预制裂纹几何与材料属性对岩石 裂纹扩展的影响研究

 采用岩石破裂过程的弹塑性细胞自动机模拟系统EPCA2D,研究含预制裂纹岩石试件裂隙的几何位置以及基质材料力学属性的差异对裂纹扩展和搭接的影响。模拟中采用弱化元胞单元来表征试件中存在的预制裂纹,用Weibull随机分布对岩石基质元胞单元的力学参数进行赋值,以反映作为岩石基质一部分的岩桥的非均质性。表征预制裂纹的弱化元胞单元服从理想弹塑性本构关系,基质元胞单元服从弹脆塑性本构关系。利用该方法对含有2或3条裂纹的岩石试件进行单轴压缩破裂过程模拟,再现裂纹起裂、扩展和搭接全过程的实验现象。结果表明,预制裂纹的倾角和岩桥倾角对裂纹的扩展和搭接有重要的影响。同时,考虑基质材料力学属性的差异,研究基质元胞单元力学性质的随机空间分布和不同的内摩擦角等情况下的裂纹扩展模式,结果表明,裂纹的扩展和搭接路径强烈依赖于材料的力学属性,从机制上解释了室内实验中裂纹扩展路径离散性的原因。     

Exact vibration frequencies of segmented axisymmetric shells

Axisymmetric shells are commonly used in all fields of engineering and their dynamic characteristics are of great importance in their overall performance. Segmented shells are shells that are built of several pieces that form together an axisymmetric shell with a joint axis. These can be cylindrical, conical or plate segments, which are connected to form a complete shell. In this research, the exact dynamic stiffness matrix for each segment is derived and used in the assembly of the complete structure dynamic stiffness matrix. Then the natural frequencies of vibrations are found as the frequencies that cause this matrix to become singular. Examples are given for the frequencies and modes of segmented shells made of conical, cylindrical, and plate segments.     

基于计算机视觉技术的结构表面裂缝检测方法研究

计算机视觉技术用于混凝土结构表面裂缝检测,具有现场检测方便、效率高、客观性强的特点,但图像数据分析是该技术的核心,其中裂缝提取与定量测量较为复杂。为提高裂缝图像处理效率和准确率,将深度学习和数字图像处理技术相结合,提出一种裂缝检测方法。建立基于深度卷积神经网络的裂缝识别模型,在图像上自动定位裂缝并结合图像局域阈值分割方法提取裂缝。在裂缝宽度定量测量方面,采用双边滤波算法和三段线性变换对裂缝图像进行预处理,提高了裂缝边缘识别的精确度。通过改进边缘梯度法,实现裂缝最大宽度的定位和裂缝最大宽度的自动获取。该研究为全自动识别裂缝图像及高精度测量裂缝宽度提供了一种解决方法。     

On the behavior of thin walled composite beams with stochastic properties under matrix cracking damage

Thin walled composite beam structures are prone to damage which results in change in the performance of these structures. The change in the performance due to damage may get confused with the variation in the performance due uncertainties in the properties of these structures. Here, the performances of the thin walled composite beam under matrix cracking damage having material uncertainties are studied. The cross-sectional stiffness properties are obtained using thin walled beam formulation, which is based on a mixed force and displacement method. The stochastic behaviors of material properties are obtained from previous experimental and analytical studies. The effects of matrix cracking are introduced through the changes in the extension, extension–bending and bending matrices of composites. The effects of matrix cracking on out-of-plane bending, inplane bending and torsion cross-sectional properties are studied at different crack densities for stochastic material properties. Further, the effects of matrix cracking and uncertainties on measurable properties such as deflections and frequencies are studied. Results show that the beam responses at different crack densities get mixed due to the material uncertainties. The estimates of variance obtained for observable system properties due to uncertainty can be used for developing more robust damage detection algorithms.     

Crack identification method for tapered cantilever pipe-type beam using natural frequencies

A method to detect location and size of a crack in tapered cantilever pipe-type beam using changes in natural frequencies is presented. The boundary conditions of cantilever beam are applied to a general solution for vibrating tapered beam. Then, an equivalent bending stiffness for cracked beam is used to obtain the natural frequencies. Numerical simulations are carried out to construct a set of training patterns of a neural network, and committee of neural networks is employed to identify the crack. Crack identifications are carried out for the 16 damage cases numerically and for the 3 damage cases experimentally. The identified crack locations and sizes agree reasonably well with the exact values.     

