Women in STEM networks: who seeks advice and support from women scientists?

Supporting and advancing women’s science careers continues to be of interest to researchers, scientists, science funders, and universities. Similarly, professional advice and support networks are important to understanding the advancement of scientific careers. This research aims to marry these two lines of research to investigate and compare the ways in which men and women scientists seek advice and support from women in their networks. Using a sample of academic scientists in nonmedical biology, chemistry, computer science, earth and atmospheric sciences, electrical engineering, and physics we assess the extent to which women and men scientists seek advice and support from women in their networks. We find that field of science is the primary predictor for the presence of women in scientists’ advice and support networks. We also find that citizenship, rank, age, and friendship are significantly related to the proportion of women in women’s networks, but are not consistently significantly related to the proportion of women in men’s networks. We conclude with a discussion of the findings and the distinctions between men and women scientists’ advice and support networks.     

German women in chemistry, 1925–1945 (part II)

The paper traces the role of German women into the chemistry profession from 1925 to 1945, examining their relative numbers and experience in higher education, in academic and industrial careers as well as in professional organizations such as the Verein Deutscher Chemikerinnen. The paper examines the effect of the 1930s Depression, National Socialism, and World War II on women chemists, considering both general trends as well as the experiences and achievements of several individual women in a variety of situations. Finally, it considers the longterm consequences of these developments, such as the Nazi expulsion of Jewish women, destruction of women’s organizations and devaluing of women’s achievements, in limiting the recognition and participation of German women chemists after 1945.     

Bibliometric analysis of the journal literature on women’s studies

This study uses bibliometric techniques to investigate the characteristics and implications of women’s studies literature over the period from 1900 to 2013. Using computer analysis for bibliometric techniques, the results of the present study demonstrate that the journal literature on women’s studies has grown exponentially, with an annual growth rate of 10.6% for over one century. Most of the document types in the area of women’s studies are in the form of research articles, review articles and book reviews. The United States of America and the United Kingdom contribute the largest number of articles. One hundred and seventeen core journals containing 33% of the women’s studies journal articles have been identified through the application of Bradford’s law on journal distribution. More than half of the 117 core journals began publishing from 1970 to 1990, and most of these core journals deal with the humanities (including literature, history and philosophy), women’s studies, medical science, psychology, political science and sociology. The highly productive journals associated with highly cited times are Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, Women’s Studies International Forum, Sex Roles, Feminism and Psychology, Gender and Society, European Journal of Women’s Studies, American Historical Review, Psychology of Women Quarterly and Feminist Studies.     

Lorene Squire’s Psychical Landscapes of Colonial/Modern Gender in the Canadian North

From 1937 to 1939, Lorene Squire was commissioned by The Beaver (the company magazine of the Hudson’s Bay Company) and Canadian Airways to produce photographs of the Canadian North suitable for their publications, focused on her specialisation in wildfowl photography, as well as landscapes, planes, and people. This article focuses on her 1938 commissions, and in particular two photographs of Indigenous women and two self-portraits. When these photographs are considered alongside photographs of white settler women, her correspondence, and her book Wildfowling With A Camera (1938), I argue that they offer insights into gender as a colonial concept (what María Lugones calls the ‘colonial/modern gender system’). I contend that the setting of the ‘North’ as a psychical landscape makes Squire’s contestations possible. Squire’s photographs resist common ways of depicting white and Indigenous women in the 1930s, but they do so in a way that is paradoxical and leaves intact the colonial/modern gender system. In addition to providing biographical information about Squire, this article contributes to theoretical and historical scholarship on the meaning of photographs of Indigenous people in Canada for projects of nation-building and northern economic development, as well as on how the North functions as a reference point for Canadian identity.     

Gender bias in the allocation of student grants

Scientometrics - Multiple studies have shown that women’s likelihood of receiving research funding is lower than that of their male colleagues. Thus far, all research on this gender gap in...     

Gender bias and explanation models for the phenomenon of women’s discriminations in research careers

In the present paper four myths of gender differences in scientific performance are presented and discussed. The persistence of these myths in different forms of evaluation is influencing the women’s discriminations in research careers in combination with effects explained in other explanation models for the existence of the unseen barrier (glass ceiling) that keeps women from rising to the upper levels of the corporate ladder.     

A missing link: women and industrial design

The industrial design process is notable for its absence of practising women designers. It is likely that there will be little change in the future. Currently, there are no initiatives to encourage women to be more involved in the design process as either professionals or as informed consumers.Consequently, the ‘tacit knowledge’ of women is not applied in the design process and artefacts are often inappropriate for the needs and concerns of women users. The ‘tacit knowledge’ of designers entails assumptions about women's needs and roles in society and reinforces and reproduces these.Proposals for developing the skills and ‘tacit knowledge’ of women and making these central to the design process include, in the shorter term, post-experience design courses for women, awareness compaigns aimed at employers to recruit women designers, design competitions for girls, awards for female designers and supporting networks of women designers. However, to be successful in the longer term, a change in the design process and male and female roles has to be addressed.     

