Open innovation in Russian state-owned enterprises

ABSTRACT

This paper studies open innovation practices in Russian state-owned enterprises (SOEs). In 2011, the Russian Government set ambitious goals in science, technology and innovation, and uses its large SOEs as channels to achieve these targets. These initiatives focus on the collaboration among innovation actors and introduce open innovation (OI) principles. Based on a large-scale innovation survey, we compare private enterprises to state-owned peers and present selected case studies. Our data support the claim that Russian SOEs are driving the demand for technology and mainly absorb incoming OI activities. Different to their peers, SOEs extend their OI activities to the country’s knowledge producers, such as research and technology organisations (RTOs), and leading universities. They work on incorporating scientific knowledge that could, indeed, hold the key to globally competitive technological innovations, but also have better capabilities to include business partners.

Abbreviation : OI: Open innovation; SOE: State-owned enterprise; RTO: Research and technology organisation; STI: Science, technology and innovation.     

Trends in Russian research output in post-Soviet era

Recently, the Russian government has ordered evaluation and reform of the basic research system. As a consequence, the number of research staff at the Russian Academy of Sciences will be reduced by 20% by 2007. The basis for research evaluation and institute budgeting will be bibliometric indicators. In view of these changes we look at the Russian publication output and argue that

Developing International Business Relationships in a Russian Context

The collapse of the former Soviet Union has opened up a wealth of business opportunities for companies seeking new markets in the Russian Federation. Despite this, firms intending to do business in Russia have found themselves hampered by cultural differences in business practices and expectations. As Russia integrates into the global economy, understanding such practices and the managerial mindset of business people is crucial for managers who hope to navigate Russia’s complex markets. This study draws on the trust literature and adopts quantitative tools to deconstruct the Russian ‘Sviazi’ system of social capital business networking. We develop a model isolating three dimensions of Sviazi: one an affective or emotional component; the second, a conative component; and the third, a cognitive component. The model provides a useful guide for helping foreign firms to succeed in Russia, while also serving as a basis for further research in the field.     

Deformation banding and origins of rolling and annealing textures in low carbon and interstitial free steels

Abstract

This paper is dedicated to the memory of Professor Sir Robert Honeycombe, who examined the first author's PhD thesis on this subject in 1972. The paper reviews some of the very large improvements in the understanding of the formation of textures and microstructures in drawing quality steels in both their deformed and recrystallised states made since the 1970s, focusing in particular on deformation bending in interstitial free steels.     

Experimentelle Arbeiten russischer Mediziner an der Leipziger Universität in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts

The aim of the treatise is the proof of educational stays of Russian physicians at the university of Leipzig in the second half of the 19th century. At that time famous scholars of the university of Leipzig like Carl Ludwig, Paul Flechsig,Wilhelm His, Julius Cohnheim and Felix Marchand made an important contribution to the development of physiology, pathology, physiological chemistry and pharmacology.Therefore their institutes were attended by many student trainees.Among them were a lot of Russian physicians too.They went to Leipzig with fellowships from their government to prepare themselves for a professorship in Russia. A bibliography of their experimental works is given.The findings are based on an investigation in German medical magazines.

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Wir danken der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft Bonn für die Unterstützung dieser Arbeit, die im Rahmen des Projektes ,,Deutsch-russische Beziehungen in Medizin und Naturwissenschaften im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert“ angefertigt wurde.     

American influence in Cuba, 1855

Abstract

Charles DeForest Fredricks (1823–94), one of the first successful commercial photographic entrepreneurs of the nineteenth century, and, according to M. A. Root, the man who introduced the carte-de-visite to the United States, began his career in Latin America.¹ In 1843 he travelled up and down the Orinoco and Amazon rivers selling daguerreotypes; in all, he spent nine years in Brazil, Venezuela, Uruguay and Argentina. At one point he accepted horses in exchange for portraits; the governor of Argentina's Corrientes province in Rosas' Argentina purportedly traded a live tiger for a studio sitting.²     

Russia

Abstract

The search for a method of obtaining pictures without the aid of a brush was conducted for a long time by scientists and inventors in different countries. As early as 1725, a young Russian amateur chemist, who was studying the preparation ofliquid medicines, made a remarkable observation: solutions of iron salts changed their colour under the action of sunlight. This chemist was Aleksei Petrovich Bestuzhev-Ryumin, who was to become Chancellor of the Russian Empire. Two years later, similar experiments, but with silver salts, were conducted by the German scientist Johann Heinrich Schulze. Such observations stimulated keen minds to undertake a search for ways and means of ‘fixing’ the imprints made by light.     

