铸膜液中水含量对聚砜超滤膜结构和性能的影响

试验在环境温度20℃、相对湿度50%、凝胶浴温度20℃的条件下制膜,在聚砜(PS)铸膜液中添加水为非溶剂添加剂,研究水添加量对铸膜液粘度、膜性能和结构的影响.结果表明,水的添加对铸膜液起到了增粘的作用;30℃ PS的质量分数为14%铸膜液所成膜的纯水通量随铸膜液中水的添加量的增加大体上呈增加的趋势,从59.1增大到126.4 L·m~(-2)·h~(-1);截留率则略有下降;相应的膜表面的孔径增大、孔增多;相同水添加量(质量分数0.05%)PS的质量分数为14%的铸膜液粘度随温度的升高而减小;铸膜液温度的升高,相应的膜的纯水通量随之增加,截留率则略有下降.     

高压电场强化法制备荷电聚醚酰亚胺纳滤膜及其性能研究

采用一种新颖的方法,以聚醚酰亚胺(PEI)为原料,N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮(NMP)为溶剂,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP K30)为添加剂,在高压静电场下采用浸没沉淀相转化法制备出荷电纳滤膜。首先研究了铸膜液组成及成膜条件对膜分离性能的影响。得到最佳制膜条件为:PEI质量分数为22%,静电场强度2 k V,所制备的荷电纳滤膜对聚乙二醇(PEG) 1000的截留率为77. 97%。接下来研究了成膜条件以及铸膜液组成对膜表面切向流动电位(zeta电位)的影响。结果表明,随着静电场强度的升高,zeta电位增大;添加PVP K30浓度过低或过高均导致zeta电位降低,当PVP K30质量分数为6%时,zeta电位最大,为96. 19 m V;添加不同相对分子量的PEG,zeta电位值变化并无明确规律,但添加PEG300、PEG600时,zeta电位值较大,分别为49. 98 m V、41. 51 m V。该研究结果对于进一步开发高性能荷电聚醚酰亚胺纳滤膜具有一定的参考价值。     

聚偏氟乙烯/聚氯乙烯/聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯共混多孔中空纤维膜的制备与性能测试

采用干-湿法纺丝工艺,制备聚偏氟乙烯/聚氯乙烯/聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯共混五孔中空纤维膜,分别以聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)、聚乙二醇1000(PEG1000)和吐温-80为添加剂,改善成膜性能。通过水通量超滤试验、牛血清白蛋白截留试验、拉伸试验以及扫描电子显微镜表征膜的截面分析得出,铸膜液中溶质的质量分数为17%,添加6%PVP时制备的膜综合性能最佳。试验制得的中空纤维膜最大水通量为515.42L/(m2·h),截留率为87.25%。     

聚偏氟乙烯/纳米纤维素复合超滤膜的研究

以聚偏氟乙烯为原材料,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮( PVP K30)为添加剂,并向聚偏氟乙烯铸膜液中混入纳米纤维素,采用相转化工艺制备了复合超滤膜.通过正交试验分析了各因素对产品性能的影响,并得出了制备复合超滤膜的最优条件:聚偏氟乙烯质量分数为14％,添加剂PVP K30质量分数为0.5％,纳米纤维素加入量为0.7％,空气中溶剂蒸发时间为10s,凝胶浴为水.测定复合超滤膜的水通量、截留率、平均孔径、孔隙率、力学强度等一系列性能,膜的水通量为40.7 L/(m2·h),对牛血清蛋白的截留率为91.8％,孔隙率为52.3％,平均孔径为15.3 nm.     

添加剂PVP、PEG对PVDF/PVP(PEG)/DMAc铸膜液扩散性质的影响

采用浸入沉淀相转化和铸膜液光透射测试相结合的方法,考察了添加剂聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)和聚乙二醇(PEG)对聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)/ PVP(PEG)/二甲基乙酰胺(DMAc)铸膜液的扩散性质的影响.实验中改变了PVP添加剂的含量和PEG添加剂的分子量.结果表明,PVDF铸膜液浸入沉淀过程初始阶段的溶剂外扩散符合费克扩散定律.无添加剂时体系溶剂的表观扩散系数为52.52×10-6 g·s-1/2,添加5% PVP或PEG20000时其系数分别为17.11和22.53×10-6 g·s-1/2,即添加PVP、PEG使PVDF铸膜液的溶剂外扩散速率下降.同时从光透射实验可知,上述添加剂的加入使非溶剂向内扩散的速率上升.实验表明,溶剂外扩散受控于体系的粘度,非溶剂的向内扩散受控于界面的亲水性.研究还改进了浸入沉淀相转化法的实验方法,克服了原有方法的弊端,有助于获得更多扩散行为信息.     

