高能推进剂钝感含能材料研究现状

钝感高能推进剂是当前固体推进剂的重要发展方向,降低高能固体推进剂感度主要技术途径是要采用低感度高能量的原材料,一方面是应用新型低感度含能原材料,另一方面是对现有含能原材料改性使之降低感度。高能推进剂所用钝感含能原材料主要分为3部分:能量高而感度低的氧化剂,低感度的含能黏合剂,低感度的含能增塑剂。在推进剂配方研制过程中通过选择应用这3类原材料来降低高能固体推进剂的感度,满足高能固体推进剂的钝感安全性能。论述了国内外上述3类钝感含能原材料的研究进展。     

复合钝感剂对梯黑铝炸药的钝感机理

为了降低梯黑铝类混合炸药的感度,采用微晶蜡、高分子预聚体、硝化纤维素等材料制成复合钝感剂,并将其加入到梯黑铝炸药中,测试了梯黑铝(THL90%/钝感剂10%)炸药的机械感度和抗过载安全性,初步探讨了复合钝感剂的钝感机理.结果表明,高分子预聚体PE、硝化纤维素对微晶蜡有较强的乳化作用,高分子预聚体、梯恩梯对硝化纤维素有熔胀与熔解作用.复合钝感剂的乳化作用是使炸药钝感的根本所在.钝感的梯黑铝炸药的摩擦感度为0,撞击感度为24%.     

钝感含能材料NNHT的研究进展

综述了2–硝亚氨基–5–硝基–六氢化–1,3,5–三嗪(NNHT)的制备方法、晶体结构、热性能及其在推进剂、枪炮发射药、气体发生剂等领域的应用,认为目前NNHT制备工艺尚存在问题,一定程度上制约了其大规模生产和应用。     

石墨烯在含能材料中的应用研究进展

从石墨烯及其复合物催化剂、石墨烯添加剂和石墨烯及其复合含能材料等3个方面,介绍了近年来石墨烯在含能材料应用方面的最新研究进展。认为石墨烯及其复合催化剂对推进剂含能组分具有明显的催化作用;添加石墨烯后,推进剂燃烧及力学性能得到改善;氧化石墨烯及石墨烯构成的钝感剂可降低含能材料的机械感度;石墨烯及其复合物含能材料具有优异的性能,更大的能量释放率。提出了石墨烯在含能材料领域的发展方向和应用前景。附参考文献42篇。     

新型多氮含能材料概述

主要从合成、物化性能方面简述了几类多氮含能材料:氨基/硝基杂环氮–氧化物、含能叠氮化合物、高氮化合物、钝感多氮高能炸药。结合国内外发展现状,指出了多氮含能材料技术未来发展的主要方向。     

钝感高能含能离子盐的研究进展

综述了四唑类、三唑类、咪唑和吡唑类、嗪类和硝基苯类以及非芳香类钝感高能含能离子盐的合成及熔点、热分解温度、密度、生成焓、撞击感度、爆压和爆速等性能。重点讨论了可作为RDX替代物的钝感高能含能离子盐的结构,并展望了其发展前景。附参考文献65篇。     

高分子钝感剂在发射药中的扩散性能研究

高分子钝感发射药是一类新出现的性能先进,用途广泛的发射药。高分子钝感发射药研制须重点解决成品药中钝感剂扩散性和钝感过程中钝感剂可扩散性问题,加强钝感剂扩散性能研究是解决这些问题的关键。本文总结归纳了影响钝感剂扩散性能的有关研究结果和理论,这对两分子钝感剂和钝感工艺是有益的。     

无机钝感剂在深钝感发射药中的应用研究

叙述无机钝感剂应用于发射药的钝感技术，根据密闭爆发器测试结果讨论了该钝感剂的钝感效果；用ＩＣＰ－ＡＥＳ法研究了该钝感剂的迁移量随老化温度和时间的变化规律；并用ＤＳＣ法分析了该钝感剂对发射药钝感层热分解性能的影响。     

高能钝感发射药在炮射导弹中的应用

通过理论分析、发射药选择、钝感药制备和弹道性能测试，研究了炮射导弹用高分子钝感GR发射药装药。结果表明：高分子钝感GR发射药用作炮射导弹发射药装药具有膛压低、初速高、炮口烟雾小等显著优点。新装药主要采用了GR发射药(一种含黑索今的高能发射药)、高氧含量的高分子钝感剂及其钝感工艺等新材料和新工艺。     

四唑含能材料研究进展

四唑化合物是一类重要的含能材料。综述了四唑化合物在气体发生剂及四唑聚合物在固体推进剂中的应用,并对四唑单体及四唑聚合物的合成进行了简述。     

纳米复合含能材料的制备研究

综述了纳米复合含能材料几种制备方法:溶胶-凝胶法、溶剂-非溶剂法、高能研磨法、超临界流体法、沉淀法、微乳液法.其中对这些方法的原理和优缺点进行了述评,并对这些方法在纳米复合含能材料制备过程中的具体应用进行了介绍,指出今后研究工作中应该注意的一些问题和研究重点.     

