Defining “Engineer:” How To Do It and Why It Matters

Controversy concerning whether “software engineers” are, or should be, engineers provides an opportunity to think about how to define “engineer” and what effect different definitions may have on our understanding of engineering. The standard definitions of engineering are shown to generate more confusion than insight. Engineering should be defined historically, as an occupation, and ethically, as a profession. An engineer is a member of the engineering profession, that is, a member both of an occupation that is engineering by “birth,” “adoption,” or “marriage” and of the profession committed to engineering's code of ethics. Today, few “software engineers” satisfy either of these conditions. It is an open question whether they should.     

Engineering ethics and society

The engineering profession has a strong tradition of ethical standards for its members. However, the practice of engineering is changing in ways that raise ethical issues not previously considered. These “macro ethical” issues are ones for the profession as a whole rather than for individual engineers. This paper lays out some of the issues as a way of encouraging further discussion.     

Engineering Design: A Partnership Approach

The capstone, two-semester, senior design sequence in the mechanical engineering curriculum was restructured and offered based upon a paradigm of partnership rather than competition. Partnership, requiring trust not only among the students but also of the professor, empowers students to view their responsibilities to their profession, their clients and employers, the public, and the environment in a much more personal and thus meaningful matter. The value-laden nature of the engineering profession and its historical attitudes and biases with respect to the natural world have been examined extensively.     

SARTOR 97: the background and the looming shake-out for universityengineering departments

The educational requirements for engineers have steadily increased and professional engineering is now a graduate profession. There have been two major reviews of the profession: the Finniston Enquiry, and the Engineering Council review which led to the publication of SARTOR 97 (Standards and Routes Towards Registration). Both reviews followed major expansions in higher education and concerns about educational standards. This paper analyses the evidence for qualification drift in both A-levels and degree output classifications. The effect of SARTOR 97 on university departments is considered and a major shake-out predicted     

考虑主题多样性的工程领域知识推荐方法

工程问题的解决涉及到多个学科和专业的知识,主题单一的推荐列表已无法满足当前工程领域用户对知识多样性的需求。对此提出一种基于知识主题网络的多样性工程领域知识推荐方法(topic diversity collaborative filtering, TDCF)。该方法构建有向图形式的知识主题网络,定义并计算用户对知识主题的专业度;提出考虑用户专业度的评分矩阵预填充方法以缓解评分矩阵稀疏问题;利用知识主题网络和用户专业度改进传统协同过滤推荐算法中的用户相似度计算方法,从而有针对性地提升推荐结果多样性,进而提高推荐准确度和用户满意度。结合国内某船厂实际数据,设计对比实验。结果表明,TDCF推荐算法的F₁分数和多样性指标最高分别达到0.52和0.44,均优于对比算法。因此,TDCF算法具有可行性与优越性,能够为用户提供更好的知识推荐服务。     

RELIABILITY THEORY APPLIED TO ACCOUNTING INTERNAL CONTROL: A FIELD STUDY

Reliability modeling of accounting internal control structures has appeared in professional accounting literature but has not resulted in application in practice. Reasons for this include the lack of a prototype for application, the lack of expertise in the accounting discipline, computational complexities, and the resistance of the accounting profession to quantitative methods. The increased power and portability of computers and the need of the accounting profession for more interdisciplinary approaches to the evaluation and design of such systems have generated the need to reconsider the potential of the reliability approach. This paper presents a prototype for application and reports on a field study using this prototype.     

平面设计在印度尼西亚

平面设计在印尼是比较新的行业,虽然它已存在约40年.大约在上世纪70年代,“平面设计”一词才在印尼为人所知,在此之前,它被称之为“广告艺术”,因为当时它是广告的一部分.后来,两所艺术学院——万隆技术学院和印尼艺术学院把应用艺术专业从美术专业分离,自此,平面设计作为一个专业被确立并不断壮大。     

Applied Ethics in the Engineering,Health, Business,and Law Professions: A Comparison

Background Applied ethics plays a critical role in engineering, health, business, and law. Applied ethics is currently a required component of the pre‐practice education for these professions, yet the literature suggests that challenges remain in how we define, instruct, and assess professions‐based ethics education. Purpose Based on the on going debate associated with the instruction and assessment of applied engineering ethics, an exploratory investigation was performed to determine what could be learned by looking across professions. Scope /Method Ethics, as an educational topic, can be very broad in scope. This study was limited to literature at the intersection of ethics terminology, historical development, instruction, and assessment within engineering, health, business, and law. Many references associated with each profession and the input of profession‐specific content experts informed the literature survey. Conclusions Ethics within the engineering, health, business, and law professions have historically developed in isolation. Even case studies, which the engineering profession seems to have adopted from law, are framed differently within engineering. There are common lines of debate related to instructional methods, curricular methods, and instructor qualifications, but no profession has resolved these debates. A common trend in applied ethics research is a focus on assessment of student learning, rather than evaluation of instructional methods and/or curriculum incorporation methods. Assessment tools have been developed and applied widely for many years in several of the health care sub‐disciplines, business and law. An engineering‐specific applied‐ethics assessment tool has recently been developed, but has yet to see extensive application.     

