双掺合料模袋混凝土的孔隙特征研究

以大理石粉、硅粉、粉煤灰为矿物掺合料配制双矿物掺合料模袋混凝土,研究了不同矿物掺合种类及替代率的变化对模袋混凝土的力学性能影响,并采用核磁共振和气泡间距分析其孔隙变化特征,为探寻适合内蒙古河套灌区的模袋混凝土最优配合比方案奠定基础.结果 表明,双掺粉煤灰和大理石粉替代率在20％时,力学性能最好.双掺粉煤灰和硅粉对于孔隙结构的改善明显优于双掺粉煤灰和大理石粉,渗透率降低了49.4％,束缚流体饱和度提高了2.587％,随着替代率的变化,双掺粉煤灰和硅粉的孔隙度下降了0.182％,渗透率下降了89.8％,束缚水饱和度提高了8.296％,气泡间距系数增大了0.075 mm.将孔隙特征和力学性能对比发现,双掺合料模袋混凝土随着孔隙度下降,渗透率降低,束缚水饱和度增加,以及气泡间距系数增大,其强度逐渐升高.     

基于FTM方法的双气泡融合特性模拟

采用界面追踪法(FTM)对气泡融合现象进行数值模拟,将模拟结果与文献结果进行对比,验证了计算模型的准确性。结果表明,同轴双气泡上升速度均高于单独气泡的上升速度,且融合后气泡与等直径单气泡上升速度相同。气泡间距较小时,跟随气泡的上升速度更高。引导气泡的厄特沃什数Eo=0.36~9,Eo较大时两气泡上升阶段时间较短,但接触阶段时间较长,接触阶段气泡间的液膜在压力作用下逐渐变薄,最终破裂,气泡融合。Eo?4.16时,气泡融合所需时间随Eo增加而增加;Eo?4.16时,气泡融合所需时间不再变化。莫顿数Mo=0.57,Eo=5.04~18.72时,存在特定的双气泡初始角度?c,当0?≤?≤?c时,双气泡相互排斥;当?c≤?≤90?时,双气泡融合,且?c随Eo增加而降低.     

低温(3℃)养护条件下不同水胶比对引气混凝土孔结构参数及抗渗性的影响

针对西部寒冷以及盐渍土地区的灌注桩混凝土,主要研究了低温(3 ℃)养护环境下不同水胶比对引气混凝土孔结构参数以及抗渗性能的影响.试验结果表明:随着水胶比的增大,引气混凝土的孔隙率与气泡间距系数都呈现增大的趋势,低温养护条件下孔隙率与气泡间距系数大于标准养护条件下;低温养护条件下混凝土主要孔径分布范围明显大于标准养护条件;低温养护条件下混凝土抗渗性能小于标准养护条件下混凝土,随着水胶比的增大,抗氯离子渗透性能下降,水胶比越大,抗渗性能下降越快;混凝土电通量和氯离子迁移系数与混凝土孔结构参数(孔隙率、气泡间距系数、孔径分布)呈现高度正负相关.     

高原地区抗冻引气混凝土含气量设计方法研究

对高原与平原地区不同水胶比引气混凝土的含气量、气泡间距系数及抗冻耐久性指数进行测试,同时搜集整理国内外相关研究成果,研究分析了高原低气压环境对引气混凝土含气量损失、气泡间距系数变化及临界抗冻耐久性指数的影响。结果表明:相较于平原地区,高原低气压环境下引气混凝土含气量损失增大,硬化后混凝土含气量损失约1.0%~1.5%;硬化混凝土含气量与气泡间距系数的对数间存在良好的线性关系,但高原低气压环境可能劣化引气混凝土的气孔结构;硬化混凝土气泡间距系数与抗冻耐久性指数间也具有良好的线性关系,且不受环境气压影响;以引气混凝土气泡间距系数为桥梁,提出一种基于混凝土抗冻耐久性要求的高原地区引气混凝土含气量设计方法。     

剪切变稀流体中的单气泡生成行为

为了探究剪切变稀流体的流变性对气泡生成的影响,采用高速摄像仪对单气泡在剪切变稀流体[羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)水溶液]及牛顿流体(甘油水溶液)中的气泡生成过程进行研究,考察了剪切变稀流体的流变性对气泡在生成过程中的体积及形状的影响。结果表明:气泡生成体积及生成时间随流体黏度的增大而增大,在气泡颈形成之前的阶段,气泡体积增长速度随流体黏度的增大而减小,在气泡颈形成之后,气泡体积增长速度则随流体黏度的增大而增大,不同流体中气泡的长径比随着生成过程的进行均呈增大趋势,但在生成初期,长径比的增长速度随剪切变稀性的增大而减小,在生成后期,气泡长径比的增长速度则随剪切变稀性的增大而增大。     

