studied by means of an explosion water pool. The p–t curves and peak pressure values were obtained. The effects of these factors on shock wave energy, bubble energy and total energy were given. The results show that output energy of emulsion explosives without aluminum powder is lower than that of standard TNT explosives. The total energy of emulsion explosives with zero oxygen balance is only 86 % of that of TNT. In the experiment, output energy of the explosives tends to increase with the increase of aluminum powder content. With aluminum contents from 10 % to 15 %, the total energy is 1.05 and 1.14 time of that of TNT respectively. Energy efficiency is affected with change of decoupling coefficient and media.     

Effect of Aluminum Fiber Content on the Underwater Explosion Performance of RDX‐based Explosives

In order to analyze the effect of aluminum fiber contents on the underwater explosion performance of RDX‐based explosives, the pressure‐time curves of composite explosives with different aluminum fiber contents are measured by underwater explosion experiments. Peak pressure, impulse, shock energy, and bubble energy were obtained by analyzing the curves. The results show that the peak pressures of composite explosives decrease with increasing aluminum fiber contents. The shock impulse of the 30 % aluminum fiber composite explosive is the highest in all composite explosives. The effects of the 20 % and 40 % composite explosives are nearly equal to that of the 30 % explosive, and the different values of shock impulse among them do not exceed 5 %. The specific shock energy of the 20 % aluminum fiber composite explosive is the highest in all composite explosives. The bubble energy and explosion energy of composite explosives increase with increasing aluminum fiber contents.     

Effect of AP distribution on energy release characteristics and functional force of HMX/AP/Al explosives

In order to understand the reaction kinetics of HMX/AP/Al ternary system, the different distribution of AP in HMX/AP/Al explosives was realized by two different preparation techniques. Detonation test results show that the detonation velocity, explosion heat and detonation pressure of HAP samples are higher than those of HAl samples, but the extent of improvement is not high, not more than 5 %. The results of scanning electron microscopy showed that AP in HAP samples was distributed on the surface of HMX crystal. AP were dispersed around HMX crystals in HAl samples. The experimental results of explosive fireball performance show that the fireball expansion speed of HAP samples is better than that of HAl samples, demonstrating a good fireball effect. Underwater test results show that the shock wave peak pressure and bubble pulsation period of HAP samples increase by 3.06 % and 7.95 % respectively, and shock wave energy and bubble energy increase by 9.8 % and 25.42 % compared with bubble energy. The experimental results show that HAP samples are superior to HAl samples in accelerating ability of Al flies. The dispersion of AP on the HMX crystal surface promotes the energy release of HMX/AP/Al explosives more.     

Fireball and shock wave dynamics in the detonation of aluminized novel munitions

High-speed 4-kHz visible imagery from 13 field detonations of aluminized RDX munitions with varying liner compositions are collected to study shock wave and fireball dynamics. The Sedov-Taylor point blast model is fitted to shock front temporal history data, and blast wave characteristics are interpreted by varying the energy release factor s and blast dimensionality n. Assuming a constant rate of energy release (s = 1), the Sedov-Taylor model establishes a nearspherical expansion with the dimension n = 2.2–3.1 and shock energies of 0.5–8.9 MJ. These shock energies correspond to efficiencies of 2–15% of the RDX heats of detonation. A drag model for the fireball size yields a maximum radius of ≈5 m, which is consistent with the luminous fireball size in visible imagery, and initial shock speeds corresponding to Mach numbers of 4.7–8.2. Initial shock speeds are smaller than the RDX theoretical maximum speed by a factor of 3–4. Shock energy decreases if aluminum is in the liner rather than in the high explosive.     

壳体厚度和爆炸深度对水下爆炸冲击波的影响

根据Cole水下爆炸冲击波经验公式和C-J爆轰理论,用AUTODYN软件对带壳小药量装药水下爆炸进行数值模拟,计算了不同壳体厚度的TNT水下爆炸冲击波压力峰值,得到带壳装药水下爆炸冲击波峰值压力的拟合公式,分析了冲击波随装药壳厚与半径比以及爆炸深度的变化规律.结果表明,带壳装药水下爆炸的冲击波峰值压力随壳厚与装药半径比...     

Numerical Modeling Evaluation of Underwater Energies

The underwater detonation of explosives has been modeled using the one-dimensional code SIN. Conditions for the modeling are carefully chosen so that equilibrium product isentropes calculated with BKW equation of state can be used with enough accuracy. The characteristics of the shock wave and gas bubble pulsation are used for the evaluation of underwater energies. Values of the shock wave and bubble parameters obtained, and of the shock and bubble energies, are compared with data available from literature for both ideal and non-ideal explosives. The modeling appears to be able to predict fairly accurately the underwater energies of explosives with quasi-ideal behavior, while it overestimates energies of non-ideal compositions, particularly the shock energy.