1561铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头微观组织分析

采用恒压力控制模式对4 mm厚1561铝合金板材进行了搅拌摩擦焊接试验,并对接头微观组织进行了研究. 结果表明,随着由母材向焊缝中心过渡,晶粒尺寸呈先增大后减小的趋势,小角度晶界占比和位错密度持续降低. 其中,热影响区晶粒在焊接热循环的作用下发生长大. 热力影响区由被拉长的条状晶粒及细小等轴晶组成,表明此区域发生部分动态再结晶. 搅拌区晶粒呈细小的等轴晶形态,说明该区域发生了完全动态再结晶. 与母材区数量较小且尺寸较大的沉淀相相比,搅拌区存在大量尺寸较小的Al₆Mn相,说明此区域沉淀相发生了先溶解再析出的过程. 同时,搅拌区存在明显的位错墙和亚晶界等亚结构,表现出连续动态再结晶的组织形成特征. 搅拌区内Al₆Mn相主要分布在位错上,起到了钉扎位错并阻碍再结晶晶粒长大的作用.     

2A14-T4铝合金T形接头静轴肩搅拌摩擦焊组织结构与力学性能

采用静轴肩搅拌摩擦焊接法（SSFSW）在不同的焊接速度下制备了2A14-T4铝合金T形接头。在优化的焊接工艺参数下,可以得到光滑的T形接头焊缝表面。结果表明：焊接熔核区（WNZ）的显微组织为完全动态再结晶产生的细小等轴晶,第2次焊核区（WNZ2）的平均晶粒尺寸最大,焊接重合区（WNOZ）次之,第1次焊核区（WNZ1）的平均晶粒尺寸最小。WNZ的再结晶机制主要是几何动态再结晶,并伴有部分连续动态再结晶。WNZ1和WNZ2织构类型为弱{111}<110>,而WNOZ经过2次搅拌后织构类型为弱{100}<001>。热机械影响区（TMAZ）发生塑性变形,而热影响区（HAZ）只受到焊接热循环作用,不发生塑性变形和晶粒的动态再结晶。WNZ的硬度较高,硬度最低的区域位于靠近TMAZ的HAZ。随着焊接速度的增加,接头抗拉伸强度先增大后减小。底板和加强板的主要断裂形式是脆性/韧性混合断裂。     

6N01铝合金FSW接头微观组织及力学性能研究

采用搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)对厚度为4 mm的6N01铝合金进行不同工艺的平板对接试验。使用光学显微镜(OM)、显微硬度仪及微控电子万能试验机对接头微观组织、显微硬度及力学性能进行表征。结果表明,6N01铝合金FSW接头由焊核区(WNZ)、热机影响区(TMAZ)及热影响区(HAZ)组成;WNZ组织为细小的等轴晶;TMAZ组织发生较大程度的变形;AS(前进侧)TMAZ与WNZ分界线明显,而RS (后退侧)TMAZ相对较为模糊;HAZ仅受热循环作用,组织比母材稍有粗化;WNZ显微硬度可达65 HV,AS TMAZ的显微硬度低于RS TMAZ,硬度最小值位于AS TMAZ;焊接速度为400 mm/min,转速为1200 r/min时,接头的抗拉强度达到最大值169.50 MPa。拉伸试样起裂部位在AS TMAZ与HAZ的过渡处,然后向WNZ扩展。断裂形式为韧性断裂。     

