苯酚-间甲酚-糠醛基炭气凝胶的制备及微结构控制

以苯酚、间甲酚和糠醛为原料,在正丙醇溶剂中以盐酸为催化剂经溶胶-凝胶过程合成了醇凝胶,直接超临界正丙醇干燥得到有机气凝胶,在氮气保护下裂解制备出富含中孔的炭气凝胶.用IR、N2吸附、SEM、TEM等表征气凝胶的结构特征,考察了问甲酚苯酚摩尔比对凝胶结构的影响.结果发现:提高间甲酚的含量能够增强聚合物的交联密度,减小聚合物与溶剂的相溶性,缩短相分离时间,有利于得到较小的纳米颗粒和孔径的炭气凝胶.所制得的炭气凝胶平均中孔孔径随间甲酚含量的增加从47 nm逐渐减小至13 nm,BET比表面积和中孔孔容在m-C/P=0.33时达到最大值.     

KOH活化碳气凝胶对水中亚甲基蓝的吸附性能研究

以间苯二酚和甲醛为原料水热制备有机气凝胶,在碳化过程中使用KOH作活化剂制备出孔结构丰富的碳气凝胶。采用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)及N2吸脱附法等手段对材料的结构及形貌表征,考察了活化剂用量、染料初始浓度、接触时间等因素对亚甲基蓝在碳气凝胶上吸附的影响,并进行了吸附类型和吸附动力学研究。结果表明:活化剂的加入使碳气凝胶材料的孔结构更加丰富,当活化剂与有机气凝胶的质量比达到2∶1时,其吸附性能最佳。碳气凝胶去除亚甲基蓝的吸附行为符合二级动力学模型。吸附类型为Langmuir吸附模型。     

磺酸基共聚凝胶在有机溶剂中的溶胀特性

以２－丙烯酰胺基－２－甲基丙磺酸（ＡＭＰＳ）与甲基丙烯酸－２－羟基丙酯（ＨＰＭ）为单体，Ｎ，Ｎ’－亚甲基双丙烯酰胺（ＢＩＳ）为交联剂，合成了带磺酸基团的共聚强电解质凝胶，在纯水、乙醇、二甲基亚砚以及乙醇／四氢呋喃混合溶剂中进行了溶胀实验。随交中ＡＭＰＳ摩尔分数增加，凝胶在纯水、乙醇、二甲基亚砜中的溶胀比均增大；对同一凝胶试样，当乙醇／四氢呋喃混合溶剂中四氢呋喃浓度增加则溶胀比减小；当ＢＩＳ用量由１     

蜜胺-酚醛树脂-甲醛基有机气凝胶纳米孔在裂解过程中的稳定性研究

热固型酚醛树脂、蜜胺、间甲酚和甲醛水溶液在碳酸钠催化下,经溶液-溶胶-凝胶过程合成了有机水凝胶,有机水凝胶经溶剂置换和超临界干燥形成了有机气凝胶.研究了裂解条件、固形物浓度、蜜胺/酚醛树脂比和间甲酚/酚醛树脂比对有机气凝胶纳米孔在裂解过程中稳定性的影响.结果表明:在相同的反应物配比下,随裂解温度的升高和时间的延长,气凝胶纳米骨架烧结程度增加,炭气凝胶的中孔分布向小孔方向移动.在酚醛树脂浓度为7.5g/100mL时,有机气凝胶的纳米骨架稳定性好,耐烧结性能好.在蜜胺/酚醛树脂比大或间甲酚/酚醛树脂比小时,有机气凝胶的纳米骨架的稳定性和耐烧结性好.这是由于构成有机气凝胶中孔的纳米骨架稳定性与其连续性及分子间作用力有关.     

聚丙烯酸/聚乳酸复合多孔pH响应水凝胶的制备及性能

利用电纺制备直径为(2.69±0.63)μm,孔径大小为150 nm×120 nm聚乳酸(PLLA)纳米孔超细纤维。以丙烯酸(AA)为单体,N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,过硫酸钾为引发剂,通过自由基聚合制备聚丙烯酸(PAA)水凝胶。将PLLA纳米孔超细纤维浸泡在上述体系中,通过原位聚合制备PAA/PLLA复合水凝胶,并研究m(AA)∶m(PLLA)对复合水凝胶形貌的影响。致孔剂聚乙二醇(PEG)加入,明显提高纤维孔隙率。与PAA水凝胶相比,PAA/PLLA复合水凝胶pH响应时间大大缩短,且拉伸强度由1.9 MPa增加到5.2 MPa,弹性模量从90.4 MPa增加到108.2 MPa。     