Engineering-the future: or engineering the future

The engineering profession faces many challenges as we begin the new millennium. In the UK the popularity of engineering as a career is declining and employers in some fields report difficulties recruiting appropriately qualified staff. We are not, however, alone in our difficulties; other countries in the western world face similar declines, but in the Asia-Pacific region expansion is still strong. The paper analyses these relative positions and illustrates how the supply and demand patterns have changed over time. Following a brief historical review of the emergence of engineering as a profession, it goes on to consider the vital formation stage of an engineering career and shows how the education and training environment has been changed. The paper then looks forward to the emergence of Internet-based delivery of both continuing professional development and elements of undergraduate education and goes on to show how the approved changes to the IEE membership structure should help address the future needs of the profession. The address concludes with an analysis of the policy decisions required at both government and professional level and some personal predictions as to the future shape of the professional institutions.     

基于知识重用的毛绒玩具设计方法研究

以国内毛绒玩具行业现状为基础,分析了行业发展中存在的设计管理落后、创意人才缺乏、竞争日趋激烈等问题,结合知识工程理论,提出基于知识重用的计算机辅助毛绒玩具设计方法。从设计实例中获取、存储知识形成知识部件库,在知识重用的过程中结合图易软件完成毛绒玩具的造型、开版、算料与排版,使中小企业实现自主品牌设计成为可能。     

German women in chemistry, 1895–19251 (part I)

The paper traces the entrance of German women into the chemistry profession from the 1890s to 1925, examining how they first overcame social and cultural conservatism to obtain access to opportunities for a chemical education during the later Kaiserreich, then began to seek academic and industrial careers and to establish a professional organization in the face of resistance from the established Verein Deutscher Chemiker. The paper examines the effect of World War I and the advent of the Weimar Republic in completing the process whereby German women achieved a small but significant role in the profession of chemistry, in science as well as industry. Finally, it discusses the considerable limitations on women's full and equal participation that still remained by 1925.     

Student Perceptions of Engineering Entrepreneurship: An Exploratory Study

This study examines students' overall perceptions of the engineering profession in a first‐year course in engineering, and the effect of a pedagogical approach aimed at exposing students to engineering entrepreneurship and their perceptions of engineering entrepreneurship. The approach featured a market game that engaged a pilot group of 20 students in forming IT companies and competing for the best design of a travel agent system. The rest of the students in the course completed the traditional class project, which involved designing and building a land sailer. A pre‐post Likert‐type survey designed to measure students' perceptions of the engineering profession was administered to all students enrolled in this course. In addition, a short answer questionnaire seeking students' pedagogical perceptions of the market game and the land sailer project was administered at the end of the course. Results indicated that students' overall perceptions of the engineering profession significantly improved by the end of the course. More importantly, the results indicated that students who participated in the market game had significantly better perceptions of engineering entrepreneurship, specifically professional skills, than students who participated in the land sailer project. These findings are of considerable interest to engineering schools that want to increase student retention and are looking for novel approaches to assist freshmen in choosing their majors.     

Chaos,Engineering, and Engineering Education

A comparison is made between a deterministic scientific paradigm and one that is chaos-based. Possible implications of the incorporation of the chaos-based paradigm into the engineering profession as well as into engineering education are discussed.     

以史为鉴努力开创包装工程专业新局面

系统回顾和总结了湖北工学院16年来建设包装工程专业的成功经验和深刻的教训，以期与我国包装界同行和专家进行交流与探讨，努力开创我国包装工程专业新局面。     

Technology and the Engineering Method for Non-Engineering Students

This paper describes the structure, material, and techniques used in a course that introduces non-engineering students to the tasks and tools of the engineering profession. The primary components of the course include differentiation between engineering and science, heuristic and computational problem solving, experimentation, conservation principles, and a design experience.     

成组技术及包装应用

成组技术(GT)是先进的生产管理技术,能有效地提高包装行业的经济效益;具体探讨了包装机械企业实施成组技术的一些问题。     

几种典型凸轮裹包执行机构的从动系统运动规律的理论分析

详细分析了裹包执行机构的正弦型和正切型从动系统的运动规律，用数学方法对运动规律进行了详尽的理论分析。     

The Next Frontier in Engineering Education: The Master's Degree

Engineering education in the United States is at an evolutionary turning point, poised to move forward by elevating and strengthening the educational base of the profession through greater utilization of the master's degree. The primary reasons for this are (a) the demands placed on the engineer arising from the increased rate of change of technology, (b) the need to cope with the increased breadth and complexity of modern professional practice, and (c) the impossibility of crowding ever more material into the four-year curriculum. Educators need to examine the program structure and curricular content of master's level education to take into account these changes in the engineering workplace and the need to appreciably extend the years of productive performance. A recent comprehensive study by the Council of Graduate Schools reveals that the professionalization of master's education has advanced to the stage where virtually every profession has adopted the master's degree as the basis for modern practice.     

商品包装的色彩美学

论述了商品包装的色彩在年龄,性格,职业,情境等方面的运用,强调了“色彩就是财富”的思想。     

Enhancing Civil Engineering Education Through Case Studies

The civil engineering profession is characterized by multifaceted, interdisciplinary problems requiring teams comprised of diverse members including technical specialists, designers, and constructors. Unique attributes including location, regulatory agencies, and owner preferences require architecture-engineering-construction (AEC) teams to cooperate throughout the design-build process to ensure that all specifications are satisfied. In contrast, civil engineering education is characterized by disciplinary boundaries which minimize opportunities for civil engineering students to interact with students from architecture or other related disciplines. This paper introduces one approach, currently being implemented at the Georgia Institute of Technology, to reduce these boundaries through the introduction of an interdisciplinary course focusing on the development of civil engineering case studies. Additionally, the paper presents an effort to introduce precollege students to the civil engineering profession through the use of the developed case studies.