GPS+BD双模接收机自主完好性监测算法研究

在高动态导航中,卫星接收机自主完好性监测(RAIM)越来越受到重视。假如在单一模式下监测,RAIM系统至少需要接收到5颗卫星的信息才能监测出异常卫星,而如果需要辨识出故障卫星,则至少需要接收到6颗卫星的信息,这就使得单一的接收模式很难保证在全球范围内进行全天候的完整性检测。而随着北斗(BD)系统的迅速发展,使得采用GPS+BD导航模式进行监测成为可能。文中讨论了GPS和BD组合接收机中,在某时刻假设只有一颗卫星出现故障的情况下,怎样使用加权方法进行自主完好性监测。并通过仿真GPS、BD单模式和GPS+BD模式下的故障识别率和RAIM完好性可用率,证明了GPS+BD模式RAIM算法要优于任何一种单系统模式的RAIM算法。     

基于完好性与连续性风险的最优垂直保护门限计算

为降低飞行器精密垂直引导进近过程中的完好性风险和连续性风险,使接收机自主完好性监测(RAIM)算法能提供水平方向和垂直方向上的完好性保障,提出一种基于多假设解分离的RAIM算法来求解最优垂直保护门限(VPL)。在满足全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)完好性和连续性的前提下,优化GNSS系统对各假设故障模式的完好性风险和连续性风险分配,得到最优VPL。仿真结果表明,与传统基于斜率的RAIM算法相比,该算法能够提供更精确的VPL值,提高了系统可用性,并且随着卫星故障先验概率不断增大仍具有较好的鲁棒性。     

三种卫星故障检测策略的对比研究与仿真

故障检测是保证导航系统完好性的重要途径.针对接收机自主完好性监测算法RAIM需要至少5颗可见星时才能进行故障检测的问题,在惯性/卫星组合导航系统的框架下,通过构建能反映卫星故障特征的检验统计量,并根据检验统计量的分布确定相应的检测门限,提出了解分离和残差外推两种卫星故障检测方案.仿真结果表明:解分离算法能在存在RAIM漏洞时检测故障且易于进行系统重构,但其故障检测效率不高;残差外推法适用于检测慢变故障.仿真结果表明,改进方法故障检测效率有较大提高,甚至在只有三颗可见星时仍能较快地检测出慢变故障.     

用于检测双星故障的RAIM算法分析与研究*

随着GPS等卫星导航技术的广泛应用,在实际导航中对接收机的导航定位精度,尤其对定位的有效性提出了越来越高的要求。目前对此较为有效的方法就是利用接收机自主完好性监视(RAIM, Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring)进行保障,而且该方法日益凸显出其优越性,但目前对该方法的研究多基于单星故障的假设。随着新一代导航系统的完善以及组合导航技术的发展,双星甚至多星同时出现故障成为不可避免的话题。本文分析和比较了用于检测两颗卫星故障的偏差完好性风险(BIT, Bias Integrity Threat)法和保护限值(PL, Protection Level)法两种RAIM算法。通过数据仿真,对用不同方法检测卫星故障的可用性及故障检测率进行比较,并分析了两种方法存在差异的理论依据。通过分析比较,说明在未来接收机处理多颗卫星同时出现故障的情况时,如何更精确地描述统计检测量与定位偏差的关系以及如何处理不同测量噪声的影响是RAIM算法可用性及有效性的关键。     

双星故障识别方法研究

当接收机可以观测到的卫星数目增加时,多颗卫星同时出错的概率大大增加。传统的接收机自主完善性监测算法（Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring,RAIM）通常用来检测并识别一颗故障卫星,在多颗卫星同时出错时的识别结果并不理想。提出了一种改进的RAIM算法,在奇偶矢量法的基础上,从找出无故障卫星出发,进一步用这些无故障卫星信息进行粗略定位,由接收机的粗略位置来计算各颗卫星的伪距偏差,从而识别出并剔除故障卫星。经仿真验证,该方法可以解决两颗故障卫星时奇偶矢量法中的故障偏差抵消问题。     

单基线姿态测量的RAIM算法研究

当载体安装有GPS接收机和多个天线时,可以得到其姿态信息(航向角、俯仰角、横滚角);论述了利用载波相位姿态测量的解析法,利用了基线长固定的条件,在整周模糊度初始化时进行粗搜索,利用模糊度函数法进行判断筛选整周模糊度组合,减少了搜索空间;接收机自主完好性监测(RAIM)的概念被引入到姿态测量算法中,有效地剔除问题卫星,改善AFM算法;系统姿态测量结果达0.1标准差,故障卫星可由RAIM检测并剔除;结果表明RAIM算法能有效提高姿态测量结果可靠性。     

GNSS-R定位数据处理软件的设计与实现

随着GNSS-R技术的迅速发展和应用领域的增多,对GNSS-R的多卫星系统的研究显得尤为重要,目前GPS单系统得到了很好的应用,但是GPS单系统不能满足GNSS-R的应用领域,在此发展的趋势下本设计对GPS/BD双系统进行了探索.GNSS-R反演的应用需要导航定位信息提供探测区域接收平台和卫星的详细信息.主要设计完成了GPS/BD双系统定位数据处理软件,包括GPS/BD双系统定位信息的快速接收和数据的正确提取及显示;利用串口通信实现信息的接收及控制命令的发送;可见星星座图显示、状态监控窗口显示和卫星跟踪信息显示等功能;并根据定位数据进行镜面反射点的计算.经过实际工程项目的测试,本软件具有较好的实时性和实用性.     

多模卫星组合导航滤波融合算法

为融合多种模式的卫星导航系统的信息,解决单一卫星系统存在的缺点,研究了多模卫星导航定位技术,提出了一种基于单元级融合方式的导航定位算法.首先,建立了北斗/GPS/GLONASS多模卫星组合导航系统的数学模型,然后为每颗卫星分别设计子滤波器,给出了联邦多重渐消记忆滤波融合算法.试验结果表明,该算法能灵活有效的利用多个卫星系统的卫星进行导航定位,提高了卫星导航系统的精度和可靠性.     

ARAIM算法应用于LPV-200服务

传统的接收机自主完好性监测(RAIM)技术仅支持LNAV航路,而无法满足有更严格完好性需求的LPV-200进近。近些年来国际上开始兴起的高级RAIM(ARAIM)算法因其垂直导航能力而凸显优势,并且可以通过优化配置危险误导信息概率,进一步降低垂直保护级别(VPL),提高可用性。通过Spirent GSS 8000信号模拟器设置针对LPV-200的场景,利用生成的数据对优化前后的算法进行仿真比较,结果证明双频GPS下的ARAIM技术在局部地区可以达到LPV-200服务的要求。     

导航系统全球完好性仿真分析的设计与实现

完好性分析是导航系统分析的重要组成部分,完好性的仿真验证和测试可以降低系统研制的技术风险,是导航领域仿真的一个重要问题.提出了基于用户接收机格网的完好性仿真分析涉及的PAlM算法和RAIM可用性算法等相关算法模型,基于此,设计和实现了导航系统完好性仿真分析系统,最后针对格网分辨率为10°×10°的中国区域格网(24个网格点)进行了完好性的仿真试验分析,验证了相关RAIM算法,讨论了失效卫星对导航系统完好性的影响和基于保护级别概念的完好性计算的不足.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).