A new golf swing robot to simulate human skill—Learning control based on direct dynamics model using recurrent ANN

The motion control skill in human hyper dynamic motions, especially in ultra high speed motions, is being investigated by the authors toward a realization of hyper dynamic manipulation by robots. As a case study, a new golf swing robot, consisting of an actuated joint and a passive joint with a mechanical stopper, has been developed by us. To improve the accuracy of the motion, learning control using ANN is introduced to shadow swing motion and the swing motion of hitting a ball, and its effectiveness has been shown by experiments. Since the model used in the method depends on the swing conditions, it is difficult to adapt the same model to all conditions. To improve the versatility of the learning control method, a recurrent ANN as a model with versatility is adopted to derive the model of direct dynamics of such strongly coupled, non-linear, non-holonomic and hybrid system. And a control method based on learning and motion generation by using the model is proposed and implemented to the golf swing robot prototype. In this paper, the method for adopting the recurrent ANN and implementing the learning control is described, and experimental results are shown.     

使用简易深度成像设备的高尔夫挥杆动态贝叶斯网络三维重建

基于简易深度成像设备的动作捕捉系统因其与传统设备相比更加廉价且易于使用而倍受关注。然而,此类设备图像分辨率很低,肢体间互相遮挡,缺乏3维动作重建的基本数据条件。该文融合人体关节点父子关系与关节点在运动中的多阶马尔可夫性,提出一个描述人体关节点空间关系与动态特性的动态贝叶斯网络(DBN)模型,基于该DBN模型并利用高尔夫挥杆运动的相似性,构建了一种高尔夫挥杆3维重建系统DBN-Motion(DBN-based Motion reconstruction system),使用简易深度成像设备Kinect,有效地解决了肢体遮挡的问题,实现了高尔夫挥杆动作的捕获和3维重建。实验结果表明,该系统能够在重建精度上媲美商用光学动作捕捉系统。     

基于运动捕捉的高尔夫挥杆分析与辅助训练系统设计

高尔夫运动作为新型的高端运动项目,正在被越来越多的人接受。而运动捕捉技术在体育训练中的广泛应用,对提高运动员的高尔夫运动水平,具有重要的作用。本文通过运用虚拟现实技术,对高尔夫运动员挥杆动作进行捕捉,并建立数据库,与训练者进行比对,同时通过比对可得出相应的参数,以此给予教练更好的训练方法。     

A Method for Extracting Temporal Parameters Based on Hidden Markov Models in Body Sensor Networks With Inertial Sensors

Human movement models often divide movements into parts. In walking, the stride can be segmented into four different parts, and in golf and other sports, the swing is divided into sections based on the primary direction of motion. These parts are often divided based on key events, also called temporal parameters. When analyzing a movement, it is important to correctly locate these key events, and so automated techniques are needed. There exist many methods for dividing specific actions using data from specific sensors, but for new sensors or sensing positions, new techniques must be developed. We introduce a generic method for temporal parameter extraction called the hidden Markov event model based on hidden Markov models. Our method constrains the state structure to facilitate precise location of key events. This method can be quickly adapted to new movements and new sensors/sensor placements. Furthermore, it generalizes well to subjects not used for training. A multiobjective optimization technique using genetic algorithms is applied to decrease error and increase cross-subject generalizability. Further, collaborative techniques are explored. We validate this method on a walking dataset by using inertial sensors placed on various locations on a human body. Our technique is designed to be computationally complex for training, but computationally simple at runtime to allow deployment on resource-constrained sensor nodes.      

基于免疫进化算法的轮式移动机器人非完整运动规划

本文阐述了轮式移动机器人非完整运动的最优规划问题,在系统的非完整特性基础上,将轮式移动机器人的运动规划转化为非线性系统最优控制问题。在最优控制中引入了人工免疫算法,替代了传统的迭代方法,提出了基于人工免疫算法的非完整运动规划的最优控制方法。通过抗体编码和亲合力函数给出了算法的具体实现步骤,并且进行了仿真实验。实验结果表明算法的有效性和可行性。     

Reliable gait planning and control for miniaturized quadruped robot pet

This paper proposes a gait planning and control algorithm for the quadruped robot pet commercialized by Dasarobot, Korea. Reliable motion and online characteristics are the key requisites for the motion planning algorithm of a commercialized robot. At joint control level of the proposed gait control, sample-based interpolation makes joint trajectory tractable for small motor and controller of the miniaturized robot. Centroid body sway ensures walking stability to achieve reliability of the proposed gaits at the motion planning level. By using ground coordinates representation, it is possible to integrate several online gaits and realize a compact and efficient gait planning algorithm. Experimental results are presented to verify the proposed gait planning and control algorithm.     