New plasticizers for energetic materials

Specific features of the synthesis of new nitroxy-containing N,N′-bis(alkylnitramine) mixtures have been considered. The results of studying the plasticizing ability of the mixtures with respect to various cellulose nitrates, as well as the performance data on energetic materials on their basis, have been reported. Combustion of both the plasticizers and compositions on their basis has been studied in detail.     

固体推进剂中新型含能材料研究进展

提高能量是固体推进剂研发过程中一直追求的主要目标,配方中加入新型含能材料是提高推进剂能量水平最重要的技术途径。作者介绍了近年来国内外在含能粘合剂、含能氧化剂、含能增塑剂和新型燃料添加剂方面的研究进展,并提出了固体推进剂在含能材料方面的发展趋势。     

Explosive risk criterion for energetic materials

The theoretical basis of laboratory shock sensitivity test procedures (methods of critical energies and critical pressures) of energetic materials is given. The quantitative criterion of explosive risk has been introduced and calculated by the example of model hydrogenous explosive material.     

纳米含能复合材料的研究进展

综述了纳米含能复合材料的最新研究进展,详细介绍了纳米含能复合材料的几种制备方法:sol–gel法、溶剂/非溶剂法、高能研磨法、超临界流体法和多孔硅/填充物复合法。对这些制备方法的原理和制品的性能及其应用进行了述评,并指出了纳米含能复合材料的发展方向和需要关注的重点。     

Explosive-Binder Adhesion and Dewetting in nitramine-filled energetic materials

The problems associated with poor explosive-binder adhesion in nitramine-filled energetic materials are reviewed. The phenomenon of dewetting and its consequences are discussed and a survey of the literature relating to specific adhesion promoters for RDX-filled systems is presented.     

Low-temperature combustion of energetic materials in filled polymer systems

In systems filled by inert additives, combustion of cellulose nitrate (CN) proceeds in a flameless low-temperature regime with a low linear burning rate. At a standard temperature, the exponent in the low of CN combustion in ballasted mixtures with inert additives in the pressure range of 0.1 to 10 MPa is several times lower than that of pure cellulose nitrate and amounts to 0.23. The qualitative and quantitative composition of gaseous products of flameless CN conversion is found. It is noted that this composition approximately corresponds to data available in the literature for the products of thermal decomposition of cellulose nitrate at comparatively low temperatures. Based on this fact and on a weak dependence of the CN burning rate on pressure in ballasted systems, the process under these conditions is assumed to be controlled by conversion of the energetic component predominantly in the condensed phase. In the case of a composite consisting of cellulose nitrate, silicon carbide, and polymer binder, for samples 10–25 mm in diameter, armoring exerts practically no effect on combustion parameters. Combustion of the same mixture with smaller diameters of non-armored samples is unstable. The presence of a liner establishes a clearly expressed critical combustion diameter in the examined systems. __________ Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 43, No. 3, pp. 98–102, May–June, 2007.     

Safer energetic materials by a nanotechnological approach

Energetic materials - explosives, thermites, populsive powders - are used in a variety of military and civilian applications. Their mechanical and electrostatic sensitivity is high in many cases, which can lead to accidents during handling and transport. These considerations limit the practical use of some energetic materials despite their good performance. For industrial applications, safety is one of the main criteria for selecting energetic materials. The sensitivity has been regarded as an intrinsic property of a substance for a long time. However, in recent years, several approaches to lower the sensitivity of a given substance, using nanotechnology and materials engineering, have been described. This feature article gives an overview over ways to prepare energetic (nano-)materials with a lower sensitivity.     

超细含能材料表征技术研究进展

综述了超细含能材料的表征技术研究现状,对超细含能材料的表征技术变化进行了分析,提出了今后的研究方向,即充分发挥多学科优势,进一步开展超细含能材料表征技术及作用机理的研究,以获得具有实际应用价值的超细含能材料的表征技术方法。