双层结构土质边坡降雨入渗过程及稳定性分析

针对天然土质边坡由于地质和人为因素的作用,通常呈现一定层状结构这一问题,基于Moore水质量分数模型,结合降雨强度,将双层土边坡的降雨入渗过程划分为不同阶段.以一基岩型土质边坡为例,利用渗流有限元程序SEEP/W分析双层土边坡降雨入渗全过程.分析结果验证了双层土边坡降雨入渗过程的不同阶段：当降雨强度<表层土体的渗透系数时,初始降雨入渗率=降雨强度;当表面发生积水后降雨入渗率急剧下降,最终等于基岩的渗透率;降雨强度越大,表面发生积水的时间越短;当考虑平行边坡的渗流时,边坡的稳定安全系数在湿润锋到达基岩接触面时发生突变,湿润锋到达接触面时引起接触面的孔隙水压力上升是滑坡破坏的主要原因.得到降雨强度、降雨持续时间与湿润锋深度的相关曲线.研究成果揭示了降雨入渗对双层土边坡的破坏机制.     

人类活动对海岛土壤侵蚀影响的数值模拟

利用基于物理概念的综合水文模型(InHM),模拟分析舟山市摘箬山岛开发前、后侵蚀的变化情况,研究不同土地利用工况对土壤侵蚀的影响规律.模拟结果表明,开发前沟间侵蚀较严重,尤其是道路的侵蚀与堆积相对明显;开发后由于下垫面的改变,各边界出口流量增大,混凝土铺面的道路和东岙基本不产生大的侵蚀,北岙因道路北段产流增大并顺势而下,产生较大冲刷,西岙出口输沙量的增加幅度大.在暴雨情况下,各岙产流产沙响应更加显著.由于海岛的植被覆盖率高,且开发建设基本在地势低平地区,因此开发区及林地的侵蚀变化不大,但西岙和北岙间接受到影响,侵蚀变化较大.     

基于有限体积法的地表径流与土壤水流耦合分析

为了考虑强降雨条件下地表径流对土体入渗的影响,将地表径流模型同土壤水流模型进行耦合分析. 采用Navier-Stokes方程模拟地表径流,采用Richards方程模拟土壤水流,2种方程均采用有限体积法求解. 在相同计算条件下,将耦合模型数值模拟结果与SEEP/W计算结果进行对比,以验证耦合模型的正确性,根据耦合模型计算边坡在强降雨条件下的入渗情况. 研究发现,在地表径流条件下,边坡坡顶和坡底水头相差较大,坡顶和坡底入渗深度存在明显差异,说明地表径流对土体的入渗有着较大的提高. 研究表明,随着地表径流的增强,土坡入渗强度提高.     

土壤水非均匀流动网络特性实验

土壤中的优先流是指土壤在整个入流边界上接受补给,但水分和溶质绕过土壤基质,只通过少部分土壤体的快速运移.优先流的产生是由于土壤中往往存在大量的根孔、虫孔等大孔隙以及裂隙等.搞清优先流对土壤水分运动的影响,对于深入认识入渗补给过程、准确评价地下水补给资源以及地下水污染分析具有重要意义.本研究采用大分子染色材料(Brilliant Blue FCF)及根据碘与淀粉反应显现出蓝色的原理,设计实施了土壤中非均匀水流运动的室外染显色示踪实验,研究了土壤水非均匀流动模式,验证了优先流的水流通道网络特征.     

降雨产生地下水流的实验与仿真结果的比较

从人工降雨实验和数值计算二方面研究雨水入渗坡面所产生的地下水流的进展过程，给出了变化坡度所对应的地下水位的形状图，比较了降雨产生地下水流的实验与仿真结果：对斜面的大部分区域，数值仿真结果和实验观测的数据一致。说明了当斜坡往下变缓时，地下水位在斜坡变化处有个峰值导致小规模的滑坡从而引发大规模的滑坡。     

基于线性冲蚀公式的二维非黏性土石坝溃决模型

基于线性冲蚀公式建立二维非黏性土石坝溃决模型. 所建模型利用线性冲蚀公式建立床面冲刷率与水流切应力的关系以计算坝体变形,无须应用输沙率公式和求解泥沙输移方程. 与现有精细物理模型相比,所建模型更简单,计算效率更高. 利用2个不同形式的算例,验证边坡坍塌算法的有效性;将所建模型分别应用于一维和二维非黏性土石坝漫顶实验,模型计算的坝顶高程、溃口最终宽度和峰值流量等关键指标值与测量值吻合良好,表明该模型能够较为准确地模拟非黏性土石坝溃坝. 对模型关键参数进行敏感性分析,分析不同参数对计算结果的影响.     