高精度风力摆控制系统设计

本系统设计制作一套由轴流风机为动力源的单片机精准控制系统。系统采用MC9S12XS128微控制器作为主控芯片,选用MPU6050六轴运动传感器及WDD35精密导电塑料电位器作为摆杆的角度检测模块,并采用四个空心杯电机作为系统的执行机构。该系统采用PID控制算法,控制摆杆做摆动方向和摆动幅度均可设定的平面单摆运动及摆动半径可设定的圆锥摆运动。实验结果表明,该风力摆控制系统摆动方向角度误差＜3°,摆动幅度误差＜5 mm,圆锥摆圆度误差＜5 mm。     

Motion generation for hyper dynamic manipulation

Basic concept about how to realize hyper dynamic manipulation by a robot has been given by the authors in previous works. Based on the analysis results of human hyper dynamic manipulation, two key issues concerning the realization of hyper dynamic manipulation by an anthropomorphic mechanism, namely, utilization of dynamically coupled driving and structural joint stops, have been emphasized. Therefore, unlike that for conventional manipulators, our approach is to design and control a hyper dynamic manipulator based on the utilization of dynamically coupled driving and structural joint stops. Motion generation based on this approach is critical to the utilization of dynamically coupled driving and joint stops, and presents great difficulties. In this paper, a new method for motion generation is proposed, and its superior numerical stability achieved with high accuracy is shown by simulation results. Many meaningful and interesting results for the hyper dynamic manipulation for a two-joint manipulator are obtained in simulation. Moreover, the hyper dynamic manipulation is realized successfully by a prototype of a golf swing robot, designed based on the concept presented in this paper.     

基于红外的障碍场中集群微机器人的控制方法

对多障碍物环境下微机器人集群运动的控制问题进行了研究.结合微机器人尺寸小的特点,采用低功耗的红外传感器感知外界环境.设定机器人的安全区域,根据机器人运动过程中避障和路径规划所要满足的边界条件,提出了基于人工蜂群问题优化的路径规划控制模型,实现了微机器人的避障和路径规划.仿真结果验证了该控制方法的有效性.     

二维耦合光学摆镜伺服控制系统

二维耦合光学摆镜是扫描式星载红外光学系统的关键运动部件,其运动特性对伺服系统提出了高精度位置控制与运动解耦的特殊要求。在建模与仿真分析的基础上,提出了一种新的耦合偏移补偿与分割步进的解耦策略,采用位置环与速度环双闭环的PID控制算法,使用有限转角力矩电机和高精度旋转变压器作为执行与测量元件,以DSP为核心构建了二维耦合光学摆镜伺服控制系统。实验结果表明:该方法设计的控制系统二维运动解耦正确,控制精度高,响应时间短,动态特性好且超调小,可广泛应用于高精度摆动扫描控制系统的研究领域,具有很好的工程应用前景。     

基于AVR单片机的旋转倒立摆设计

对简易旋转倒立摆的各个模块做了相关介绍,对系统的实现方案和设计步骤进行描述。采用ATmega16单片机作为主控元件,以BTS7960模块作为驱动器,使用直流伺服电机作为驱动电机。采用增量式PID算法控制摆杆达到稳定,对摆杆所处位置的角度进行分段,然后采用分段PID算法进行控制,以使摆杆快速趋于稳定状态,得到良好的控制效果。     

TRBR: Flight body posture compensation for transverse ricochetal brachiation robot

Transverse ricochetal brachiation is a sophisticated locomotion style that mimics athletes swinging their bodies with their hands on a ledge in order to propel themselves for a leap to a target ledge. This paper describes the development of a transverse ricochetal brachiation robot (TRBR) and outlines motion control strategies for active flight body posture compensation. The crucial design parameters were obtained by formulating an optimization problem with the goal of maximizing flight distance. Shoulder joints with switchable stiffness were used to enable resonance excitation via the swinging of a robot tail during the swing phase, while enabling tight arm-and-body engagement during the flight phase. Novel electric grippers were designed to provide the required holding forces as well as quick-release functionality to ensure that the kinetic energy accumulated during the swing phase could be transferred smoothly to the flight phase. The reference trajectory of the robot tail was obtained using an optimization procedure based on a dynamic model of the swing phase. We also adopted a dynamic model for the flight phase to elucidate the effects of midair body rotation with the aim of developing body posture compensation methods. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed body posture compensation method based on a successive loop closure design in improving flight body posture during transverse ricochetal brachiation. The integration of arm swing motion with tail compensation also proved highly effective in enhancing hang time and travel distance.     

