基于FPGA及RBF神经网络的电磁无损检测技术

电磁无损检测技术是无损检测领域的一个研究重点,针对电磁无损检测技术中的超声波处理,提出了一种基于FPFA的参数优化的RBF神经网络;首先,通过FPGA编程实现对电磁超声波信号的采集,设计了放大电路将原始的电磁超声波进行放大处理已满足RBF神经网络的需求;提出一种采用K-means聚类算法来计算RBF中径向基函数的中心和宽度的参数优化RBF算法,K-means聚类算法的初始聚类中心难以确定会导致RBF算法的参数无法优化,提出KL散度,采用数据密度分析法来计算K-means算法的聚类中心;试验表明,改进后的K-means算法的聚类误差的数量级为10~(-12),传统K-means算法的聚类误差为10~(-13),改进后的K-means算法的聚类结果更准;参数优化后的RBF神经神级网络对具有1.02 mm缺陷长度的发动机涡轮叶片的缺陷长度预测结果为0.9~1.1 mm,传统的RBF神经网络的预测结果为0.7~1.2 mm,参数优化后的RBF神经网络的预测结果更准确。     

POWER QUALITY DISTURBANCE CLASSIFICATION USING S-TRANSFORM AND RADIAL BASIS NETWORK

This article presents an artificial neural network (ANN)-based approach for power quality (PQ) disturbance classification. The input features of the ANN are extracted using S-transform. The features obtained from the S-transform are distinct, understandable, and immune to noise. These features after normalization are given to radial basis function (RBF) neural networks. The data required to develop the network are generated by simulating various faults in a test system. The proposed method requires a lesser number of features and less memory space without losing its original property. The simulation results show that the proposed method is effective and can classify the disturbance signals even under a noisy environment.     

Forest Above Ground Biomass Estimation from Remotely Sensed Imagery in the Mount Tai Area Using the RBF ANN Algorithm

Forest biomass is a significant indicator for substance accumulation and forest succession, and can provide valuable information for forest management and scientific planning. Accurate estimations of forest biomass at a fine resolution are important for a better understanding of the forest productivity and carbon cycling dynamics. In this study, considering the low efficiency and accuracy of the existing biomass estimation models for remote sensing data, Landsat 8 OLI imagery and field data cooperated with the radial basis function artificial neural network (RBF ANN) approach is used to estimate the forest Above Ground Biomass (AGB) in the Mount Tai area, Shandong Province of East China. The experimental results show that the RBF model produces a relatively accurate biomass estimation compared with multivariate linear regression (MLR), k-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), and backpropagation artificial neural network (BP ANN) models.     

基于RBF网络的模拟电路故障诊断算法

针对BP神经网络在模拟电路故障诊断上存在的收敛速度慢、易陷入局部最小等不足,提出了一种基于多层小波分解和RBF神经网络的模拟电路故障诊断算法。为提高诊断效率,用多层小波分解能有效提取电路故障特征;用RBF网络优良的泛化能力和快速的非线性逼近能力可以较好的解决模拟电路中存在的容差和非线性问题。故障诊断仿真实验表明,在保证较高故障诊断正确率的情况下,RBF网络的训练次数得到了极大地缩小,有效克服了基于BP网络算法存在的上述不足,极大地提高了模拟电路故障诊断的时间效率。     

径向基函数(RBF)网络在入侵检测中的应用

近年来，BP神经网络因为技术成熟在入侵检测中得到了若干应用，但是其本身所具有的局部极小性质限制了检测性能的提高。针对RBF神经网络所具有的最优逼近性质，对其在入侵检测中的应用作了研究。实验证明，RBF网络能够提高入侵检测性能。     

Robust radar target classifier using artificial neural networks

In this paper an artificial neural network (ANN) based radar target classifier is presented, and its performance is compared with that of a conventional minimum distance classifier. Radar returns from realistic aircraft are synthesized using a thin wire time domain electromagnetic code. The time varying backscattered electric field from each target is processed using both a conventional scheme and an ANN-based scheme for classification purposes. It is found that a multilayer feedforward ANN, trained using a backpropagation learning algorithm, provides a higher percentage of successful classification than the conventional scheme. The performance of the ANN is found to be particularly attractive in an environment of low signal-to-noise ratio. The performance of both methods are also compared when a preemphasis filter is used to enhance the contributions from the high frequency poles in the target response.     