Assessment of potential impacts to surface and subsurface water bodies due to longwall mining

Ground movements due to longwall mining operations have the potential to damage the hydrological balance within as well as outside the mine permit area in the form of increased surface ponding and changes to hydrogeological properties. Recently, the Office of Surface Mining, Reclamation and Enforcement(OSMRE) in the USA, has completed a public comment period on a newly proposed rule for the protection of streams and groundwater from adverse impacts of surface and underground mining operations(80 FR 44435). With increased community and regulatory focus on mining operations and their potential to adversely affect streams and groundwater, now there is a greater need for better prediction of the possible effects mining has on both surface and subsurface bodies of water. With mining induced stress and strain within the overburden correlated to changes in the hydrogeological properties of rock and soil, this paper investigates the evaluation of the hydrogeological system within the vicinity of an underground mining operation based on strain values calculated through a surface deformation prediction model. Through accurate modeling of the pre- and post-mining hydrogeological system, industry personnel can better depict mining induced effects on surface and subsurface bodies of water aiding in the optimization of underground extraction sequences while maintaining the integrity of water resources.     

Coupled hydro-mechanical analysis of slope under rainfall using modified elasto-plastic model for unsaturated soils

Two modifications for the basic Barcelona model(BBM) are present. One is the replacement of the net stress by the average skeleton stress in unsaturated soil modeling, and the other is the adoption of an expression for the load-collapse(LC) yield surface that can match flexibly the normal compression lines at different suctions. The predictions of the modified BBM for the controlled-suction triaxial test on the unsaturated compacted clay are presented and compared with the experimental results. A good agreement between the predicted and experimental results demonstrates the reasonability of the modified BBM. On this basis, the coupled processes of groundwater flow and soil deformation in a homogeneous soil slope under a long heavy rainfall are simulated with the proposed elasto-plastic model. The numerical results reveal that the failure of a slope under rainfall infiltration is due to both the reduction of soil suction and the significant rise in groundwater table. The evolution of the displacements is greatly related to the change of suction. The maximum collapse deformation happens near the surface of slope where infiltrated rainwater can quickly reach. The results may provide a helpful reference for hazard assessment and control of rainfall-induced landslides.     

深基坑开挖引起的土体变形模拟

采用FLAC3D软件对某深基坑开挖引起的坑底隆起及地表变形进行了数值模拟.计算中采用摩尔库仑弹塑性模型模拟土体特征,采用接触单元模拟土体与基坑围护结构之间的相互作用.通过模拟开挖过程,获得了不同开挖阶段的地表沉降、坑底隆起和墙后土体水平位移资料,可供工程设计和施工参考.     

Two-dimensional numerical modeling of the longitudinal and lateral channel deformations in alluvial rivers

Thereexisttwokindsofdeformationmodesinthespatialdirectionforthefluvialprocesses,whicharelongitudinalchanneldeformationandlateralchanneldeformation.Theformerisrepresentedbybedscouringanddeposition,andthelatterisdescribedbyriverbankerosionandadvance[1].Severebankerosionnotonlydemolishestheriparianlandandincreasesthemagnitudeofdepositioninthelowerriverreach,butalsoaffectstheriparianecologicalenvironmentandendangersthesafetyofembankments.Theoc-currencefrequencyofbankerosionishighinalluvialriversin…     

Two-dimensional numerical modeling of the longitudinal and lateral channel deformations in alluvial rivers

Two kinds of bank erosion mechanisms were analyzed, including fluvial and non-fluvial controlled mechanisms, and mechanical methods of simulating the erosion processes of cohesive, non-cohesive and composite riverbanks were improved. Then a two-dimensional numerical model of the channel deformation was developed, consisting of a 2D flow and sediment transport submodel and bank-erosion submodels of different soil riverbanks. In the model, a new technique for up dating the bank geometry during the bed evolution was presented, which combines closely two kinds of submodels. The proposed model is capable of not only predicting the processes of flood routing and longitudinal channel deformation in natural rivers, but also simulating the processes of lateral channel deformation, especially the processes of lateral erosion and failure of cohesive, non-cohesive and composite river banks.     