Iterative learning contouring control: Theory and application to biaxial systems

This paper is concerned with the iterative learning control (ILC) for the contouring control of multi-axis motion system. A novel ILC algorithm, which is called iterative learning contouring control (ILCC), is proposed and verified with biaxial motion systems. In motion control, conventional ILC requires that the number of control objectives is the same as the number of command inputs, which is called square property. This allows for the formulation of transfer function or matrix inversion. The unique feature of contouring control is its non-square property. For contouring control, conventional ILC circumvents the non-square property by adopting the configuration of cross-coupled control (CCC). In other words, the estimated contour error is decomposed into components of individual axis for compensation by ILC and thus the contour error is reduced indirectly. The proposed ILCC can deal with the non-square property and can directly reduce the contour error by adopting the equivalent contour error as the control objective of the ILC. The equivalent contour error represents an accurate contour error model and hence better contouring accuracy can be achieved. The ILCC algorithm is implemented on two platforms, an XY table and a commercial CNC machine tool. Experiments on the contouring control of a circular path with different speeds and a B-spline path are conducted. It is found that the contour error can be reduced about 88% after several learning iterations. The experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method and show the excellent contouring performance.     

A Novel Approach for Key Caption Detection in Golf Videos Using Color Patterns

This paper provides a novel method of detecting key captions containing player information in golf videos. We use the color pattern of captions and its repetition property to determine the key captions. The experimental results show that the proposed method achieves a much higher accuracy than existing methods.     

基于Dsp的洁净机器人运动控制系统设计

文中针对洁净机器人的运动控制系统设计展开了研究,提出了一种基于DSP的运动控制技术方案。首先对洁净机器人及运动控制系统的基本原理和要求进行了概述,然后分析了国内外洁净机器人运动控制系统的研究现状。接着,详细介绍了基于DSP的控制系统的硬件选型和设计、模块化设计、软件设计以及接口设计,并阐述了控制系统的实现与调试过程。在洁净机器人运动控制算法方面,提出了运动规划与路径规划算法、运动控制算法设计、传感器数据融合与处理算法以及故障处理与安全保护算法设计。     

Player Information Extraction for Semantic Annotation in Golf Videos

In sports videos, text provides semantic information about the game such as scores and players. This paper provides an accurate extraction method of the player information in golf. First, a new detection method of the key captions containing the player information is presented. Since the location of the key captions containing the player information is not fixed during a game in golf, we use a color pattern of captions and its temporal repetition property instead of the location property to decide the key captions. Second, a dual binarization method is presented to segment texts with different color polarities (i.e. dark and bright texts) easily from the background in the key captions. Finally, the binarization results are recognized by OCR and converted to plain texts. The player is recognized by comparing the plain texts with the pre-reserved player name database. Experiments on a large database show that our method can extract the player information efficiently in golf videos.      

基于模糊聚类的运动对象分割算法研究

为了从视频序列中分割出完整的、一致的运动视频对象,该文使用基于模糊聚类的分割算法获得组成对象边界的像素,从而提取对象。该算法首先使用了当前帧以及之前一些帧的图像信息计算其在小波域中不同子带的运动特征,并根据这些运动特征构造了低分辨率图像的运动特征矢量集;然后,使用模糊C-均值聚类算法分离出图像中发生显著变化的像素,以此代替帧间差图像,并利用传统的变化检测方法获得对象变化检测模型,从而提取对象;同时,使用相继两帧之间的平均绝对差值大小确定计算当前帧运动特征所需帧的数量,保证提取视频对象的精确性。实验结果证明该方法对于分割各种图像序列中的视频对象是有效的。     

工业机器人空间轨迹仿真分析

机器人的建模与轨迹规划是机器人控制的基础。针对ABB_IRB120型工业机器人的结构特点,通过D-H法建立数学模型,运用蒙特卡洛法分析工作空间。文中采用MATLAB Robotics Toolbox对该型机器人进行运动学仿真和两点之间的点对点轨迹规划。针对Robotics Toolbox轨迹规划功能的局限性,通过二次开发,增加了循环算法,扩展该工具箱的轨迹规划应用范围,使模拟的机器人末端执行器能够生成连续的复杂空间运动曲线。最后对平面余弦曲线及空间螺旋曲线进行实时仿真,结果显示所生成的轨迹与设定轨迹基本吻合,运动参数有效性达到95.2%以上,证明了该算法的可行性和有效性。     

一种新型小波域运动估计算法

离散小波变换中的位移可变性严重影响了小波域运动估计的精度。为了克服位移可变性,该文采用了一种新的双通道高通滤波方法,提出了一种新型小波域运动估计算法。仿真实验结果表明这种新算法比现有其他同类算法具有更好的性能和更低的计算复杂度。