A parallel neural network approach to prediction of Parkinson’s Disease

Recently the neural network based diagnosis of medical diseases has taken a great deal of attention. In this paper a parallel feed-forward neural network structure is used in the prediction of Parkinson’s Disease. The main idea of this paper is using more than a unique neural network to reduce the possibility of decision with error. The output of each neural network is evaluated by using a rule-based system for the final decision. Another important point in this paper is that during the training process, unlearned data of each neural network is collected and used in the training set of the next neural network. The designed parallel network system significantly increased the robustness of the prediction. A set of nine parallel neural networks yielded an improvement of 8.4% on the prediction of Parkinson’s Disease compared to a single unique network. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the designed system, to some extent, deals with the problems of imbalanced data sets.     

Predicting user’s preferences using neural networks and psychology models

In this paper we describe a new model suitable for optimization problems with explicitly unknown optimization functions using user’s preferences. The model addresses an ability to learn not known optimization functions thus perform also a learning of user’s preferences. The model consists of neural networks using fuzzy membership functions and interactive evolutionary algorithms in the process of learning. Fuzzy membership functions of basic human values and their priorities were prepared by utilizing Schwartz’s model of basic human values (achievement, benevolence, conformity, hedonism, power, security, self-direction, stimulation, tradition and universalism). The quality of the model was tested on “the most attractive font face problem” and it was evaluated using the following criteria: a speed of optimal parameters computation, a precision of achieved results, Wilcoxon signed rank test and a similarity of letter images. The results qualify the developed model as very usable in user’s preference modeling.     

Multi-view feature selection and classification for Alzheimer’s Disease diagnosis

Multimedia Tools and Applications - In our present society, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common dementia form in elderly people and has been a big social health problem worldwide. In...     

Parkinson’s disease prediction using gene expression – A projection based learning meta-cognitive neural classifier approach

In this paper, we propose a gene expression based approach for the prediction of Parkinson’s disease (PD) using ‘projection based learning for meta-cognitive radial basis function network (PBL-McRBFN)’. McRBFN is inspired by human meta-cognitive learning principles. McRBFN has two components, a cognitive component and a meta-cognitive component. The cognitive component is a radial basis function network with evolving architecture. In the cognitive component, the PBL algorithm computes the optimal output weights with least computational effort. The meta-cognitive component controls the learning process in the cognitive component by choosing the best learning strategy for the current sample and adapts the learning strategies by implementing self-regulation. The interaction of cognitive component and meta-cognitive component address the what-to-learn, when-to-learn and how-to-learn of human learning principles efficiently.PBL-McRBFN classifier is used to predict PD using micro-array gene expression data obtained from ParkDB database. The performance of PBL-McRBFN classifier has been evaluated using Independent Component Analysis (ICA) reduced features sets from the complete genes and selected genes with two different significance levels. Further, the performance of PBL-McRBFN classifier is statistically compared with existing classifiers using one-way repeated ANOVA test. Further, it is also used in PD prediction using the standard vocal and gait PD data sets. In all these data sets, the performance of PBL-McRBFN is compared against existing results in the literature. Performance results clearly highlight the superior performance of our proposed approach.     

Statistical methods for analysis of Parkinson’s disease gait pattern and classification

Multimedia Tools and Applications - Understanding the human gait and extracting intrinsic feature helps to classify walking patterns of Parkinson disease patients. The measurement of time series...     

Multiclass classification of Parkinson’s disease using cepstral analysis

This paper addressees the problem of an early diagnosis of PD (Parkinson’s disease) by the classification of characteristic features of person’s voice knowing that 90% of the people with PD suffer from speech disorders. We collected 375 voice samples from healthy and people suffer from PD. We extracted from each voice sample features using the MFCC and PLP Cepstral techniques. All the features are analyzed and selected by feature selection algorithms to classify the subjects in 4 classes according to UPDRS (unified Parkinson’s disease Rating Scale) score. The advantage of our approach is the resulting and the simplicity of the technique used, so it could also extended for other voice pathologies. We used as classifier the discriminant analysis for the results obtained in previous multiclass classification works. We obtained accuracy up to 87.6% for discrimination between PD patients in 3 different stages and healthy control using MFCC along with the LLBFS algorithm.     