7075铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头沉淀相析出行为

利用搅拌摩擦焊(friction stir welding,FSW)技术对厚度为6 mm的7075铝合金进行平板对焊,使用金相显微镜、显微维氏硬度仪对7075铝合金FSW接头进行微观组织观察和显微维氏硬度测试,使用X射线衍射仪(X-ray diffraction,XRD)对合金进行物相分析,使用透射电镜(transmission electron microscopy,TEM)对接头焊核区(welding nugget zone,WNZ)、热机影响区(thermal-mechanically affected zone,TMAZ)、热影响区(heat affected zone,HAZ)及母材(base metal,BM)中的沉淀相分布、形貌等进行观察,并对沉淀相的晶格条纹间距进行计算。研究结果表明,7075铝合金FSW接头的组织及显微维氏硬度分布极其不均匀;接头中沉淀相主要有棒状MgZn_2和椭圆状AlCuMg两种,沉淀相种类与形状不同,强化效果不同,AlCuMg强化效果好于MgZn_2;WNZ中沉淀相主要是AlCuMg,加之细晶强化,显微维氏硬度较高;相比WNZ,TMAZ中沉淀相AlCuMg数量少,MgZn_2相对增多,强化效果相对减弱,导致显微维氏硬度降低;HAZ中的MgZn_2相对更多,加工硬化和细晶强化效果减弱,HAZ与TMAZ交界处显微维氏硬度达到接头的最低值。     

低活化铁素体–马氏体钢搅拌摩擦焊接头组织和性能分析

文中对9% Cr低活化铁素体-马氏体钢搅拌摩擦焊接头的组织和性能进行了分析.结果表明,搅拌摩擦焊接头不同区域微观组织存在明显的差异.搅拌区内奥氏体的动态再结晶引起晶粒细化和马氏体转变,并且晶界M₂₃C₆相溶解,晶内M₃C相析出;热力影响区组织变化与搅拌区相似,但晶粒尺寸明显大于母材;热影响区和母材区均表现回火组织特征.搅拌区硬度显著提高,分布均匀;热力影响区硬度值变化较大;热影响区发生软化,其硬度值在接头区域最低.随着拉伸测试温度的增加,搅拌区的屈服强度单调降低,抗拉强度先增大后减小,而断后伸长率先减小后增大.     

2219-O铝合金的搅拌摩擦焊接

对2219-O铝合金进行了搅拌摩擦焊接,采用光学显微镜分析了接头的微观组织,采用拉伸试验方法评价了接头的力学性能.微观分析表明,在热机循环的共同作用下,焊核区(WNZ)发生了动态再结晶,形成了细小的等轴晶粒,并且沉淀相的数量较其它各区有所增加;热机影响区(TMAZ)晶粒被拉长、弯曲,发生了动态回复和部分再结晶,晶粒内部开始有新的晶粒生成;热影响区(HAZ)的晶粒发生粗化.力学性能测试结果表明,当转速为800r/min,焊接速度为200～400 mm/min时,接头与母材等强度,断裂发生在母材区;当焊接速度大于400mm/min时,接头的抗拉强度很低,断裂发生在缺陷处.     

7075铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头断裂过程分析

使用搅拌摩擦焊(friction stir welding,FSW)设备对厚度为6 mm的7075铝合金平板进行对接试验,利用MTS液压伺服试验机对7075铝合金FSW接头进行拉伸卸载试验,借助Olympus金相显微镜对接头损伤行为进行观察,使用有限元软件ABAQUS对7075铝合金FSW接头在拉伸过程中的应力状态进行计算分析。结果表明,7075铝合金FSW接头在拉伸过程中,微裂纹分别在前进侧热影响区(HAZ)与热机影响区(TMAZ)交界处及焊核区(WNZ)底部形成,最终前进侧HAZ与TMAZ交界处裂纹发展成主裂纹,主裂纹沿着HAZ与TMAZ的交界扩展导致接头断裂。7075铝合金FSW接头拉伸过程中在厚度方向上出现挠曲变形,并且三向应力度在WNZ与TMAZ交界处和TMAZ与HAZ交界处存在突变,从而加剧微裂纹扩展。     

7075铝合金搅拌摩擦焊工艺对接头沉淀相析出行为影响

采用搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)对厚度为6mm的7075铝合金进行不同工艺下的平板对接试验,使用光学显微镜、显微硬度仪、X射线衍射仪(XRD)及透射电镜(TEM)对接头微观组织、显微硬度及沉淀相种类与形貌进行分析。结果表明:接头中沉淀相主要有棒状MgZn_2、椭圆状AlCuMg以及胶囊状Al_2CuMg三种,AlCuMg和Al_2CuMg强化效果好于MgZn_2的。焊核区(WNZ)中沉淀相主要是AlCuMg与Al_2CuMg,显微硬度较高;相比WNZ,热机影响区(TMAZ)中沉淀相AlCuMg和Al_2CuMg相对较少,MgZn_2相对较多,显微硬度降低;热影响区(HAZ)中的MgZn_2相对更多,显微硬度进一步降低。随着转速(ω)的增加,WNZ和TMAZ中沉淀相尺寸增大,显微硬度先升高后降低;HAZ中沉淀相尺寸和数量变化不大。随着焊速(v)的增加,WNZ、TMAZ和HAZ中沉淀相数量增多、尺寸变小,显微硬度有所上升。     

