综合物探方法在煤矿采空区及其含水性勘察中的应用

乌兰煤矿北二采区与几个地方小煤矿毗邻,因采空区的边界及含水性情况不明,严重影响采区的设计,同时老窑采空区严重地威胁着矿井的生产与安全。本文介绍了应用三维地震及电磁法探测采空区边界及含水性的技术方法与地质效果。     

超化煤矿“三软”煤层采动底板变形破坏的实测研究

通过现场应变实测系统研究了郑州矿区超化煤矿"三软"煤层底板采动变形破坏的深度及其受采动煤壁前方影响的范围。得出了在正常采动情况下厚的软煤和软底对应力和变形的传播具有一定的缓冲作用,受超前应力集中的影响,竖直应力的变化比水平应力大。揭示了中段灰岩组对应力分布和变形破坏的重要控制作用,为豫西煤炭资源向深部开采所引起的底板水防治提供了部分参考的依据。     

Location of abandoned workings in coal seams

Coal mining has gone on in many parts of Western Europe and North America frequently for 200 years or more. Consequently in many urban areas there are abandoned workings at shallow depth which often are unrecorded. These may present a potential hazard when such areas are redeveloped. Investigation of abandoned coal mine workings is no easy task and requires some knowledge of past methods of mineral exploitation. Such an investigation involves assessing the nature of old mine workings. The desk study will include a survey of appropriate maps, documents, records and literature, and, at times, aerial photographs. Generally speaking the usual methods of geophysical exploration have not proved very successful in revealing the layout of shallow old mine workings. However, some relatively new methods of geophysical surveying do appear have had some success. Of these, ground probing radar would seem to offer the most potential. The location of old workings has generally been carried out by exploratory drilling. Workings may be examined by using borehole camera or closed circuit television, or by gaining direct access from headings or shafts.     

孙村煤矿－1 100 m水平深部煤岩冲击倾向性组合试验研究

冲击地压灾害防治是深部开采面临的重要难题之一。对孙村煤矿-l100m水平(埋深1310m)延伸时煤岩的冲击倾向性进行了试验研究。为探求煤-岩层相对厚度变化对深部煤岩体冲击倾向的影响，进行了7组不同高度比的煤岩组合试件力学性质与动态破坏特性的试验研究，获得了深部煤岩冲击倾向性评判结果；研究了浸水对深部煤岩强度与冲击倾向的影响，为该矿防治冲击地压提供了试验依据。     

放炮震动诱发煤矿巷道动力失稳机理分析

发展了J.Litwiniszyn关于震动波诱发巷道动力失稳理论,分析了炮采震动诱发煤层巷道稳定性的影响,从理论上解释了放炮震动诱发冲击地压的根本原因。结合赵各庄矿实际生产情况,利用有限差分软件FLAC2D,对比分析了无支护和两种不同柔性支护条件下,巷道受放炮震动影响后的变形破坏情况。研究表明:放炮震动不仅增加了巷道围岩荷载,同时震动波的传播在围岩内产生了裂纹并在煤层和顶底板间诱发摩擦滑动,从而降低了围岩体的承载能力;柔性支护能有效吸收放炮震动的能量,降低巷道变形量;炮采影响下的防冲柔性支护,“U”型钢可缩支架略优于锚网支护。     

Coal mining under aquifers in China: a case study

The hydrogeological conditions are very complex in many coal mines in China. Water inrushes from aquifers near mining coal seams occur frequently, and coal mines often suffer from serious water disasters during coal extraction. Therefore, mining safety from groundwater hazards is a common concern of both mine operators and researchers. It is of vital importance to determine mining-induced strata failure and strata hydraulic conductivity variations for predicting and preventing water inrushes in coal mines. This paper summarizes the current situations of coal mining under aquifers in China, and presents a case study for mining under a water-bearing alluvium. The case study consists of field investigations, physical simulation and numerical analyses to evaluate the stress redistribution, strata failure and hydraulic conductivity enhancement resulting from coal extraction in Daliuta Coal Mine, Shaanxi Province, China.     

煤层底板岩体阻水能力原位测试研究

介绍了煤层底板岩体阻水能力的测试原理、测试方法和测试过程 ,分析了测试成果的可靠性 ,并对杨庄煤矿六煤底板岩体的阻水能力进行了评价 ,为煤矿底板突水防治提供了一条新途径。     

Protection,Development and Utilization of Industrial Heritage Under the Background of Transformation of Exhausted Cities: A Case Study of Construction Planning of Anyuan National Mine Park

Firstly, the status quo of Pingxiang City as a resource-exhausted city was introduced firstly, and then the development situation of Anyuan Coal Mine, which is the representative of traditional coal industry in Pingxiang, was summarized.Moreover, the classification and value of mining heritage were analyzed, and it is proposed that the development of mine heritage tourism and urban transformation should be combined.The planning of Anyuan National Mine Park under the background of urban transformation was analyzed to provides an idea for the protection and utilization of industrial heritage.     