Customer churn prediction by hybrid neural networks

As churn management is a major task for companies to retain valuable customers, the ability to predict customer churn is necessary. In literature, neural networks have shown their applicability to churn prediction. On the other hand, hybrid data mining techniques by combining two or more techniques have been proved to provide better performances than many single techniques over a number of different domain problems. This paper considers two hybrid models by combining two different neural network techniques for churn prediction, which are back-propagation artificial neural networks (ANN) and self-organizing maps (SOM). The hybrid models are ANN combined with ANN (ANN + ANN) and SOM combined with ANN (SOM + ANN). In particular, the first technique of the two hybrid models performs the data reduction task by filtering out unrepresentative training data. Then, the outputs as representative data are used to create the prediction model based on the second technique. To evaluate the performance of these models, three different kinds of testing sets are considered. They are the general testing set and two fuzzy testing sets based on the filtered out data by the first technique of the two hybrid models, i.e. ANN and SOM, respectively. The experimental results show that the two hybrid models outperform the single neural network baseline model in terms of prediction accuracy and Types I and II errors over the three kinds of testing sets. In addition, the ANN + ANN hybrid model significantly performs better than the SOM + ANN hybrid model and the ANN baseline model.     

Learning without local minima in radial basis function networks

Learning from examples plays a central role in artificial neural networks. The success of many learning schemes is not guaranteed, however, since algorithms like backpropagation may get stuck in local minima, thus providing suboptimal solutions. For feedforward networks, optimal learning can be achieved provided that certain conditions on the network and the learning environment are met. This principle is investigated for the case of networks using radial basis functions (RBF). It is assumed that the patterns of the learning environment are separable by hyperspheres. In that case, we prove that the attached cost function is local minima free with respect to all the weights. This provides us with some theoretical foundations for a massive application of RBF in pattern recognition.     

基于改进RBF神经网络的入侵检测研究

近年来,神经网络技术在入侵检测中得到了广泛应用,其中最具代表的是BP神经网络,但其本身所具有的局部极小性质限制了检测性能的提高。RBF神经网络在一定程度上克服了BP神经网络存在的问题,但如何确定一个合适的RBF网络隐层神经元中心个数又是保证其应用效果的关键之一。因此,将基于熵的模糊聚类和RBF神经网络相结合,提出了基于EFC的改进RBF神经网络算法,并将该方法应用于入侵检测研究。实验表明,该算法可以获得满意的性能。     

催化裂化装置的人工神经网络建模

催化裂化装置(fluid catalytic cracking unit,FCCU)对炼油厂的经济效益至关重要,本文主要探讨了人工神经网络在催化裂化装置建模中的应用。利用实际的工业数据分别采用LMBP,RBF_PLS神经网络对某工厂的催化裂化装置进行了建模试验。将它们的拟合与泛化结果、学习速度以及参数调整进行了比较,其结果显示RBF_PLS神经网络在收敛速度以及预测性能等方面均优于LMBP神经网络。此外,本文在神经网络模型的基础上对其进行了最小二乘校正,得到了比较满意的结果。     

An approach to the calculation of multilayer magnetic shielding using artificial neural network

The electromagnetic interference has many undesired effects to the office equipments and the performance of technological devices. Therefore, electrical devices should have field protection mechanism against magnetic fields. The shielding mechanism prevents external magnetic field emitted from the device to the vicinity area. This work attempts to apply artificial neural network in order to estimate shielded magnetic field for multilayer shielding application. The multilayer magnetic shielding performances of cylindrical shaped ferromagnetic shields under extremely low frequency are investigated. For this purpose, three different ferromagnetic materials in cylindrical shape are chosen for magnetic shielding. The shielding performances of these materials are measured and a selected set of data is used to train and test an artificial neural network. The proposed neural network model achieves an intelligent decision for the shielded magnetic field level based on distance, unshielded magnetic field value, number of shield layer and skin-depth of the shield.     