6005A铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的晶间腐蚀行为

对6005A铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的晶间腐蚀行为进行了研究.结果表明,母材的晶间腐蚀倾向最大,热影响区(HAZ)次之,焊核区(NZ)和热力影响区(TMAZ)的晶间腐蚀倾向最低.结合场发射扫描电镜、高分辨透射电镜分析解释了接头不同区域的腐蚀行为:母材的晶间腐蚀是两组微电池效应的结果,即晶界析出相/沉淀无析出带(PFZ)和铝基体/PFZ;HAZ内晶界析出相的数量的减少、间距的变大及晶内Q'相的析出显著改善了该区的晶间腐蚀性,但晶内Q'相的析出也引起了点蚀的发生;NZ和TMAZ内绝大部分的合金元素固溶于基体,抑制了晶间腐蚀的发生.     

7075铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头断裂机理

使用MTS拉伸试验机和扫描电镜加载台分别对7075铝合金FSW接头进行拉伸卸载和原位拉伸试验,并借助Olympus金相显微镜对卸载后接头损伤行为进行观察,使用有限元软件ABAQUS对接头在拉伸过程中的应力状态进行分析. 结果表明,7075铝合金FSW接头在拉伸过程中微裂纹分别在前进侧热影响区(HAZ)与热力影响区(TMAZ)交界处和焊核区(WNZ)底部形核,最终前进侧HAZ与TMAZ交界处裂纹发展成主裂纹,主裂纹沿HAZ与TMAZ交界扩展导致接头断裂. 原位拉伸试验接头同样在该区域发生断裂. 该处由于三向应力度较高、显微硬度较低、过渡组织不连续以及沉淀相MgZn2取向分布而成为整个7075铝合金FSW接头的最薄弱环节.     

氧化物弥散强化材料的搅拌摩擦焊分析

为了探索搅拌摩擦焊技术应用于氧化物弥散强化材料的可焊接性及其基本特点,文中对厚度为4 mm的氧化物弥散强化铜合金进行了焊接试验,并对焊接接头的宏观形貌、微观组织、显微维氏硬度进行了分析. 发现焊接接头横截面由搅拌区、热力影响区、热影响区和母材区4部分组成. 前进侧热影响区与热力影响区形成明显的分界线,后退侧则相对模糊. 搅拌区的组织为细小的等轴晶粒,出现了洋葱环和L线,热力影响区晶粒沿一定方向发生形变,热影响区组织粗化. 沿焊缝横截面的显微维氏硬度呈V形分布,其中搅拌区硬度值最低.     

Asymmetric microstructure and fracture behaviour of friction stir welded joints of 2024 aluminium alloy under cyclical load

In this study, the effect of asymmetric microstructure on fracture behaviour of friction stir welded joints of 2024-O aluminium alloy under cyclical load was investigated via optical microscopes, electron backscattering diffraction, microhardness and infrared thermography, and digital imaging correlation (DIC). The results demonstrate that the thermo-mechanical affected zone (TMAZ) at retreating side possesses a relatively higher fraction of low-angle grain boundaries and coincidence site lattice boundaries in comparison to that at the advancing side (AS), which results in the strain localisation and fracture path along the region between nugget zone and TMAZ at the AS under cyclical load. The profile of microhardness presents the asymmetric characteristic as well. The temperature evolution of the joint obtained by infrared camera is in good agreement with strain distribution measured by DIC. The thermography proves to be generally sufficient to predict the fracture path before failure under cyclical load.     