乙二醇甲醚体系中α-Fe2O3纳米晶制备与结构分析

研究了在硝酸铁乙二醇甲醚溶液体系中,用溶胶－乳化－凝胶法制备氧化铁纳米晶,首次将表面活性剂（SDS）引入溶胶－凝胶化过程,并采用一种高效缩合催化剂加速此过程。结合TEM、XRD和TG－DTA分析手段对产物进行了表征,结果表明,加入的表面活性剂（SDS）有助于纯相α－Fe2O3纳米晶的生成,而成催化剂钛酸丁酯的加入则大大缩短凝胶时间,所得粉体的原始晶粒尺寸为30nm左右,若以常用的硅酸乙酯代替钛酸丁酯,则胶凝时间明显延长,最终产物为γ和α氧化铁的混晶相）γ－Fe2O3为主晶相）,晶粒尺寸约为10nm,并从中提出了一条改进γ－Fe2O3基气敏材料性能的新思路。     

以四氯化钛和钛酸四丁酯为前驱体的TiO2/C杂化气凝胶光催化性能比较

采用一步溶胶-凝胶法,以四氯化钛、钛酸四丁酯为钛基前驱体,间苯二酚、糠醛为有机相前驱物,制备出TiO2/有机杂化湿凝胶。湿凝胶经溶剂交换、超临界干燥、高温炭化等处理得到TiO2/C杂化气凝胶。利用X射线衍射、透射电子显微镜及N2吸附-脱附等方法对气凝胶的晶型结构、微观形貌及孔结构分布进行表征。通过对亚甲基蓝的光催化降解考察样品的光催化性能。结果表明,钛源前驱体种类及其浓度对亚甲基蓝的光催化降解效率影响较大。相对于以钛酸四丁酯为钛源制备的TiO2/C杂化气凝胶,以四氯化钛为钛源制备的TiO2/C杂化气凝胶对亚甲基蓝的光催化效果更好。以四氯化钛为钛源,以TiO2计的钛源与碳源质量之比为0.38时所制样品具有最佳的性能,其最大平均孔径为7.8nm,最大介孔孔容为0.40 cm3/g,180 min对亚甲基蓝光催化降解率达99.6%。     

SiO2-TiO2两元气凝胶的制备及其结构表征

SiO2-TiO2两元气凝胶是一种新型纳米光催化氧化剂。本文以正硅酸乙酯（TEOS）、钛酸丁酯为原料,以乙醇为溶剂,分别以HNO3、醋酸为催化剂用溶胶－凝胶法经超临界干燥制备出了SiO2-TiO2两元气凝胶。研究了不同催化剂以及SiO2:TiO2不同配比等制备因素对溶胶－凝胶过程的影响。用BET、XRD、SEM等测试方法对其结构进行了研究,结果表明：所制备的SiO2-TiO2两元气凝胶具有大比表面积（600m^2g^-1),纳米多孔结构（骨架颗料约为30－50nm, 孔洞尺寸为几十nm);经乙醇超临界干燥所得的TiO2为锐钛矿型;所制备的SiO2-TiO2两元气凝胶比纯TiO2气凝胶骨架结构强度得到明显增强。     

亲水基团对有机和炭气凝胶孔结构的影响

热固型酚醛树脂、三聚氰胺、间甲酚和甲醛水溶液在碳酸钠催化下,通过溶液-溶胶-凝胶过程合成有机水凝胶,有机水凝胶经溶剂置换、超临界干燥和裂解形成了有机气凝胶和炭气凝胶.在固定酚醛树脂浓度、间甲酚/酚醛树脂、甲醛/三聚氰胺、碳酸钠/酚醛树脂比值,改变三聚氰胺/酚醛树脂比值的条件下,研究了亲水基团对有机气凝胶和炭气凝胶孔结构的影响.结果表明:亲水性的三聚氰胺可增加分子间作用力,有利于凝胶的稳定;但增加三聚氰胺会加大有机气凝胶裂解过程中的质量损失,不利于凝胶的稳定.二种因素协同作用决定着炭气凝胶的孔结构、孔容和比表面.     

新型反应体系酚醛气凝胶的制备与表征

采用地衣酚（又称5-甲基间苯二酚,MR）——糠醛这一新的反应体系,用氢氧化钠作催化剂（C）,通过溶胶-凝胶工艺制备出了酚醛气凝胶.通过扫描电镜、比表面和孔径分析仪等仪器详细研究了工艺参数与气凝胶的骨架结构及孔结构的关系.结果表明：反应物质量含量对气凝胶骨架颗粒大小的影响较其他因素要大,而孔径分布则受反应物质量含量及酚与...     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...