Forecasting of Software Reliability Using Neighborhood Fuzzy Particle Swarm Optimization Based Novel Neural Network

This paper proposes an artificial neural network (ANN) based software reliability model trained by novel particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm for enhanced forecasting of the reliability of software. The proposed ANN is developed considering the fault generation phenomenon during software testing with the fault complexity of different levels. We demonstrate the proposed model considering three types of faults residing in the software. We propose a neighborhood based fuzzy PSO algorithm for competent learning of the proposed ANN using software failure data. Fitting and prediction performances of the neighborhood fuzzy PSO based proposed neural network model are compared with the standard PSO based proposed neural network model and existing ANN based software reliability models in the literature through three real software failure data sets. We also compare the performance of the proposed PSO algorithm with the standard PSO algorithm through learning of the proposed ANN. Statistical analysis shows that the neighborhood fuzzy PSO based proposed neural network model has comparatively better fitting and predictive ability than the standard PSO based proposed neural network model and other ANN based software reliability models. Faster release of software is achievable by applying the proposed PSO based neural network model during the testing period.      

Passive target detection and tracking from electromagnetic field measurements

This paper presents a novel approach to the localization of moving targets in a complex environment based on the measurement of the perturbations induced by the target presence on an independently‐generated time‐varying electromagnetic field. Field perturbations are measured via a set of sensors deployed over the domain of interest and used to detect and track a possible target by resorting to a particle Bernoulli filter (PBF). To comply with real‐time operation, the PBF works along with an artificial neural network (ANN) model of the environment trained offline via finite elements (FEs). The performance of the proposed algorithm is assessed via simulation experiments.     

An artificial neural network approach for landslide hazard zonation in the Bhagirathi (Ganga) Valley,Himalayas

Landslides are natural hazards that cause havoc to both property and life every year, especially in the Himalayas. Landslide hazard zonation (LHZ) of areas affected by landslides therefore is essential for future developmental planning and organization of various disaster mitigation programmes. The conventional Geographical Information System (GIS)-based approaches for LHZ suffer from the subjective weight rating system where weights are assigned to different causative factors responsible for triggering a landslide. Alternatively, artificial neural networks (ANNs) may be applied. These are considered to be independent of any strict assumptions or bias, and they determine the weights objectively in an iterative fashion. In this study, an ANN has been applied to generate an LHZ map of an area in the Bhagirathi Valley, Himalayas, using spatial data prepared from IRS-1B satellite sensor data and maps from other sources. The accuracy of the LHZ map produced by the ANN is around 80% with a very small training dataset. The distribution of landslide hazard zones derived from ANN shows similar trends as that observed with the existing landslides locations in the field. A comparison of the results with an earlier produced GIS-based LHZ map of the same area by the authors (using the ordinal weight rating method) indicates that ANN results are better than the earlier method.     

Probabilistic identification of subsurface gypsum geohazards using artificial neural networks

Subsurface gypsum dissolution hazards imply risks to the construction and operation of new transport infrastructure including subsidence, cavity collapse and cavity flooding. This is a concern in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, where gypsum geohazards are observed and an extensive transportation network is planned. This paper proposes an artificial neural network (ANN)-based approach for the prediction of underground gypsum. Moreover, the approach is developed to provide the expected probability of gypsum presence and to generate gypsum hazard maps. Such maps provide both a general planning instrument and an input for the decision support systems. An application to Masdar City, Abu Dhabi, is discussed at the site of a planned metro line. Twenty-one boreholes are used to train and validate the ANN that is used to produce a 3D geological model identifying the expected presence of gypsum. Most significantly, the application illustrates how gypsum hazard maps can be obtained at any required depth providing planners and designers with essential information for risk assessment and management.