PVDF/编织管中空纤维复合膜的制备及其性能研究

以纤维编织管为支撑层,通过涂覆-浸没沉淀相转化技术,制备了超高强度、大通量的PVDF/编织管中空纤维复合膜,考察了铸膜液中PVDF和添加剂PVP含量等对膜性能的影响。结果显示,随铸膜液中PVDF含量增加,复合膜纯水通量下降,爆破强度增加,平均孔径减小;PVP的质量分数从2%增加至10%,膜通量呈现降低趋势,但爆破压力先增后减;当PVDF、PVP的质量分数分别为8%、6%时,复合膜纯水通量达4 300 L/(m2·h),爆破压力为0.32 MPa。研究范围内,复合膜孔隙率始终保持在45%以上,爆破压力高于0.30 MPa,且由于编织管的存在,而使复合膜的拉伸强度很高,显示了较好的过滤性能;添加PVP和PVA较PEG在膜性能方面的贡献更突出。     

聚偏氟乙烯／蒙皂石超滤膜的制备及性能研究

以聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)为原料,无机层状材料蒙皂石(MMT)为添加剂,通过溶胶-凝胶相转化法研制成PVDF/MMT超滤膜.考察了MMT质量分数在0%~9%范围内对铸膜液黏度、膜孔隙率、孔径、水通量、PEG20000截留率等性能的影响,以及相图和DSC曲线的变化.实验结果表明,MMT的加入使铸膜液的黏度增加,铸膜液呈现非牛顿流体中的假塑性流体的特性;当MMT加入质量分数为7%时,PVDF/MMT超滤膜水通量可达94.32 L·m-2·h-1,对PEG20000的截留率达95.2%.MMT的添加对成膜过程也有影响,从相图分析,加入MMT改变了液–固双节点的位置,铸膜液对非溶剂的容纳能力降低;而从DSC测试曲线得知PVDF/MMT膜的结晶度低于PVDF膜.     

添加剂对聚偏氟乙烯成膜过程的影响

以聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)为膜材料,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)为添加剂,N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAc)为溶剂,采用浸没沉淀相转化法制备聚偏氟乙烯超滤膜。本实验主要研究了添加剂聚乙烯吡咯烷酮对铸膜液黏度的影响。通过浊点测试分析了铸膜液体系的热力学性质。同时对添加剂与熟化温度、熟化时间对铸膜液及膜性能的影响做了初步的探讨。     

杂萘联苯聚芳醚酮超滤膜的铸膜液配方研究

为了考察不同铸膜液配方对相转化法制备杂萘联苯聚芳醚酮(PPEK)非对称超滤膜的影响,按照固定1种组分质量分数,改变另外2种组分比例的方法,对铸膜液黏度、凝胶速度及膜结构和性能的变化规律进行了研究。结果表明,聚合物质量分数是决定黏度的主要因素,而铸膜液黏度和添加剂的亲水性对凝胶速度影响很大;铸膜液黏度和凝胶速度可以较好地解释膜结构和性能的变化规律。     

多孔中空纤维膜制备及后处理对膜性能的影响

采用干-湿法纺丝工艺,以N,N-二甲基乙酰胺为溶剂,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)为添加剂,制备聚偏氟乙烯/聚氯乙烯/聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯共混五孔中空纤维膜,研究了纺丝工艺参数以及后处理对膜性能的影响.结果表明,当干纺程为20 cm,芯液中DMAC质量分数为40%,芯液流量为13 mL/min时,制备的纤维膜综合性能最好.该中空纤维膜最大水通最为612 L/(m2·h),截留率为83%.     

氢气纯度分析方法准确性的探讨

ONACCURACYOFANALYSISOFOFHYDROGEN1前言我公司目前应用的氢气纯度分析方法有两种,一种是爆炸反应法,另一种是焦性没食子酸吸收法。几年来,人们对两种分析方法的准确性曾有过褒贬不一的评论。这里我们也谈谈自己粗浅的观点。2爆炸法测定氢气纯度一定量的氢气样品与适量的空气之均匀混合物因反应后生成液体水而引起气体体积减少,减少的体积等于参加反应气体体积之和。其中l／3为氧气,2／3为氢气。根据氢气取样量和反应前后混气体体积之差,以及氢气在反应中的体积比例关系,可计算出样品的氢气纯度。计算公式式中：A一混…     

COMPARISON OF METHODS OF ANALYSIS OF GYPSUM1

The different analytical methods proposed for the evaluation of gypsum have been subjected to an experimental test. A combination method, consisting of a fusion with KHCO₃ and determination of CaO by KMnO₄ titration, the SO₃ by Andrews method of titration of BaCrO₄ has been found to give very reliable results with the least consumption of time.     

SEDIMENTATION OF BINARY MIXTURES OF PARTICLES OF UNEQUAL DENSITIES AND OF DIFFERENT SIZES

A model is developed for the sedimentation from a suspension of two particle species of unequal densities and of different sizes. The composition and the thickness of various layers in the sediments are predicted using graphical and analytical methods. The model predictions were in excellent agreement with experimental results, when the particle size ratio was ≥ 108. When size ratio of the particles was 2.60 and 4.31 the agreement occurred in about 50 percent of the cases.     