Erratum to: Multi-view feature selection and classification for Alzheimer’s Disease Diagnosis

Multimedia Tools and Applications -     

Early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease based on Partial Least Squares and Support Vector Machine

An accurate and early diagnosis of the Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is of fundamental importance for the patient medical treatment. It has been shown that pathological manifestations of AD may be detected thought functional images even before that the patients becomes symptomatic. This fact has led researchers to propose new ways for analyzing functional data in order to get more accurate Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CAD) systems for this disorder. In this paper we show an effective approach for Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography feature extraction that improves the accuracy of CAD systems for AD. The proposed methodology uses a Partial Least Squares algorithm for extracting score vectors and the Out-Of-Bag error for selecting a number of scores that are used as features. Subsequently, a Support Vector Machine (SVM) based classifier determines the underlying class of the images, thus performing diagnostics. In order to test this approach we have used an image database for AD with 97 SPECT images from controls and AD patients. The images were visually labeled by experienced clinicians after the properly normalization. Several experiments have been developed to compare the proposed methodology and previous approaches. The results show that our method yields accuracy rates over 90%, outperforming several recently reported CAD systems for AD diagnosis.     

Automatic classification and prediction models for early Parkinson’s disease diagnosis from SPECT imaging

Early and accurate diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is important for early management, proper prognostication and for initiating neuroprotective therapies once they become available. Recent neuroimaging techniques such as dopaminergic imaging using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) with ¹²³I-Ioflupane (DaTSCAN) have shown to detect even early stages of the disease. In this paper, we use the striatal binding ratio (SBR) values that are calculated from the ¹²³I-Ioflupane SPECT scans (as obtained from the Parkinson’s progression markers initiative (PPMI) database) for developing automatic classification and prediction/prognostic models for early PD. We used support vector machine (SVM) and logistic regression in the model building process. We observe that the SVM classifier with RBF kernel produced a high accuracy of more than 96% in classifying subjects into early PD and healthy normal; and the logistic model for estimating the risk of PD also produced high degree of fitting with statistical significance indicating its usefulness in PD risk estimation. Hence, we infer that such models have the potential to aid the clinicians in the PD diagnostic process.     

Multiclass classification of Parkinson’s disease using different classifiers and LLBFS feature selection algorithm

Since approximately 90% of the people with PD (Parkinson’s disease) suffer from speech disorders including disorders of laryngeal, respiratory and articulatory function, using voice analysis disease can be diagnosed remotely at an early stage with more reliability and in an economic way. All previous works are done to distinguish healthy people from people with Parkinson’s disease (PWP). In this paper, we propose to go further by multiclass classification with three classes of Parkinson stages and healthy control. So we have used 40 features dataset, all the features are analyzed and 9 features are selected to classify PWP subjects in four classes, based on unified Parkinson’s disease Rating Scale (UPDRS). Various classifiers are used and their comparison is done to find out which one gives the best results. Results show that the subspace discriminant reach more than 93% overall classification accuracy.     

A novel Parkinson’s Disease Diagnosis Index using higher-order spectra features in EEG signals

Higher-order spectra (HOS) is an efficient feature extraction method used in various biomedical applications such as stages of sleep, epilepsy detection, cardiac abnormalities, and affective computing. The motive of this work was to explore the application of HOS for an automated diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease (PD) using electroencephalography (EEG) signals. Resting-state EEG signals collected from 20 PD patients with medication and 20 age-matched normal subjects were used in this study. HOS bispectrum features were extracted from the EEG signals. The obtained features were ranked using t value, and highly ranked features were used in order to develop the PD Diagnosis Index (PDDI). The PDDI is a single value, which can discriminate the two classes. Also, the ranked features were fed one by one to the various classifiers, namely decision tree (DT), fuzzy K-nearest neighbor (FKNN), K-nearest neighbor (KNN), naive bayes (NB), probabilistic neural network (PNN), and support vector machine (SVM), to choose the best classifier using minimum number of features. We have obtained an optimum mean classification accuracy of 99.62%, mean sensitivity and specificity of 100.00 and 99.25%, respectively, using the SVM classifier. The proposed PDDI can aid the clinicians in their diagnosis and help to test the efficacy of drugs.