气固流化床内鼓泡行为的离散颗粒数值模拟

采用离散颗粒数值模型探讨了气固流化床内多个气泡的运动规律. 数值计算考虑了颗粒与气体的相互作用以及颗粒间的相互作用,颗粒与气体的相互作用采用Gidaspow阻力修正公式,颗粒间的相互作用则采用硬球碰撞模式描述. 给出了一种在二维非结构网格下精确计算颗粒体积分数及两相全隐耦合求解颗粒速度的方法,同时,在硬球模型中对颗粒碰撞事件采用散列表的处理方法,大大提高了计算效率. 数值计算结果表明,由于多个气泡的相互作用而导致气泡的横向运动显著,气泡运动轨迹与气泡形状依赖于流化床内静压力的分布,气泡总是选择压力小、压差梯度大的路径上升,这一现象与气液分离流中气泡的运动规律类似.     

单气泡对层流自然对流传热影响的数值研究

在工业传热过程中，温度边界层的增厚严重降低了传热效率。研究发现在液相中加入气泡能提高相间的传热效率。采用VOF(流体体积法)研究单气泡注入对垂直管道内层流自然对流传热的影响，利用Boussinesq假设考虑自然对流的浮力项，分别研究相同气泡形状不同气泡尺寸以及相同气泡尺寸不同气泡形状对近壁流体自然对流传热的影响。结果表明：气泡直径越大，变形稳定后的上升速度和横向尺寸越大，对周围流场造成的扰动越剧烈，传热强化效果和传热强化影响区域增大；气泡直径相同时，随着Eo数的增大，气泡横向尺寸显著变大，传热增强效果变得明显。气泡注入影响传热增强的主要因素与气泡的横向尺寸和上升速度有关，横向尺寸和上升速度越大传热强化效果越好。     

剪切稠化流体内气泡上浮运动特性

剪切稠化流体是一种典型的非牛顿流体,研究气泡在其中的运动特性对优化设备结构、提高反应效率具有重要意义。文中采用流体体积(VOF)法,通过改变Gallilei数(Ga)、E?tv?s数(Eo)与流变指数(n),对牛顿流体(n=1)及剪切稠化流体(n>1)内气泡的形状、尾涡、终端速度和气泡周围液相黏度分布的变化进行了深入的数值研究。结果表明:气泡变形程度和尾涡尺寸随着Ga数或Eo数的增大而增加;剪切稠化效应会阻碍尾涡的形成,减小气泡的尾涡尺寸;气泡周围剪切速率的差异会导致气泡上方及尾部产生高黏度区域,该高黏度区域会随剪切稠化效应的增加而增大;气泡终端速度随Ga数的增大或流变指数n,Eo数的减小而增大。     

在拟牛顿和非牛顿型流体中气泡运动的理论和实验研究

T.Tsukada 等人对拟牛顿和非牛顿型流体中,气泡上升的形状和终端速度作了理论和实验的研究。对于非牛顿型流体,选用指数规律模型作为其构造模型。作者利用有限元数值分析法较好的预测了这类气泡的形状和上升速度。实验和理论研究都发现,无论是牛顿型流体或者是非牛顿型流体,随着气泡直径的增     

高气液密度比的传热相变复合模型

为研究两相流动中热量传递机制,基于格子Boltzmann热模型及大密度比模型,将相变源项引入到控制两相密度分布函数中,来描述温度场对气液相变的影响,提出了一个可以描述气液密度比达到2778的传热相变复合模型。通过对压力速度分布函数的回归修正克服了气液密度比过大造成的数值不稳定问题。模拟了溴化锂水溶液中双气泡的上升运动过程及周围的温度场分布,研究发现：双气泡上升时,碰撞前上方气泡温度高于下方气泡,碰撞时,两气泡间液桥打开,发生热量传递,气泡内部温度变得均匀;双气泡体积先减小再增大,碰撞时体积达到最大值,在融合成一个气泡后体积逐渐缩小,最终趋于稳定;初始气泡的体积越大,气泡上升过程中的速度越大。     

Numerical Study on Interaction Between Two Bubbles Rising Side by Side in CMC Solution