Assessment of DNA damage in coal open-cast mining workers using the cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus test and the comet assay

Coal mining is one of the most important causes of environmental pollution, as large quantities of coal dust particles are emitted. Colombia-South America has large natural coal reserves and “El Cerrejón” is the world's largest open-cast mine located in the northern department of Guajira. The aim of the present study was to evaluate genotoxic effects in a population exposed to coal residues from the open-cast mine “El Cerrejón”. 100 exposed workers and 100 non-exposed control individuals were included in this study. The exposed group was divided according to different mining area activities: (i). Transport of extracted coal, (ii). Equipment field maintenance, (iii). Coal stripping and, (iv). Coal embarking. Blood samples were taken to investigate biomarkers of genotoxicity, specifically, primary DNA damage as damage index (DI), tail length and% of tail DNA using the Comet assay (alkaline version) and chromosome damage as micronucleus (MN) frequency in lymphocytes. Both biomarkers showed statistically significantly higher values in the exposed group compared to the non-exposed control group. No difference was observed between the exposed groups executing different mining activities. These results indicate that exposure to coal mining residues may result in an increased genotoxic exposure in coal mining workers. We did not find a correlation between age, alcohol consumption and service time with the biomarkers of genotoxicity. Our results are the first data of genotoxic effects induced by coal mining exposure in Colombia, and thus, contribute to the exploration of test batteries use for monitoring of exposed populations and may stimulate designing control, hygiene and prevention strategies for occupational health risk assessment in developing countries.     

谈山地建筑与煤矿总体规划的结合

以山西省沁源县东盛煤矿的总体规划设计为研究对象,对东盛煤矿的基地现状和生态环境进行分析,探讨了如何利用当地自然条件,结合矿区的山地环境和可持续发展理念,因地制宜地合理规划,从而为煤矿创造更加丰富多彩的建筑风貌。     

矿山公园总体规划理论与实践研究

矿山公园是一种全新的旅游目的地,规划需要对生态环境治理、矿业遗迹保护、旅游设施安全性给予关注.浙江遂昌金矿国家矿山公园总体规划,为矿山公园设计了矿业遗迹景观核心轴,山水景观长廊、古树名木长廊,民俗文化区、农业休闲区、矿业展览区、水源保护区、生态度假区、风景游览区的"一轴、二廊、六区"景观结构.     

岩石的风化损伤属性与缩小防护煤柱开采机制研究

以大量试验数据、现场测试资料和大规模缩小防护煤柱开采工程实践为依据,研究隐伏煤田基岩风化带的分布特点。结果表明:岩石风化损伤后具有强度降低,塑变能力增强;多趋泥化,裂隙易于弥合,再生隔水能力显著增强,亲水能力强等变异特征以及工程地质特性。重点论述风化带内煤层开采具有移动快、变形大、回缩快和下沉大等覆岩破坏移动演化新特征,获得以泥质岩类为主的风化带岩层受开采扰动的影响,具有阻隔底含水下渗和抑制导水裂隙带继续发展的双重作用和煤岩柱厚度与风化程度是影响导水裂隙带发育高度的主导因素等新的认识。同时,阐述了缩小防护煤柱开采的机制,系统地提出了采空区滞后控水、煤水分流、加大开采高度、物探预测和地质弱面预先加固等一系列确保安全的关键技术保障措施。对类似矿井浅部资源的回收与安全开采具有理论意义和应用价值。     

Exploitation of developed coal mine pillars by shortwall mining—a case example

The shortwall mining technique is similar to longwall mining but with shorter face lengths, ranging between 40 and 90 m, with the aim of controlling the caving nature of the overlying upper strata, the load on support and the overall operation of the supports applied at the face. Field observations and three-dimensional numerical modelling studies have been conducted for the longwall panel extraction of the Passang seam at Balrampur Mine of SECL to understand the caving behavior of the overlying upper strata. A large area of the Passang seam adjacent to the longwall panels has already been developed via bord and pillar workings. In this paper, numerical modelling studies have been conducted to assess the cavability of the overlying strata of the Passang seam in the mine over developed bord and pillar workings along with the support requirement at the face and in the advance gallery. The caving nature of the overlying rocks characterized by the main fall is predicted for varying face lengths, strata condition and depths of cover. The support resistance required at the face, the load in the advance gallery and its optimal obliquity were estimated for faster exploitation of the developed pillars in the Balrampur mine by shortwall mining.     

深大型露天煤矿闭坑前后滑坡及地表变形地质灾害分析与防治

分析研究深大型露天煤矿闭坑前后可能发生滑坡、地表变形等地质灾害。以抚顺西露天矿为例,引发灾变的地质背景条件为北帮西区的倾倒滑移体、北帮东区的沉陷滑移体及南帮的顺层层状结构体,而诱发灾害的主导因素为露天采矿特征、采矿形成的最终边坡、井采与露采的复合作用及闭坑后疏干排水停止、水文地质条件的改变对边坡岩体的作用。计算结果表明闭坑最终边坡稳定性将逐渐下降并引发灾变,从而危害城市与企业安全,提出创新露天采矿学科理论、工程技术防治措施、法规制定与监督管理等3条防治对策建议。     