平面二维全沙数值模拟方法及其应用

采用有限体积法对正交曲线坐标系下的平面二维水沙微分方程进行了离散,建立了平面二维全沙数学模型.在一概化的单边突然扩宽河道中对河床冲淤过程中悬移质含沙量及其级配、推移质输沙率及其级配、床沙级配等沿时空变化特性进行了计算分析,并模拟出了由河床冲刷引起的床沙粗化、抗冲层的形成过程以及河床淤积过程等泥沙特性的变化.数值计算结果表明,该模型在定性上能正确地模拟水流以及河床的冲刷、淤积过程.     

不同土地利用方式坡面产流输沙过程模拟研究

针对目前多数坡面侵蚀预测模型难以模拟土地利用变化对坡面产流输沙过程影响的问题,基于运动波方程和泥沙输移公式,给出了一种能够反映不同土地利用方式下坡面产流输沙时空变化的简化模型,并利用裸地、草地、坡耕地、灌木地及幼林地的试验及自然降雨条件下坡面产流输沙实测资料对模型进行验证,符合较好.利用该模型对黄土高原不同降雨条件下不同土地利用场景坡面产流输沙特征进行了模拟,结果表明:典型降雨条件下,5 a树龄以上的林地或覆盖度在60％以上的草地坡面标准小区基本不再发生侵蚀;坡度小于15°的裸地坡面中下部发生轻度侵蚀;十年一遇降雨条件下,10 a树龄以上的林地坡面土壤侵蚀基本得到控制,而草地调控坡面水沙的能力有限,裸地更差.对低强度短历时降雨,草地调控水沙的见效较快;对高强度长历时降雨,林地调控水沙的作用较大,两者宜配合进行;对不同坡度裸地,要严格控制坡面坡长.研究结果为优化土地利用方式提供了理论支撑.     

A two-dimensional numerical model coupled with multiple hillslope hydrodynamic processes and its application to subsurface flow simulation

A numerical hillslope hydrodynamic model is of great importance in facilitating the understanding of rainfall-runoff mechanism.However,most of the currently existing models do not consider the effect of coupled hydrodynamic processes as runoff,subsurface flow or groundwater flow.In this study,the Tsinghua Hillslope Runoff Model based on multiple hydrodynamic process,THRM model,is developed,which couples with Saint Venant equation for surface runoff and Richards equation for variably saturated soil water movement(including subsurface flow and groundwater flow).A finite difference scheme with improved boundary conditions is adopted in this research.It is revealed from the simulation that the THRM model has a high computational efficiency and stability in simulating subsurface flow of the experimental hillslope,which is valuable in assessing the hillslope runoff generation mechanism.A model based sensitivity analysis is also carried out.The impact of boundary condition,grid size and initial soil moisture on simulation result and model stability are revealed,which provides insightful references to understand the mechanism of subsurface flow.     

山区公路工程建设期水土流失量的预测模式

山区公路工程由于线长、工程量大,施工期可能引起比较严重的水土流失。在编制公路工程水土保持方案时,需要对水土流失量进行预测。公路沿线原地貌水土流失量及新增水土流失量之和即为全部的水土流失量。公路沿线原地貌水土流失量可以采用平均侵蚀模数法及通用土壤流失方程式进行预测,新增水土流失量由扰动地表和工程弃堆渣引起的水土流失量组成。最后,通过具体的工程,对山区公路工程建建设期水土流失量的预测模式进行了实证。     