Russian and foreign millimeter band radio measuring instruments

The present state of the development and production of Russian and foreign radio-measuring instruments in the frequency range up to 178.4 GHz (and higher) and the proposed glossary of the new generation of Russian instruments are considered.     

University Learning and Anti-Plagiarism Back-End Services

Plagiarism refers to the use of other people’s ideas and information without acknowledging the source. In this research, anti-plagiarism software was designed especially for the university and its campuses to identify plagiarized text in students’ written assignments and laboratory reports. The proposed framework collected original documents to identify plagiarized text using natural language processing. Our research proposes a method to detect plagiarism by applying the core concept of text, which is semantic associations of words and their syntactic composition. Information on the browser was obtained through Request application programming interface by name Url.AbsoluteUri, and it is stored in a centralized Microsoft database Server. A total of 55,001 data samples were collected from 2015 to 2019. Furthermore, we assimilated data from a university website, specifically from the psau.edu.sa network, and arranged the data into students’ categories. Furthermore, we extracted words from source documents and student documents using the WordNet library. On a benchmark dataset consisting of 785 plagiarized text and 4,716 original text data, a significant accuracy of 90.2% was achieved. Therefore, the proposed framework demonstrated better performance than the other available tools. Many students mentioned that working on assignments using the framework was suitable because they were able to work on the assignments in harmony, as per their timeframe and from different network locations. The framework also recommends procedures that can be used to avoid plagiarism.     

High performance encapsulation structures utilizing Russian Doll architectures

A Russian Doll encapsulation architecture utilizing pairs of free-standing barrier films and epoxy seals separated by nitrogen spacers is presented, enabling the use of low-cost epoxy to attach two or more free-standing barrier films to a substrate with improved barrier performance. The performance of various Russian Doll encapsulations was evaluated with the calcium thin film optical transmission test, showing improved performance of the Russian doll configuration relative to a non-nested barrier/spacer architecture, and demonstrating that water vapor transmission rates (WVTR) of 0.00021 g/(m², day) or below can be achieved with low-cost materials in this architecture. This WVTR correlates to a predicted lifetime of more than 10 years for bulk heterojunction solar cell modules fabricated and tested by Konarka Technologies (Lowell, MA, USA).     

Does the aging of tenured academic staff affect the research performance of universities?

This paper examines the common contentions that the collective aging of tenured academic staff has negative effects on research performance of universities due to (a) negative effects of aging in itself, and (b) to a lack of newcomers who could revitalise the research. Data on academic staff and research at Norwegian universities over two decades have been used to examine these contentions. While older staff published less than their younger colleagues two decades ago, no differences in productivity are found today. Furthermore, during this period, a large increase in the number of post-doctoral fellows and PhD students has taken place, compensating for the aging of tenured staff.     

The role of continuity in residual-based variational multiscale modeling of turbulence

This paper examines the role of continuity of the basis in the computation of turbulent flows. We compare standard finite elements and non-uniform rational B-splines (NURBS) discretizations that are employed in Isogeometric Analysis (Hughes et al. in Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng, 194:4135–4195, 2005). We make use of quadratic discretizations that are C ⁰-continuous across element boundaries in standard finite elements, and C ¹-continuous in the case of NURBS. The variational multiscale residual-based method (Bazilevs in Isogeometric analysis of turbulence and fluid-structure interaction, PhD thesis, ICES, UT Austin, 2006; Bazilevs et al. in Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng, submitted, 2007; Calo in Residual-based multiscale turbulence modeling: finite volume simulation of bypass transition. PhD thesis, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 2004; Hughes et al. in proceedings of the XXI international congress of theoretical and applied mechanics (IUTAM), Kluwer, 2004; Scovazzi in Multiscale methods in science and engineering, PhD thesis, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford Universty, 2004) is employed as a turbulence modeling technique. We find that C ¹-continuous discretizations outperform their C ⁰-continuous counterparts on a per-degree-of-freedom basis. We also find that the effect of continuity is greater for higher Reynolds number flows.     

俄罗斯标准化发展现状概述

本文详细介绍了俄罗斯标准化体系和认证体系,并分析中俄认证合作的领域现状,以此为基础,对我国出口俄罗斯的外贸企业提出相关的风险提示。随着中俄两国经贸合作不断深化发展,研究并掌握俄罗斯国家标准化体系和认证体系,对促进我国与俄罗斯等独联体国家贸易繁荣具有重要参考意义。     

Research networks and the initial placement of PhD holders in academia: evidence from social science fields

Based on the data of 1882 Chinese doctoral students in social science fields, this study examined the initial placement of PhD holders in the academic labor market. Findings indicate the research network of doctorate holders is significantly related to their academic career identity attainment. There was an inverted U-shape curve between the research network scale and the probability of pursuing an academic career. Those occupying more structural hole locations were more likely to choose an academic career. However, neither the scale nor location of the research network could guarantee a faculty position in a prestigious university or department. No significant correlation was found between the research network and academic career status attainment.