     

A comparison of classification algorithms using Landsat-7 and Landsat-8 data for mapping lithology in Canada’s Arctic

To map Arctic lithology in central Victoria Island, Canada, the relative performance of advanced classifiers (Neural Network (NN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Random Forest (RF)) were compared to Maximum Likelihood Classifier (MLC) results using Landsat-7 and Landsat-8 imagery. A ten-repetition cross-validation classification approach was applied. Classification performance was evaluated visually and statistically using the global classification accuracy, producer’s and user’s accuracies for each individual lithological/spectral class, and cross-comparison agreement. The advanced classifiers outperformed MLC, especially when training data were not normally distributed. The Landsat-8 classification results were comparable to Landsat-7 using the advanced classifiers but differences were more pronounced when using MLC. Rescaling the Landsat-8 data from 16 bit to 8 bit substantially increased classification accuracy when MLC was applied but had little impact on results from the advanced classifiers.     

Prediction of artificial soil’s unconfined compression strength test using statistical analyses and artificial neural networks

Laboratory prediction of the unconfined compression strength (UCS) of cohesive soils is important to determine the shear strength properties. However, this study presents the application of different methods simple–multiple analysis and artificial neural networks for the prediction of the UCS from basic soil properties. Regression analysis and artificial neural networks prediction indicated that there exist acceptable correlations between soil properties and unconfined compression strength. Besides, artificial neural networks showed a higher performance than traditional statistical models for predicting UCS. Regression analysis and artificial neural network prediction indicated strong correlations (R² = 0.71–0.97) between basic soil properties and UCS. It has been shown that the correlation equations obtained by regression analyses are found to be reliable in practical situations.     

The use of decision tree induction and artificial neural networks for automatic diagnosis of Hashimoto’s disease

Methods for classification of ultrasound thyroid images have been presented. These methods allow us to classify examined patients as either sick or healthy. Decision tree induction and a multilayer perceptron neural network have been used to build classification models. Test results showed that the proposed methods can provide a starting point for building a support system in the process of medical diagnosis. Better accuracy of classifiers was achieved for the normalized images. We have also found that, under adopted assumptions, the results obtained for them were statistically significant in contrast to original images. The proposed methods allow us to separate a fairly large group of incorrectly classified cases. According to the authors, this group may contain features of the early stage of Hashimoto’s disease.     

Hybrid unsupervised web-attack detection and classification – A deep learning approach

Web requests made by users of web applications are manipulated by hackers to gain control of web servers. Moreover, detecting web attacks has been increasingly important in the distribution of information over the last few decades. Also, several existing techniques had been performed on detecting vulnerable web attacks using machine learning and deep learning techniques. However, there is a lack in achieving attack detection ratio owing to the utilization of supervised and semi-supervised learning approaches. Thus to overcome the aforementioned issues, this research proposes a hybrid unsupervised detection model a deep learning-based anomaly-based web attack detection. Whereas, the encoded outputs of De-Noising Autoencoder (DAE), as well as Stacked Autoencoder (SAE), are integrated and given to the Generative adversarial network (GAN) as input to improve the feature representation ability to detect the web attacks. Consequently, for classifying the type of attacks, a novel DBM-Bi LSTM-based classification model has been introduced. Which incorporates DBM for binary classification and Bi-LSTM for multi-class classification to classify the various attacks. Finally, the performance of the classifier in terms of recall, precision, F1-Score, and accuracy are evaluated and compared. The proposed method achieved high accuracy of 98%.     