     

Artificial neural networks and genetic algorithm for bearing fault detection

A study is presented to compare the performance of three types of artificial neural network (ANN), namely, multi layer perceptron (MLP), radial basis function (RBF) network and probabilistic neural network (PNN), for bearing fault detection. Features are extracted from time domain vibration signals, without and with preprocessing, of a rotating machine with normal and defective bearings. The extracted features are used as inputs to all three ANN classifiers: MLP, RBF and PNN for two- class (normal or fault) recognition. Genetic algorithms (GAs) have been used to select the characteristic parameters of the classifiers and the input features. For each trial, the ANNs are trained with a subset of the experimental data for known machine conditions. The ANNs are tested using the remaining set of data. The procedure is illustrated using the experimental vibration data of a rotating machine. The roles of different vibration signals and preprocessing techniques are investigated. The results show the effectiveness of the features and the classifiers in detection of machine condition.     

Comparison of artificial neural networks and support vector machine classifiers for land cover classification in Northern China using a SPOT-5 HRG image

This article presents a sufficient comparison of two types of advanced non-parametric classifiers implemented in remote sensing for land cover classification. A SPOT-5 HRG image of Yanqing County, Beijing, China, was used, in which agriculture and forest dominate land use. Artificial neural networks (ANNs), including the adaptive backpropagation (ABP) algorithm, Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) algorithm, Quasi-Newton (QN) algorithm and radial basis function (RBF) were carefully tested. The LM–ANN and RBF–ANN, which outperform the other two, were selected to make a detailed comparison with support vector machines (SVMs). The experiments show that those well-trained ANNs and SVMs have no significant difference in classification accuracy, but the SVM usually performs slightly better. Analysis of the effect of the training set size highlights that the SVM classifier has great tolerance on a small training set and avoids the problem of insufficient training of ANN classifiers. The testing also illustrates that the ANNs and SVMs can vary greatly with regard to training time. The LM–ANN can converge very quickly but not in a stable manner. By contrast, the training of RBF–ANN and SVM classifiers is fast and can be repeatable.     

Estimation of the electromagnetic field radiating by electrostatic discharges using artificial neural networks

An artificial neural network (ANN) model and more specifically a feedforward multilayer network, which uses the powerful backpropagation learning rule, is addressed in order to estimate the electric and magnetic field radiating by electrostatic discharges (ESDs). Plenty of actual measurements, carried out in the High Voltage Laboratory of the National Technical University of Athens are used in training, validation and testing processes. The developed ANN can be a necessary tool for laboratories involved in ESD tests, either facing a lack of suitable measuring equipment or for laboratories which want to compare their own measurements. This is extremely useful for the laboratories involved in the ESD tests according to the current IEC Standard [International Standard IEC 61000-4-2: Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC), Part 4: Testing and measurement techniques, Section 2: Electrostatic discharge immunity test, Basic EMC Publication, 1995.], since the forthcoming revised version of this Standard will almost certainly include measurements of the radiating electromagnetic field during the verification of the ESD generators. The authors believe that the proposed ANN will be extensively used, since the produced electromagnetic field radiating by electrostatic discharges, can be calculated very easily and accurately by simply measuring the discharge current.     

RBF神经网络在遥感影像分类中的应用研究

用RBF神经网络进行遥感影像分类，在网络结构设计上使RBF层与输出层的节点数都等于所要分类的类别数。用Kohonen聚类算法确定RBF中心的时候，用训练样本的均值作为初始中心，并在RBF宽度进行求取的时候进行了改进，以避免内存溢出。所设计的RBF神经网络分类模型具有结构简单、算法简洁的优点。实验结果表明，该方法用于遥感影像分类取得了较高的分类精度，具有实际应用价值。