A numerical simulation was performed to investigate the interaction of two bubbles rising side by side in shear-thinning fluid using volume of fluid (VOF) method coupled with continuous surface force (CSF) method. By considering rheological characteristics of fluid, this approach was able to accurately capture the deformation of bubble interface, and validated by comparing with the experimental results. The rising of bubble pairs with different configurations, including horizontal alignment and oblique alignment, was simulated by the method. The influences of the bubble initial distance and the bubble alignment were studied by analyzing the bubble deformation, rising paths and flow fields surrounding bubbles. The results indicate that within certain initial bubble spacing of S^* 3.3 (S^* S_I/D, S_I initial distance between bubbles, and D bubble diameter), the dynamic interaction between two bubbles aligned horizontally shows repulsive effect that decreases with the increase of initial bubble spacing, but weakens to certain degree by the shear-thinning properties of fluid. However, the interaction between two bubbles aligned obliquely presents a repulsive effect for the small angle involved but an attractive impact for the large one, which is yet strengthened by the rheological characteristics of fluid.     

气泡群上升过程相互作用的格子 Boltzmann三维数值模拟

应用格子Boltzmann自由能模型,在三维空间里模拟了大密度比气泡群在静止的黏性不可压缩流体中上升过程以及它们之间的相互作用。为了避免气液密度比过大造成数值不稳定问题,采用八点差分和十八点差分格式分别求解一阶1586Φ和二阶1586²Φ。模拟结果表明,气泡的初始大小和初始位置影响上升气泡周围的流场以及形状变化。当直径相同的气泡群上升时,位置靠下的气泡会受到位置靠上气泡尾迹的影响,并有很明显的形状变化。气泡之间的影响程度取决于两气泡之间的距离及相对位置,并且随着距离增加而逐渐减小。然而直径不同的气泡群上升时,不管初始位置如何,大气泡总会对小气泡造成强烈的影响。     

液相中气泡上升行为与界面传质:实验研究与数值计算

在工业生产过程中，气泡在液相中的上升行为及气液界面的传质行为极为常见。本文针对不同条件下气泡上升过程的实验研究方法以及数值计算方法进行了总结。从实验与数值计算的角度，综述了单气泡上升过程的影响因素、多气泡上升过程聚并与破裂的现象和机理以及工业装置中气液两相流型和气泡特性，并对传质模型进行了归纳，主要关注了气侧-界面传质模型的研究现状。综述结果表明：当前对于单气泡上升行为的研究较为充分，而对于多气泡的行为机理的研究尚需深入。此外，受到研究手段的限制，进行气侧-界面传质模型研究具有一定挑战性。针对当前的相关研究进展和存在的问题，对今后气泡上升行为和传质行为的研究提出以下建议，即开展气泡聚并与破裂可控性研究，强化对气侧-界面传质过程的研究，包括泡内流体行为可视化研究和相关传质模型的建立。     

A three-dimensional CFD study of the hydrodynamic behavior of equal and unequal-sized in-line methane bubbles at high pressure

The hydrodynamic behavior of multiple bubbles rising upward is a field of ongoing research since various aspects of their interaction require further analysis. Shape deformation, rise velocity, and drag coefficient are some of the uncertainties to be determined in a bubble upward flow. For this study the predictions of the three-dimensional numerical simulations of the volume of fluid (VOF) CFD model were first compared with experimental results available in the literature, serving as benchmark cases. Next, 28 cases of pairs of equal and unequal-sized in-line pairs of bubbles moving upwards were simulated. The bubble size varied between 2.0–10 mm. Breakthrough of the present study is the small initial distance of 2.5 R between the center of the bubbles. To provide a more practical nature in this study material properties were selected to match methane gas and seawater properties at deepsea conditions of 15 MPa and 4 °C, thus yielding a fluid-to-bubble density ratio λ = 7.45 and viscosity ratio n = 100.46. This is one of the few studies to report results of the coalescence procedure in this context. The hydrodynamic behavior of the leading and trailing bubbles was thoroughly studied. Simulation results of the evolution of the rise velocity and the shape deformation with time indicate that the assumption that the leading bubble is rising as a free rising single one is not valid for bubbles between 2.0–7.0 mm. Finally, results of the volume of the daughter bubble exhibited an oscillating nature.     