Development of novel heating tool friction stir spot welding (HT-FSSW) for AZ31 magnesium alloy

In this work, a new heating tool friction stir spot welding (HT-FSSW) process was developed, and its impacts on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the welded AZ31 magnesium alloy joints were investigated by microstructure observation, tensile tests and microhardness tests. An increase in the heating tool temperature resulted in a decrease in the grain size of the stir zone (SZ) and an increase in the grain size of the thermomechanically affected zone (TMAZ). The rising heating tool temperature also aggrandised the bonded zone width and enhanced the tensile shear load strength per unit area of the HT-FSSW welded joints. With an increase in the heating tool temperature, the microhardness of SZ increased while that of the TMAZ decreased. Moreover, the slope of the Hall–Petch relationship between microhardness and grain size of the TMAZ is larger than that of the SZ.     

Relationship Between Microstructures and Microhardness in High-Speed Friction Stir Welding of AA6005A-T6 Aluminum Hollow Extrusions

AA6005 A-T6 aluminum hollow extrusions were friction stir welded at a fixed high welding speed of 2000 mm/min and various rotation speeds. The results showed that the heat-aff ected zone(HAZ) retained the similar grain structure as the base material except some grain coarsening, and the density of dislocations and β′ precipitates were almost unchanged, indicating that the high welding speed inhibited the coarsening and dissolution of β″ precipitates via fast cooling rate. The thermo-mechanically aff ected zone(TMAZ) was characterized by elongated and rotated grains, in which a low density of β′ precipitates and the highest density of dislocations were observed. The highest heat input and severest plastic deformation occurring in the nugget zone(NZ) resulted in the occurrence of dynamic recrystallization and a high density of dislocations. Hence, all the β″ precipitates and most of the β′ precipitates dissolved into the matrix, and a few β′ precipitates were transformed into β precipitates. The microhardness was controlled by the precipitation and solution strengthening in the HAZ, by the dislocation and precipitation strengthening in the TMAZ, and by the fine-grain and dislocation strengthening in the NZ. With the increase in rotation speed, the peak and the lowest microhardness value increased monotonously.     

0Cr18Ni9不锈钢搅拌摩擦焊接头的微观组织和性能

采用搅拌摩擦焊工艺对3mm厚0Cr18Ni9不锈钢板进行了对接焊接。焊接接头内形成了焊核区、热力影响区和热影响区三个区域。焊核区由动态再结晶组织构成;热力影响区内的组织发生了不同程度的变形;热影响区由不完全再结晶组织构成。焊核区发生了明显的加工硬化现象,其显微硬度(HV)与母材相比提高了22%。在搅拌头旋转速度600r/min、焊接速度70mm/min下,接头的拉伸强度最高,达到412MPa。     

Interior dislocation behavior in superplastic deformation of 8090 Al-Li alloy

1lNTRODUCTl0NInteriordislocationslipisoneoftheimpor-tantaccomodationmechanisminsuperplasticde-f....ti..[1~10J,inwhichthegrainsarerefinedbydynamicrecrystallization.Butthesuperplas-ticdeformationprocessleadstodifferentgrainsizesatvariousstagesandcausesachangeingrainboundaryslidingquantity,italsomakestlieaccommodatingmechanismsatvariousstagesshowdifferentfunctions,especiallydislocationslipmechanism.Therefore,itissignificantf0rthisinvestigationtoreplenishthecurrenttheoryofsuperplasticdeformati…     

Relationship between microstructure, microhardness and corrosion sensitivity of an AA 2024-T3 friction stir welded joint

Corrosion sensitivity of a friction stir welded (FSW) AA2024-T3 aluminum alloy has been investigated using both normalized intergranular corrosion test (ASTM-G110) and local electrochemical open circuit potential measurements. In addition, Vickers microhardness and microstructural analysis have been performed.The HAZ close to the TMAZ is the most sensitive to intergranular corrosion because of the presence of continuous lines of S′(S) intergranular precipitates at grain boundaries. Pitting corrosion is due to the intermetallic particles. Their fragmentation produced by stirring effect modifies the pitting corrosion behavior. Microhardness variations depend on the relative volume fraction of GPB zones and S′(S) intragranular precipitates.