热输入对LNG运输车储罐用9Ni钢埋弧焊接头组织和性能的影响

通过埋弧焊的方法,采用三种线能量对22mm厚的9Ni钢板进行对接焊,对焊接接头金相组织进行观察,并对接头进行拉伸、弯曲、冲击、硬度等试验检验。结果表明,采用三种线能量的埋弧焊接头粗晶区组织均为马氏体,不完全正火区组织为回火马氏体和少量奥氏体,随着热输入的增加马氏体板条粗化;三种线能量的埋弧焊接头拉伸、弯曲性能均合格,随着线能量的增加,接头抗拉强度基本没有影响,而焊缝和热影响区-192℃冲击功均降低,且焊接热输入对HAZ冲击韧性影响比焊缝大;硬度测试结果表明,焊缝和热影响区硬度值均明显高于母材,临近母材的热影响区边界处均出现一个软化区,随热输入的增加,焊缝及热影响区最高硬度均提高,而软化区硬度几乎不变。     

SMA490BW耐候钢窄间隙激光填丝焊接头组织与性能

采用窄间隙激光填丝焊的方法并选取优化的焊接工艺参数焊接了高速列车转向架用16 mm厚的SMA490BW耐候钢,焊后通过拉伸、弯曲试验、显微硬度测试及微观组织观察,分析了窄间隙接头的组织与性能。试验结果表明:焊接接头成形良好,未见明显缺陷;填丝焊的焊缝中心组织由针状铁素体和少量粒状贝氏体组成,冲击韧性良好;热影响区主要有针状铁素体、粒状贝氏体及魏氏组织,接头的最高硬度值出现在焊接热影响区的细晶区。接头拉伸试样断于母材,试样弯曲180°未开裂,在-40℃进行冲击试验,冲击性能良好,因此焊接接头的力学性能良好。     

P22钢管焊接接头的组织结构和力学性能

采用手工电弧焊(SMAW)对P22钢管进行全截面对接焊,测试分析焊接接头的组织结构、抗拉强度、弯曲性能、硬度和夏比V型冲击性能。结果表明:焊接接头质量良好,抗拉强度为515 MPa,侧弯试样均无裂纹;20℃下焊缝、热影响区和熔合线的冲击吸收能量分别为150 J、317 J、305 J,焊缝区、热影响区硬度分别为213~223 HV10、185~223 HV10;力学性能均符合BS EN ISO 15614-1∶2004+A2∶2012标准;焊缝、热影响区显微组织分别为粒状贝氏体和铁素体+粒状贝氏体,且热影响区可分为过热重结晶区、重结晶细晶粒区和不完全重结晶区;接头不同区域的组织结构与硬度分布相符。     

P355NL2正火处理细晶粒钢焊接接头的组织与性能研究

采用MAG焊对P355NL2正火细晶粒钢制作了一组全熔透对接焊缝接头,通过拉伸、弯曲、冲击、硬度及显微金相试验对焊接接头的组织与性能进行研究。结果显示:P355NL2钢焊接接头抗拉性能及弯曲性能均合格,具备良好的塑性、韧性;硬度值分布,母材略低、热影响区略高一些,均在标准要求值范围内;焊缝、热影响区冲击功值均高于标准要求值,具备良好的低温冲击韧性。接头的金相显示焊缝区主要为共析铁素体组织,热影响区主要由铁素体和珠光体组成,并沿母材轧制方向呈带状分布。     

12Cr密封面SAW和GMAW堆焊工艺研究

针对SAW和GMAW在阀体材料上堆焊12Cr密封面进行了焊接工艺评定试验。利用光学显微镜分析了焊接接头热影响区(粗晶区)金属的显微组织;并进行了拉伸、弯曲、冲击试验和焊缝及热影响区的显微硬度测试。结果表明,2.25Cr-1Mo阀体材料具有较强的冷裂倾向,焊前需250℃以上的温度预热;GMAW焊试样得到的焊接接头性能略优于SAW焊试样,两种工艺方法得到的接头性能均满足密封面要求。     