Modernist Photography and Women’s Social Networks: The Case of Olive Cotton and Margaret Michaelis

This article’s title refers to the larger project of illuminating the social networks informing Australian artistic communities from the late colonial period to the middle of the twentieth century. Focusing primarily on developments in photography, the article itself asks what were the links between creative practices and the social relationships that characterised the modernist period in particular? It attempts to answer this question by examining the relationship between two retrospectively celebrated women photographers working in the war years in Australia – Olive Cotton and Margaret Michaelis. For a fair portion of their lives Cotton and Michaelis lived in the same city, worked contemporaneously in the relatively small field of studio photography, and shared similar artistic and commercial ambitions, yet they had virtually no professional or personal contact with each other. There is some evidence to suggest that social networks played a role in training early Australian women photographers, particularly those working in the professional studio system between the 1890s and the 1920s. Social networks would take on an explicitly political role in the consciousness-raising feminist context of women’s photography in Australia from the 1970s to the 1990s. Given that Cotton and Michaelis were professional photographers during the interval between these periods, one is bound to ask whether their lack of contact had a personal basis or there was a wider more socially determined reason. In other words, was there something about the social conditions effecting Australia’s artistic associations at this time that explains the lack of artistic connections between women, and if so was this lack the same across all the arts or particularly pronounced in photography?     

组织性别偏见对女性职业发展的影响

组织性别偏见是指组织中占主导地位的一种带有性别偏见倾向的组织文化。采用理论分析、专家访谈、焦点小组讨论和实证调查等方法,编制了组织性别偏见问卷,实证检验显示该问卷具有较好信效度。通过对359名企事业单位女性员工的问卷调查,采用因子分析、相关分析和结构方程模型检验的多重数据处理方法,构建和检验了组织性别偏见影响女性职业发展的中介作用模型。统计结果显示,组织性别偏见与女性工作满意度、组织承诺、职业发展呈显著负相关,工作满意度、组织承诺在组织性别偏见与女性职业发展之间起着中介作用。     

中国成年人耳廓形态测量及分类

每个人的耳廓外形、细节特征等都各不相同,而制作反映中国成年人平均生理特性的人工耳,需要有关耳廓的平均细节形态特征。对中国成年男女耳廓形态进行群体研究,测量了202名成年女性和202名成年男性的耳廓形态特征。在此基础上对耳廓的形态按照细节进行分类和相应的分析,并根据统计结果给出具有代表性的平均耳细节特征。最后以耳廓的不同的生理结构影响为出发点,以平均耳为基准制作了10种不同的耳廓模型。     

Gender differences in science: the case of scientific productivity in Nano Science & Technology during 2005–2007

Although, women’s contribution to science is crucial to social development, gender difference has been for a long time affecting the quantity and quality of scholarly activity. In spite of some improvements, women are still suffering from gender gap and biases in science world. Using a scientometric method with a comparative approach, the present communication aims to study women performance in Nano Science & Technology in terms of their scientific productivity and impact and to contrast them to their male counterparts. The significance of the study relies on the importance of a balanced development of human society in general and in different scientific milieus in specific. According to the research results, although female Nano-researchers are scarce in number, they equally perform in terms of scientific productions and impacts. That may imply gender egalitarianism in the field.     

The Photomontage Activity of Postmodernism

For decades now, Douglas Crimp’s landmark 1980 essay ‘The Photographic Activity of Postmodernism’ has shaped our understanding of modernism’s aftermath, at least as it unfolded in North America and Western Europe. Less remembered, however, is the degree to which the procedures of disjunction, copying, appropriation, and outright theft that he highlighted were epitomised not just by contemporary photography, but by photomontage in particular. This article recovers the debates that led critics such as Crimp, Abigail Solomon-Godeau, Christopher Phillips, Benjamin Buchloh and others to turn to photomontage as one of their principal objects of concern in what became known as the postmodern critique of photography. Why was montage tasked to perform this critical function, particularly by people around the journal October who had not otherwise devoted the balance of their writing to photography’s history? The article suggests that these men and women, along with the contemporary artists they foregrounded, manifested what Mary Anne Doane has called a ‘desire for signification’, a reaction in the late 1970s against the mute theatricality of minimalist and conceptual art. Photomontage reintroduced representation to contemporary art and to the canon of art history. But unlike the reemerging illusionism in painting that also manifested this desire, montage guarded against an uncomplicated realism by highlighting and critiquing operations of representation in a manner that painting no longer could.     