Attenuation of mining-derived pollutants in the hyporheic zone: a review

Mine water pollution is a major cause of surface- and groundwater pollution in former mining districts throughout Europe. It is a potential barrier to achieving good status water bodies, which is a requirement of the EU Water Framework Directive. In the UK, a concerted effort has been made over the last decade or so to address the scientific and practical challenges relating to the remediation of mine water pollution. However, most of this work has focused on remediation of point sources of pollution (typically arising from abandoned mines and shafts), while the behaviour of mine water at the groundwater-surface water interface (the "hyporheic zone") has received far less attention in relevant scientific and engineering literature. The extent of mine water pollution and capacity for its attenuation at the hyporheic zone has not been well quantified while, furthermore, the complex chemical and microbial processes occurring there (specifically with reference to mining-derived pollutants) have not been investigated in any depth. The absence of such data may relate, in a large part, to the difficulty in physically measuring volumes and concentrations associated with these river inputs/exports. A far greater body of literature addresses biogeochemical processes at the hyporheic zone (especially relating to manganese), albeit many such articles relate to aqueous metal dynamics in general, rather than mine water specifically. This paper presents a review of the natural attenuation processes that may limit the movement and availability of mining-derived pollutants at the groundwater-surface water (GW-SW) interface, and specifically within the hyporheic zone. A substantial part focuses on precipitation and adsorption processes at the hyporheic zone, as well as discussing the role of microbial processes in governing metal ion mobility.     

萍乡煤矿建筑遗产保护与再利用

萍乡煤矿是洋务运动时期重要的工业遗产代表,也是汉冶萍工业遗产的主要组成部分之一,其历史悠久、遗产众多,呈现出工业文化和革命文化交相辉映的文化景观。该文通过对萍乡煤矿建筑遗产进行深入的现状调研和价值分析,从而提出通过矿山公园规划、遗产建筑改造为博物馆或其他公共建筑,并配以相应的解释系统等再利用的模式,从而对萍乡煤矿工业建筑遗产进行合理保护,这对汉冶萍工业遗产的整体价值保护具有重要意义。     

综放开采支承压力与卸压瓦斯运移关系研究

富含瓦斯厚煤层综放开采后，煤岩体中的卸压瓦斯运移规律与其渗透性密切相关，而支承压力变化又对渗透性有很大的影响，即采场卸压瓦斯的运移规律明显受支承压力的影响。分析了采动影响下煤岩卸压瓦斯的流动特性，并根据靖远煤业公司魏家地矿110综放面的矿压观测及瓦斯监测结果，分析得到综放采场前方支承压力及其作用下渗透系数随工作面距离变化的曲线，进而得出综放面支承压力与卸压瓦斯运移的关系，为有效防治综放开采工作面瓦斯事故和合理抽取并利用瓦斯资源提供了理论依据。     

离层注浆条件下覆岩变形破坏特征的连续探测

覆岩破坏的发育高度及其分布形态是合理确定开采边界及留设防水煤岩柱的基础。为了探讨覆岩离层注浆条件对导水裂隙带形态的影响,采用前端泄露式多回路注(放)水系统,应用井下仰孔分段注水法对东滩煤矿14308工作面覆岩离层带实施注浆充填条件下综采放顶煤导水裂隙带的破坏特征进行了连续探测。探测结果表明:厚煤层综采放顶煤条件下覆岩离层带注浆时的覆岩采动导水裂隙带高度略高于正常条件下的覆岩采动导水裂隙带高度,走向方向的采动导水裂隙带高度低于倾向方向的采动导水裂隙带高度;离层带注浆时的覆岩破坏形态和范围向工作面外侧突出较大。     

南非克莱克斯多普地区某金矿水文和工程地质特征分析

矿坑涌水不仅影响矿山开采开发,而且严重威胁井下作业人员生命安全,因此对矿山水文地质、工程地质条件的研究至关重要.通过对南非克莱克斯多普地区的区域水文地质、矿区水文地质、工程地质特征的总结,探讨该区的水文、工程地质条件,分析了该矿床充水水源、水力联系通道及岩石结构稳定性.矿区含水岩组富水性较弱,断裂发育,一定程度上连通了...     

煤层超高压定点水力压裂防冲试验研究

针对国内外没有成熟的区域主动防冲技术的现状,介绍了一种采用超高压定点压裂煤层形成区域性低应力区,从而为快速掘进和回采创造条件的新技术。现场试验在采深1000 m的山东省华丰煤矿进行,采用微地震监测煤岩体破裂、应力动态实时监测系统监测煤岩体应力变化和压力传感器监测管路压力,实现试验全过程监测。试验得到的主要结论如下:1压裂的压力达到24 MPa并持续11 s之后,煤体产生初次破裂,持续13 min后压裂半径达到8 m;2压裂过程中压裂点附近煤体应力动态为:管路加压后距离压裂点9.5 m的煤层内应力值明显升高—煤体产生破裂并产生微震—管路压力骤降—测点应力趋于稳定;3压裂过程中将煤体切割成了近似6.2 m×8.0 m×6.2 m的长方体,同时随着大量水的注入有效降低了煤体的冲击倾向性;4试验证明定点压裂能够实现"转移应力、弱化煤体和降低蓄能"的防冲机理。