Three‐dimensional numerical simulation of coalescence and interactions of multiple horizontal bubbles rising in shear‐thinning fluids

The dynamics of multiple horizontal bubbles rising from different orifice arrangements in shear‐thinning fluids was simulated numerically by three‐dimensional Volume of Fluid method. The effects of bubble size, rheological properties of shear‐thinning fluids, and orifice structure arrangements on multiple bubbles interaction and coalescence were analyzed, and the mechanisms of bubble coalescence and breakup were fully discussed and elucidated. The variation of bubble rising velocity during coalescence process and freely rising processes for different orifice arrangements was also deeply investigated. The critical initial horizontal intervals for coalescence of multiple horizontal bubbles with various orifice arrangements were attained by simulation, which could serve as the critical criterion of bubble coalescence or noncoalescence. Furthermore, the critical bubble interval was predicted based on the film drainage model, the prediction accords well with the simulation result and is quite conducive for the design and optimization of perforated gas–liquid contact equipment. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 3528–3546, 2015     

非牛顿流体中的两并行运动气泡周围流场及气泡间相互作用的PIV研究

The flow fields surrounding two parallel moving bubbles rising from two identical orifices submerged in non-Newtonian fluid of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) solution of three different mass concentration were measured experimentally by the use of particle image velocimetry (PIV). The influences of gas flowrate, solution mass concentration, orifice interval and the angle between two bubble centers line and vertical direction on the flow field surrounding bubbles were discussed respectively by analyzing the velocity vector, velocity contours as well as individual velocity components. The results show that the liquid velocity both in front of two bubbles and behind increases with gas flowrate duo to shear-thinning effect of previous bubbles, whereas decreases with the increase of CMC concentration due to the increase of drag force acting on bubbles. The effect of the orifice interval on the flow field around two moving bubbles becomes gradually obvious as the interval becomes closer. Moreover, two adjacent side-by-side bubbles repulse each other during rising, leading to the practical interval between them increased somewhat above the orifice interval. When the distance between bubbles is less than the orifice interval l0 mm, the interaction between two neighboring bubbles changed from mutual repellence to attraction with the decrease of the angle of the line of linking two bubble centers to the vertical direction.     

拟塑性流体中伴有聚并的气泡上升混沌特征(英文)

The chaotic characteristics of bubbles rising with accompanying coalescences in pseudoplastic aqueous carboxymethylcellulose sodium (CMC) solution were studied by means of smoothed pseudo Wigner-Ville distribution and Wigner-Hough distribution. The temporal signal of bubble passage was measured utilizing a photoconductive data acquisition system. As bubble coalescence occurred, the smoothed pseudo Wigner-Ville distribution of the signal revealed that the signal could be divided into low-frequency and high-frequency ranges and the transition range according to the distribution feature of frequency domain, which reflected eddy motion of fluid, high frequency fluctuations of fluid velocity and other random components measured in the signal, and bubbles rising accompanied with coalescences, respectively. However, bubble coalescence occurred in the lower position and the frequency range of bubbles motion became wide under higher gas flowrate, while the frequency range of bubbles motion became narrow when the CMC concentration increased. The typical dynamics of bubbles motion, such as periodicity, bifurcation and chaos, could be easily found in terms of the Wigner-Hough distribution.     

Motion and coalescence of a pair of bubbles rising side by side

Bouncing and coalescence of a pair of slightly deformed bubbles rising side by side in a quiescent liquid are experimentally studied. The trajectories and shapes of the bubbles are investigated in detail by using a high-speed video camera. The wakes of bubbles are visualized by using a photochromic dye that is colored with UV light irradiation. We observe that the patterns of the trajectories of rising bubbles are strongly dependent on the Reynolds number. When the Reynolds number is over the critical region, two bubbles approach each other and then collide. After the collision, two types of motions are observed—coalescence and bouncing. We investigate the critical Reynolds number and Weber number over which the bubbles bounce. In the definitions of these numbers, we use vertical velocity, instead of horizontal one, as the characteristic velocity. We clarify that the critical Weber number is around 2 regardless of the Morton number. The critical Reynolds number decreases with an increase in the Morton number. Moreover, the visualization of the wake of bubbles enables us to observe the vortex separation from the rear surface of the bubbles on collision. We find that the vortex separation from the rear of bouncing bubbles causes a decrease in the rising velocity and an increase in the horizontal speed after their collision. We also observe that the behavior of repeatedly bouncing bubbles is significantly influenced by the wake instability of a single bubble rather than by the bubble-bubble interaction. By applying an existing model for spherical bubble-bubble interaction, we clarify that the revised model accurately describes the trajectory of a pair of slightly deformed bubbles using the restitution coefficient and velocity fluctuation from the experimental results.