Helen F. Stuart and Hannah Frances Green: The Original Spirit Photographer

Spirit photographs are joint portraits that visually unite the bereaved and the deceased without use of a corpse. Arising from the same ideas that founded Spiritualism in the nineteenth century, these enchanted mementos are said to have been discovered by William H. Mumler in 1861, in Boston, Massachusetts. Spirit photographers typically worked with mediums who enabled the appearance of magical ‘extras’ of the deceased, and as the majority of mediums were women, their contributions to this development within personal mourning rituals have been limited almost exclusively to this activity. Fuelled by the acknowledged proximity of two women to the invention, Helen F. Stuart and Hannah Frances Green, this article challenges Mumler’s widely accepted status as the originator of spirit photography. Although Stuart was the owner of the studios where Mumler stumbled upon his invention and Green was a secretary and medium in the same studios, scholars have tended to refuse these women larger roles. This article establishes the viability of a new narrative, presenting the strong likelihood that these women were in fact one and the same person and proposing that this woman be recognised as a pioneer of spirit photography.     

Do men and women differ in their use of tables and graphs in academic publications?

In psychological research there is huge literature on differences between the sexes. Typically it used to be thought that women were more verbally and men more spatially oriented. These differences now seem to be waning. In this article we present three studies on sex differences in the use of tables and graphs in academic articles. These studies are based on data mining from approximately 2,000 articles published in over 200 peer-reviewed journals in the sciences and social sciences. In Study 1 we found that, in the sciences, men used 26 % more graphs and figures than women, but that there were no significant differences between them in their use of tables. In Study 2 we found no significant differences between men and women in their use of graphs and figures or tables in social science articles. In Study 3 we found no significant differences between men and women in their use of what we termed ‘data’ and ‘text’ tables in social science articles. It is possible that these findings indicate that academic writing is now becoming a genre that is equally undertaken by men and women.     

F. Holland Day's ‘Nubians’

Abstract

In the October 1897 issue of his newly-founded journal, Camera Notes, Alfred Stieglitz began to publish a remarkable series of ‘Nubian’ portraits. They were by F. Holland Day, the Boston photographer whose innovative and dramatic images of young women had already established his reputation internationally. Greatly admired by Stieglitz, Day's ‘Nubian’ series was afforded the most painstaking attention, and reproduced in the expensive process of photogravure.     

三维超声成像在诊断胎儿唇裂30例中的应用价值

目的：探究三维超声成像诊断胎儿唇裂的临床诊断效果及应用价值,为后期临床诊断提供参考。方法：选取我院门诊2009年1月-2012年1月期间收入行三维超声检测的3280例妊娠产妇的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果：本组3280例孕妇中,经超声监测得到满意图像的3150例,超声显示单胎的为3056例,双胎36例,三胎5例,胎儿唇裂者30例,唇腭裂合并者23例。在联合诊断中,二维超声诊断时出现漏诊12例,三维0例;二维超声诊断误诊15例,三维0例。二维与三维检测结果在漏诊、误诊、准确率比较,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论：三维超声可为医务人员提供全面、直观、清晰且准确的诊断资料,具有临床价值,值得进一步推广及应用。     

Gender distinctions in patenting: Does nanotechnology make a difference?

Analyzing the domestic patent records filed with the United State Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) in the 16-year time period from 1990 to 2005, this study benchmarks the collaboration patterns and gender-specific performance in patenting nanotechnology, a newly emerging field, with those in the general area across all technological fields (thereafter the overall tech area, a proxy of traditional technological fields). Going beyond what has been discovered in a previous study that women’s involvement in patenting is lower than their male peers in nanotechnology, the empirical evidence reported here suggests that the gap to women’s disadvantage was smaller in nanotechnology than in the overall tech area in the studied period. The major finding of this study is that, while more than 90% of patents across fields were from industry where patenting is least likely to be collaborative, nano-patents have more diverse origins (79% from industry and 21 from universities, government, public institutions, and cross-sectoral collaboration) and are more likely to be collaborative outcomes (including those from industry). The profile of nanotechnology patents in terms of workforce sectors has the implication that nanotechnology presents an environment where women are more able to catch collaborative opportunities and engage in patenting. Implications for future research are discussed correspondingly.     

Exposing the Zenana: Maharaja Sawai Ram Singh II's Photographs of Women in Purdah

This paper explores a group of photographic portraits taken by the Jaipur maharaja Ram Singh II of female inhabitants of his zenana. These largely unexplored portraits of upper-class Rajput women who lived in purdah inhabit a peculiar intermediate zone between orientalist ‘harem’ photography and Victorian studio portraiture, upsetting our expectations of both. In order to elucidate the unique character of these portraits, this paper sets them within the context of colonial and Rajput ideas about female roles in domestic space and norms of female representation. It argues that the portraits present the zenana as a sanitized and modernized domestic space and thereby defend this long-standing domestic institution from the critiques of late nineteenth-century social reform movements. Ultimately, Ram Singh's portraits of women in purdah are found to represent a staging of modernity in the service of tradition.