两类呼吸裂缝模型及其动力响应对比分析

结构构件开裂产生的非线性振动响应是结构损伤识别的重要依据,而选择合理的模型对准确计算这种非线性振动响应至关重要。根据振动过程中裂缝处结构刚度的变化规律,对现有呼吸裂缝模型进行了分析总结,并选取具有典型代表的两种模型,以带裂缝悬臂梁受迫简谐振动为例,对比分析了两种模型在不同激励频率和不同裂缝深度下结构响应的频谱特性。结果表明:相同条件下双线型呼吸裂缝模型较曲线型呼吸裂缝模型更易出现高频分量和谐振现象,能更好地表征裂缝在振动过程中的呼吸效果。     

三维裂纹应力强度因子数值计算

利用无网格Galerkin方法对三维裂纹问题进行分析。基于最小二乘法的无网格方法仅需一系列节点信息就可构成物体的离散模型。在无网格Galerkin方法中,位移边界条件不包含在内,因此,在边界已知位移方向上设置一系列弹簧来满足无网格方法的本征边界条件。弹簧的一端与已知位移的物体表面固连,而另一端固定,把计算位移与已知位移的误差作为弹簧的变形量。弹簧作为弹性体的一部分,弹簧的变性能也是弹性体应变能的一部分。裂纹使得弹性体具有不连续性,对体内节点具有隔离作用。用可视准则处理裂纹面对影响域内Gauss点的隔离作用。提出简单有效的方案,确定可变的节点影响域,这一方案可以保证体内每一个节点影响域内的节点数为一给定的常数,通过限制影响域内最小二乘计算的大小,提高计算近似函数的效率。利用三维间断位移法计算三维裂纹前缘的应力强度因子,计算有限体内边界贯穿平置裂纹和边界非贯穿平置裂纹的应力强度因子。无网格Galerkin方法的计算结果与前人研究的结果吻合很好,这可为三维裂纹的扩展追踪提供参考。     

基于单像摄影测量的桥梁裂缝快速测量方法

针对传统桥梁裂缝量测操作复杂、效率差、危险性高的现状,提出了一种基于单像摄影测量的桥梁裂缝快速测量方法。首先使用数码相机采集桥梁裂缝的单张影像;其次利用Levenberg-Marquardt算法进行相机标定并完成原始影像的畸变纠正;然后使用Wong-Ttrinder圆点定位算子自动定位出标志牌上标志点的中心位置并进行二维直接线性变换,实现影像平面坐标与物方空间坐标之间的转换;最后采用基于卡方检验的Canny边缘检测算子精确提取出裂缝边缘,并实现裂缝宽度的自动量测。实验结果表明,与裂缝测宽仪量测结果相比,本文方法的中误差为0.25 mm,相对误差的范围为0.15%~0.37%,能够满足桥梁裂缝监测工程的要求,在实际的应用中具有较强的鲁棒性、经济性与安全性。     

Buckling analysis of cracked plates using hierarchical trigonometric functions

The present paper deals with the estimation of buckling loads of plates with cracking damages. The hierarchical trigonometric functions are used to define the displacement function of the cracked plate. Selective choosing of the trigonometric functions satisfies the various boundary conditions of a plate bounded by support members in a continuous plated structure. Moreover, the analysis of the cracked plate can be carried out with a minimum number of equations accurately. In the present paper, the buckling loads of plates with various types of cracks, such as edge crack and central crack, are estimated under uniaxial compressive load, biaxial compressive load and in-plane shear load. The results are found to correlate well with those obtained using a finite element method.     

Effects of edge constraints upon shallow shell frequencies

The effects of changing edge constraints upon the frequencies of shallow shells with rectangular planforms are studied. Attention is focused upon a single edge, with the other three edges remaining completely free. For that edge clamped, simply supported, and free edge conditions are imposed; however, each of these has four possibilities depending upon the existence of either or both types of membrane constraint along the single edge. The Ritz method, assuming algebraic polynomials as displacement functions, is used to obtain accurate results. Frequencies for three types of shallow shells (circular cylindrical, spherical, hyperbolic paraboloidal) are obtained, for two shallowness ratios and two thickness ratios each. Careful attention is paid to the number of rigid body modes (zero frequencies) present, for these enter quite strongly into considerations of the effects of changing edge constraints.     