Sequential selection of discrete features for neural networks – A Bayesian approach to building a cascade

A feature selection procedure is used to successively remove features one-by-one from a statistical classifier by an iterative backward search. Each classifier uses a smaller subset of features than the classifier in the previous iteration. The classifiers are subsequently combined into a cascade. Each classifier in the cascade should classify cases to which a reliable class label can be assigned. Other cases should be propagated to the next classifier which uses also the value of a new feature. Experiments demonstrate the feasibility of building cascades of classifiers (neural networks for prediction of atrial fibrillation (FA)) using a backward search scheme for feature selection.     

An efficient algorithm based on artificial neural networks and particle swarm optimization for solution of nonlinear Troesch’s problem

Neural Computing and Applications - In this article, a simple and efficient approach for the approximate solution of a nonlinear differential equation known as Troesch’s problem is proposed....     

A novel diagnosis system for Parkinson’s disease using complex-valued artificial neural network with k-means clustering feature weighting method

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a degenerative, central nervous system disorder. The diagnosis of PD is difficult, as there is no standard diagnostic test and a particular system that gives accurate results. Therefore, automated diagnostic systems are required to assist the neurologist. In this study, we have developed a new hybrid diagnostic system for addressing the PD diagnosis problem. The main novelty of this paper lies in the proposed approach that involves a combination of the k-means clustering-based feature weighting (KMCFW) method and a complex-valued artificial neural network (CVANN). A Parkinson dataset comprising the features obtained from speech and sound samples were used for the diagnosis of PD. PD attributes are weighted through the use of the KMCFW method. New features obtained are converted into a complex number format. These feature values are presented as an input to the CVANN. The efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed system have been rigorously evaluated against the PD dataset in terms of five different evaluation methods. Experimental results have demonstrated that the proposed hybrid system, entitled KMCFW–CVANN, significantly outperforms the other methods detailed in the literature and achieves the highest classification results reported so far, with a classification accuracy of 99.52 %. Therefore, the proposed system appears to be promising in terms of a more accurate diagnosis of PD. Also, the application confirms the conclusion that the reliability of the classification ability of a complex-valued algorithm with regard to a real-valued dataset is high.

     

On the usefulness of off-the-shelf computer peripherals for people with Parkinson’s Disease

People who suffer from Parkinson’s Disease face many challenges using computers, and mice are particularly problematic input devices. This article describes usability tests of standard peripherals for use by people with Parkinson’s Disease in order to identify optimal combinations with respect to the needs of this user group. The results are used to determine their effect upon inertia, muscle stiffness, tremor, pain, strain and coordination and show that widely available equipment could significantly improve mouse pointer control for many users. The results reflect the diversity of challenges experienced by computer users with Parkinson’s Disease, and also illustrate how projector-based technology may improve computer interaction without risking strain injuries.     

Multispectral landuse classification using neural networks and support vector machines: one or the other,or both?

Land use classification is an important part of many remote sensing applications. A lot of research has gone into the application of statistical and neural network classifiers to remote‐sensing images. This research involves the study and implementation of a new pattern recognition technique introduced within the framework of statistical learning theory called Support Vector Machines (SVMs), and its application to remote‐sensing image classification. Standard classifiers such as Artificial Neural Network (ANN) need a number of training samples that exponentially increase with the dimension of the input feature space. With a limited number of training samples, the classification rate thus decreases as the dimensionality increases. SVMs are independent of the dimensionality of feature space as the main idea behind this classification technique is to separate the classes with a surface that maximizes the margin between them, using boundary pixels to create the decision surface. Results from SVMs are compared with traditional Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC) and an ANN classifier. The findings suggest that the ANN and SVM classifiers perform better than the traditional MLC. The SVM and the ANN show comparable results. However, accuracy is dependent on factors such as the number of hidden nodes (in the case of ANN) and kernel parameters (in the case of SVM). The training time taken by the SVM is several magnitudes less.