     

The University of Birmingham,nuclear power,and start of UK reactor programme

Abstract

As long ago as 1919 (the year Sir Alan Cottrell was born) Sir Oliver Lodge, the first principal of The University of Birmingham presented a remarkable prescient account of the potential of nuclear power. However, he could not have predicted that a mere 20 years later, in that university, Peierls and Frisch would begin to lay the foundations with their calculation that the critical mass of ²³⁵U was only of the order of 1 kg. It is generally the case that work in the field of pure physics leads to the initiating discovery; metallurgy follows with the development of the resultant technology. In this paper, it is illustrated how the shortage of suitable materials (and facilities) forced the UK to follow a route which would lead to the development of gas cooled reactors.

MST/1314     

Cryobank of plant genetic resources in Russian Academy of Sciences

Cryopreservation is the most reliable method for long-term storage of plant genetic resources. A review of cell injury by ice crystals and dehydration during a freeze–thaw cycle is given. For successful regeneration of plants and cultures after cryopreservation of their cells, the development of reliable cryopreservation procedure is required including preliminary cultivation, treatment by cryoprotectors, freezing by different methods, thawing and recultivation. Up to now 27 cell lines successfully resumed their growth after storage in liquid nitrogen and preserved their specific features and biosynthetic potential. Besides, shoot tips of 40 cultivars of potato, rose, strawberry and raspberry regenerated plants both in vitro and in vivo after cryopreservation. The longest storage duration was 25 years. Now in liquid nitrogen we continuously store 24 cell strains of rare medicinal plants, shoot tips of seven cultivars of strawberry and raspberry and seeds of 250 endangered plant species collected over all Russian territory.     

Turbulence, discovery and foreign market entry: A longitudinal study of an entry into the Russian market

Abstract

Safety in numbers? Investigating Australian driver behaviour,knowledge and attitudes towards cyclists

A key tenet of the safety in numbers theory is that as the number of people cycling increases, more drivers will also be cyclists and therefore will give greater consideration to cyclists when driving. We tested this theory in relation to self-reported behaviour, attitudes and knowledge in relation to cycling. An online survey was conducted of Australian drivers (n = 1984) who were also cyclists (cyclist-drivers) and drivers who did not cycle (drivers). Cyclist-drivers were 1.5 times more likely than drivers to report safe driving behaviours related to sharing the roads with cyclists (95% CI: 1.1–1.9, p < 0.01). Cyclist-drivers had better knowledge of the road rules related to cycling infrastructure than drivers; however knowledge of road rules related to bike lanes was low for both groups. Drivers were more likely than cyclist-drivers to have negative attitudes (e.g. cyclists are unpredictable and repeatedly overtaking cyclists is frustrating). Findings from this study highlight the need for increased education and awareness in relation to safe driving behaviour, road rules and attitudes towards cyclists. Specific recommendations are made for approaches to improve safety for cyclists.     

Comparison of Russian and Slovakian National Pressure-Unit Standards in the Range 10–2 to 103 Pa

Russian and Slovakian national standards for the pressure unit have been compared for the low absolute pressure range. Estimates have been made of the random error and residual systematic error in the comparisons, as well as of the confidence limits for the error. It is concluded that the pressure scales for the participating countries are in agreement in the range 10^–2–10³ Pa.     

Diversity Patterns of Attitudes Toward Nature and Environment in Japan,USA, and European Nations

This paper analyzes the longitudinal changes of Japanese attitudes toward nature and environment (ATNE) using Japanese character survey data, and explores the structural characteristics of response patterns to the ATNE in Japan, USA and five European nations based on analytical results derived from crossnational survey data. We also discuss the relationships of respondent’s attributes relative to the structure of their response patterns using the visual configuration obtained by correspondence analysis. In addition, we verify how racial, cultural, geographic diversities change people’s ATNE in various circumstances. As a result, we have found that Japan is similar to France, and Germany is similar to Britain and the Netherlands. We have also seen that the USA is similar to Italy in the aspect of the ATNE whereas the Japanese have their own distinctive structures of response patterns to the ATNE when compared to the Americans and the Europeans.