裂隙岩体损伤局部化分析

裂隙岩体损伤局部化与裂隙扩展状态密切相关,裂隙扩展到一定长度后裂隙的扩展状态发生分叉,一部分裂隙继续扩展,另一部分裂隙停止扩展。裂隙岩体损伤局部化是由裂隙扩展状态分叉产生的,损伤局部化起始位置也取决于裂隙扩展状态。通过对多裂隙扩展状态的分叉分析,得到了含矩形分布裂隙岩体损伤局部化弯折裂纹临界扩展长度及临界应力。根据系数矩阵的特征值与特征向量,确定了裂隙岩体损伤局部化的位置,而且考虑了裂隙之间的相互作用。最后,通过算例分析得到了裂隙岩体损伤局部化临界应力与裂隙列间距、行间距、围压和原生裂隙倾角的关系。     

Edge crack growth of mortar plate specimens under uniaxial loading tests

In this paper, a compression-to-tension conversion technique is developed by applying predominant mode I loading test, using a servo-controlled compression system. The technique is applied to thin mortar plate specimens of different widths that include a prefabricated crack on either a single side to facilitate unilateral crack propagation, or prefabricated cracks positioned on both sides asymmetrically with respect to the specimen midpoint to facilitate bilateral crack propagation under direct tensile stress with a loading rate of 0.001 mm/s. The results show that the main pathways of unilateral crack propagation governing specimen failure are fluctuated locally, but present an approximately straight line overall in the absence of pre-existing internal defects. However, the pathways of bilateral crack propagation are relatively complex, although they present similar characteristics. Analysis results suggest that bilateral crack propagation can be basically divided into three stages, i.e. a stage of linear propagation, a stage representing deviation from the other crack, and a stage where one crack approaches either the other crack or approaches the opposite edge of the specimen, and thereby forming a continuous crack through the specimen. In addition, the stress–strain curves of bilateral crack specimens do not vary significantly around the point of peak stress prior to specimen failure, which means that the specimens do not fail instantaneously.     

考虑裂隙动态变化时裂隙土土水特征曲线的预测方法研究

 裂隙广泛分布于表土中,为土中渗流提供优势通道,导致土中渗透系数增大。裂隙土的土水特征曲线(SWCC)是分析裂隙土渗流问题的关键因素。考虑裂隙的动态变化,提出一种预测裂隙土土水特征曲线的新方法,并通过实例分析对此方法进行试验验证。将裂隙土系统分为裂隙网络系统和土体系统两部分,将相同状态下2种孔隙系统的土水特征曲线组合得到裂隙土在该状态下的土水特征曲线。随着裂隙的开展,可以得到裂隙发展路径上不同状态下裂隙土的土水特征曲线。将裂隙发展路径上不同状态下裂隙土的土水特征曲线进行合理组合,即可得到考虑裂隙动态变化时裂隙土的土水特征曲线。通过室内试验模拟裂隙在土样脱湿过程和吸湿过程中的动态变化,测定脱湿过程中的SWCC,用所提出的方法预测考虑裂隙动态变化时裂隙土的土水特征曲线,并将预测结果与试验结果进行对比。预测和试验结果都显示,裂隙土的土水特征曲线呈双峰特征。在达到土体的进气值之前,曲线由裂隙网络控制;当基质吸力较大时,曲线由土体的SWCC控制。试验结果与理论预测基本一致。     

温降对液化石油气储库围岩裂隙开裂影响的数值分析

 从单条裂隙入手，将出露于低温LPG不衬地下储库洞壁的主裂隙简化为带边缘裂纹半无限板分析模型，将洞壁附近未出露的主裂隙简化为靠近自由边缘内置裂纹的半无限板分析模型。首先分析在温度降低过程中岩石物理力学参数随温度变化对裂隙扩展的影响；其次分析温度边界类型、降温程度、降温速度、裂隙与洞壁夹角对不同长度裂隙的温度场、应力场和裂尖应力强度因子的影响，以探求降温导致裂隙扩展的机制；最后作为一种尝试研究，利用叠加原理考虑在裂隙温度降低时地应力对裂纹扩展的抑制作用，分析以原有裂隙不扩展为条件时存储介质温度与地应力的关系。     