LNG储罐用9Ni钢焊接接头的组织与性能

采用手工电弧焊、埋弧焊对9Ni钢板进行焊接,采用光学显微镜（OM）、扫描电镜（SEM）、透射电镜（TEM）观察焊缝及热影响区的组织,通过拉伸、弯曲、冲击、硬度试验研究了焊接接头的力学性能。结果表明,两种焊接方法下焊缝组织主要由奥氏体和析出相组成,焊接热影响区组织主要为板条马氏体;焊缝的化学成分与母材匹配良好,焊接接头强度高、低温冲击性能和弯曲性能良好。     

900MPa低合金高强度结构钢焊接工艺试验

900MPa高强度结构钢具有较高的应用价值,正得到一定的重视,其焊接质量的高低直接影响了焊接结构的使用寿命。对该钢种分别采用SMAW和GMAW进行平焊位置的焊接,测试焊接接头的拉伸、弯曲和冲击性能,观察焊接接头的金相组织,并进行接头的硬度分布分析。结果表明:GMAW焊焊接接头抗拉强度高达941 MPa,比SMAW焊接头要高。两种焊接方法得到的焊接接头的弯曲性能合格,焊接接头各区组织的不均匀性造成了接头硬度分布不均匀和冲击韧性差异,其中用SMAW焊接头焊缝区和热影响区的低温冲击功低于GMAW焊接接头。     

焊接工艺参数对 9Ni钢焊接接头组织 及弯曲性能的影响

在保证小热输入的前提下,采用不同的焊接工艺参数对9Ni钢进行焊条电弧焊,观察焊接接头金相组织,并对接头进行拉伸、硬度、冲击、弯曲试验,研究焊接电流电压及层间温度对焊缝组织及弯曲性能的影响。结果表明:两种焊接工艺参数下的焊缝组织均由奥氏体和析出相组成,采用较大焊接电流电压及不控制层间温度工艺的焊缝中出现明显的液化裂纹,热影响区组织中出现粒状贝氏体,采用较小焊接电流电压工艺的热影响区组织为板条马氏体。两种焊接工艺参数下的焊接接头拉伸、冲击、硬度试验均合格,采用较大焊接电流电压工艺,焊接接头的冲击值略低,热影响区的硬度值较低,接头塑性较差,在外力作用下裂纹沿着热影响区扩展导致弯曲断裂。采用小电流电压值焊接接头的塑性良好,弯曲试验合格。     

热切割热影响区对Q345E焊接接头组织和性能的影响

通过对火焰切割试样和机械加工试样焊接接头的抗裂性试验、拉伸试验、冲击试验、弯曲试验、显微硬度试验以及金相分析,研究了热切割热影响区对Q345E焊接接头组织和性能的影响.结果表明,火焰切割试样焊接接头的焊接热影响区比机械加工试样焊接接头的焊接热影响区宽,硬度低;两种焊接接头都具有良好的抗裂性能、冲击性能、拉伸和弯曲性能.组织大体相同:焊缝为先共析铁素体呈树枝状晶分布,热影响区为沿晶界析出的块状铁素体,母材为呈带状分布的铁素体+珠光体.所以,焊前直接采用火焰切割坡口的工艺可行.     

BWELDY960焊接工艺性及接头力学性能研究

对40 mm的BWELDY960高强钢的焊接冷裂敏感性和焊接接头的力学性能进行了试验研究。结果表明:焊前120℃预热,可以有效防止焊缝产生冷裂纹;使用T Union GM 120焊丝,采用激光-电弧复合打底焊、双丝MAG填充盖面焊焊接BWELDY960高强钢时,焊接接头具有良好的拉伸、弯曲和冲击性能。接头上部的焊缝组织为马氏体,上部的过热区组织为马氏体和贝氏体;根部的焊缝组织为贝氏体,根部的过热区组织为马氏体和贝氏体。焊缝和热影响区的硬度与母材硬度没有明显的区别,热影响区的软化不明显。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.