HEASUREHENT OF INSTANTANEOUS RATES OF LOSS OF VOIATILE COMPOUNDS DURING DRYING OF DROPS

A novel technique serves to monitor instantaneous rates of loss of a volatile solute from a suspended drop during drying. A highly sensitive electron capture detector is used to monitor concentrations of SF6 released into a flowing gas stream from a suspended, drying drop. Simultaneously, the appearance and morphological development of the drop are monitored with a video camera. This provides the wherewithal of relating instantaneous rates of loss of the volatile solute to particular events during the development of particle morphology.

Initial experiments have been carried out with drops of aqueous solutions of glucose, sucrose, maltodextrin and coffee extract. The results clearly display the onset of the volatiles-retentive selective diffusion phenomenon. There is also substantial loss of the volatile component later in the drying process, when the drops undergo repeated ex ansion, bursting and cratering due to the formation of internaf bubbles. These experiments appear to be the first quantitative demonstration of major losses accompanying changes in drop morphology.     

茶多酚提取方法进展

本文综述了国内外现有茶多酚提取方法的现状以及近期的研究进展，并对其优缺点进行了评价。这将有助于中低档茶的综合利用和茶多酚的进一步开发应用。     

ANALYSIS OF RECENT MEASUREMENTS OF THE VISCOSITY OF GLASSES

Viscosity of Simple Soda-Silicate 500° to 1400°C Comparison of the results given by English with those of Washburn, Shelton and Libman, indicates a discrepancy in the absolute values of log₁₀ viscosity amounting to 0.6, those of Washburn et al., being relatively too high. If correction for this is made, the isothermal curves of log₁₀ viscosity as a function of soda content are smooth up to 50% Na₂O, showing no inflection. The observations as a function of temperature T are all represented within accidental error by an equation of the type where all three constants vary regularly with the composition. Change of Viscosity of Glass (6SiO₂, 2Na₂O) due to Molecular Substitution of CaO, MgO and Al₂O₃ for Na₂O The effect is clearly brought out by plotting (from the results of English) the change of log₁₀η due to the substitution as a function of temperature. The curves each show a sharp bend at a temperature between 840° and 1050°C, which is designated the aggregation temperature T_a. If we divide these curves by the corresponding percentage substituted, we get curves for each oxide which are straight and parallel below the aggregation temperatures, the slopes (increase of change of log₁₀η per 100°C) being −0.056 (CaO), −0.055 (MgO), −0.018 (A1₂O₃) per per cent oxide substituted. For substitution of 1/2 molecule the slopes are −0.325 (CaO), −0.23 (MgO) and −0.18 (Al₂O₃) per 100°. At the aggregation temperature the change of log₁₀η per per cent is a minimum, 0.03 to 0.06 for CaO, 0.12 for MgO, 0.07 for Al₂O₃. Evidence of Aggregation in Glasses, from viscosity Measurements The sharp bends in the plots of change of log₁₀η due to substitution of an oxide for Na₂O, suggest the beginning of molecular aggregation at these temperatures. These aggregation temperatures are close to the devitrification temperatures, but the effect on the viscosity curves cannot be due to actual devitrification since it does not change with time. Taking the aggregation temperatures as equal to devitrification temperatures, additional isotherms are roughly sketched into the equilibrium triangle of the system Na₂O-CaO-SiO₂. Change of Viscosity of Glass (4SiO₂, 2Na₂O) due to of Substitution of B₂O₃ for SiO₂ The change of log₁₀η (from the results of English) is plotted as a function of temperature, and also the change of log₁₀η per per cent B₂O₃. The curves are more complex than for the substitution for Na₂O.     

环氧树脂羟基值测定方法的研究

利用乙酸酐、吡啶和浓硫酸混合的乙酰化试剂测定环氧树脂中羟基值含量的方法具有操作简便、滴定终点明显和分析结果误差小等优点。     

骑式摩托车油箱喷涂工艺的改进

面对日益激烈的市场竞争,摩托车油箱外观质量越来越成为影响销售的因素之一。文章介绍了改进工艺后的油箱涂装,该涂装体系提高了油箱外观的丰满度,降低了油箱涂装的生产成本。     

几种针状焦性能对比

针状焦分石油系和煤系两大类,这主要取决于针状焦的原料来源。在同一系列中由于原料不同和工艺条件不同 ,针状焦的各自性能也不相同。针状焦是生产超高功率石墨电极和高功率石墨电极的主要原料 ,针状焦的性能对石墨电极的质量有至关重要的影响。所以对针状焦性能以及其对石墨电极质量影响的研究十分必要的。以下是常用的几种进口针状焦和国产针状焦的性能对比。１原料性能分析对比原料试样包括４种针状焦 ,其中两种为进口针状焦：三菱针状焦和新日化针状焦;另两种为国产针状焦：鞍山针状焦和锦州针状焦。其中除锦州针状焦是石油系针状焦外…     

聚酰亚胺的合成法

本文评述了缩聚型聚酰亚胺的主要合成方法和近年来国际上在合成中所做的探索。