非饱和膨胀土裂隙开展深度影响因素研究

 膨胀土的裂隙性是膨胀土区别于其他土类的重要特征之一,裂隙的存在严重影响着膨胀土体的工程特性。对非饱和膨胀土体的张拉裂隙开展深度进行研究,得出同时考虑非饱和膨胀土体有效黏聚力和内摩擦角的裂隙开展深度的线弹性理论关系式,并采用有效黏聚力折减系数来反映有效黏聚力在诸多因素影响下的折减效果,进一步推导出地表基质吸力开裂值的表达式和膨胀土层不受地下水位深度影响时的裂隙开展深度表达式。研究结果表明,非饱和膨胀土张拉裂隙开展深度与土体的有效黏聚力、内摩擦角、泊松比、地表基质吸力、地下水位深度以及有效黏聚力折减系数有着密切的关系,但影响程度相对不同;地表基质吸力只有达到地表基质吸力开裂值以后,膨胀土体才会由于基质吸力的作用而产生表面开裂,地表基质吸力开裂值可以作为膨胀土体地表开裂的理论判据之一;当地下水位深度趋于无限大时,非饱和膨胀土张拉裂隙开展深度会达到一个极限值,此极限值可作为膨胀土层不受地下水位深度影响时的裂隙开展深度值。     

Crack detection in beam-like structures

Sensibility analysis of experimentally measured frequencies as a criterion for crack detection has been extensively used in the last decades due to its simplicity. However the inverse problem of the crack parameters (location and depth) determination is not straightforward. An efficient numerical technique is necessary to obtain significant results. Two approaches are herein presented: The solution of the inverse problem with a power series technique (PST) and the use of artificial neural networks (ANNs). Cracks in a cantilever Bernoulli–Euler (BE) beam and a rotating beam are detected by means of an algorithm that solves the governing vibration problem of the beam with the PST. The ANNs technique does not need a previous model, but a training set of data is required. It is applied to the crack detection in the cantilever beam with a transverse crack. The first methodology is very simple and straightforward, though no optimization is included. It yields relative small errors in both the location and depth detection. When using one network for the detection of the two parameters, the ANNs behave adequately. However better results are found when one ANN is used for each parameter. Finally, a combination between the two techniques is suggested.     

Wavelet‐Based Detection of Beam Cracks Using Modal Shape and Frequency Measurements

Abstract: When a structure is subjected to dynamic or static loads, cracks may develop and the modal shapes and frequencies of the cracked structure may change accordingly. Based on this, a new method is proposed to locate beam cracks and to estimate their depths. The fault‐induced modal shape and frequency changes of cracked structures are taken into account to construct a new hybrid crack detection method. The method includes two steps: crack localization and depth estimation. The locations of the cracks are determined by applying the wavelet transform to the modal shape. Using the measured natural frequencies as inputs, the depths of the cracks are estimated from a database established by wavelet finite element method. The effectiveness of the proposed hybrid two‐step method is demonstrated by numerical simulation and experimental investigation of a cantilever beam with two cracks. Our analyses also indicate that the proposed method performed reasonably well at certain level of noise.     

弹性地基上扁球壳的自由振动

本文研究双参数弹性地基上扁球壳的自由振动频率和振型，推导了计及地基惯性力影响的扁壳自由振动控制方程。方程的精确解以贝塞尔函数表达。同时，分别导出了壳的经向、环向和横向位移分量的表示式。根据所得的解，文中给出了固定边扁球壳的频率方程和数值结果。同时。还给出了对应于前三个频率的振型变化曲线。     

钢纤维混凝土断裂破坏机理及受拉损伤本构试验研究

钢纤维混凝土断裂行为及受拉本构关系对其工程应用起到至关重要作用,目前尚无本构模型揭示基体开裂与纤维拔出所产生的能量耗散的演化规律.文章通过开展钢纤维混凝土带缺口梁三点弯试验,利用声发射技术监测试件断裂过程中不同微观开裂模式所对应的能量耗散的演化规律,结合损伤力学原理建立钢纤维混凝土的单轴受拉弹塑性损伤本构模型.试验研究...     

全受压和局部边缘受压下有裂纹薄板屈曲的试验和数值研究

受压下薄钢板经常发生屈曲失效,尤其当薄钢板存在一些如开口和裂纹等缺陷时。这种失效模式先于强度失效。给出了轴压下有裂纹板的屈曲荷载的试验结果和数值结果。为此,采用1200A铝合金制作成矩形板,且板的中心有斜裂缝。在试验和数值研究中,分析了裂缝的长度和方向、板的厚度和长宽比的影响。对两种不同的支撑形式和荷载条件(如:局部边缘荷载和支撑)的影响进行研究。最后,将试验结果与数值结果进行对比。