基于数值模拟的矩形明渠床面切应力分析

河道流动受边界切应力影响,边界切应力过大会造成河岸被侵蚀,降低河岸的稳定性,并通过影响泥沙的沉积和搬运,引起河流形态变化。探究河流边界切应力,就是在河流中水流流动状态、结构特性等问题。由于河流中影响边界切应力的因素多且复杂,本文去掉各种不确定的因素,通过数值软件建立一个二维矩形直道明渠流动模型,运用相似理论中的重力相似准则对矩形直道明渠模型进行缩尺,首先将5种比尺的均匀流直道模型的流动进行数值模拟。由于该5个直道明渠模型模拟结果统一出来的水位流量关系与曼宁公式推导出的水位流量关系高度一致,因此可以表明该模型模拟出来的参数是真实可靠的。针对非均匀流的情况,本文通过欠均匀流和超均匀流的概念,对9组直道模型非均匀流进行数值模拟,通过非均匀流的受力分析推导出通用的床面切应力公式。该公式表明无论矩形明渠的流动是否为均匀流,都可通过水深h、流速u、曼宁糙率系数n三个参数求出床面切应力。     

矿区废石场覆土层垂直侵蚀特征的初步分析

研究选择云南大红山铁矿,采用人工模拟降雨技术,首次对矿区废石场覆土层垂直侵蚀进行了实验研究,初步发现了垂直侵蚀的主要特征.研究表明,垂直侵蚀造成覆土层土壤向下迁移,除小部分截留在废石中,大部分成为土壤损失冲带到更深层废石中;垂直侵蚀随降雨强度、降雨历时的增加而增加,不同土壤的侵蚀临界降雨量不同;垂直侵蚀与土壤渗透呈高度的正相关关系,还与土壤含砂量、孔隙度、通气度呈正相关,与土壤含水量呈负相关;实验发现,垂直侵蚀可以分为土相渗蚀和岩气相冲蚀2种形态,发生方式不同,前者的发生过程分成土壤润湿、强度侵蚀、侵蚀减弱3个典型阶段,三者水动力条件不同;垂直侵蚀一旦发生,可能导致极强度土壤侵蚀,造成十分严重的水土流失.     

Physical simulation of urban rainfall infiltration

To meet the demand of urban rainwater integrated management, we designed and complemented a physical simulation experimental system of urban rainfall infiltration regulation parameters. We discuss the feasibility of quantitative regulations of urban underlying surface rainfall infiltration conditions and a practical application of a simulated experimental system. In a comprehensive analysis of the composition of an effective rainwater harvesting system and selection of water storage material, we simulated the major parameters of an experimental area rainfall, soil moisture and water storage capacity by providing an effective regulation of the experimental area runoff coefficient, obtained from basic data.     

3D mathematical model for suspended load transport by turbulent flows and its applications

In recent years, 1D sediment mathematical models have been widely applied in en-gineering practice. However, simulation results from such models provide limited tech-nical details and they cannot fully meet the requirements of engineering planning and design. Though 2D sediment mathematical models have been developing rapidly and already been used to solve the sediment problems in hydraulic engineering, the area near the main structure of a project has 3D problems of water flow and sediment m…     

Soil Moisture Content Monitoring Based on ERS Wind Scatterometer Data

The ERS-1/2 wind scatterometer （WSC） has a low resolution cell of about 50 km but provides a high repetition rate （〈4 d） and can make measurements at multiple incidence angles. In order to estimate effective surface reflectivity （related to soil moisture content） over bare soil Using WSC data, an original methodology based on the advance integral equation model （AIEM） is presented, which takes advantage of its multiple view angular characteristics. This method includes two steps. First, a simplified two-parameter surface scattering model is calibrated by AIEM simulated-database over a wide parameter space. Second, regression analyses are carded out using the simulated database to build the relation between those parameters of our model at different incident angles from two observations of Mid and Fore beams. From the model simulated database, our technique works quite well in estimating Г^0. The possibility of applying the model to retrieve soil moisture is investigated using a set of data collected from the Intensive Observation Period field campaign in 1998 of the Asian Monsoon Experiment Tibet （GAME-Tibet）. The retrieved values obtained for the bare land surface are consistent with ground measurements collected in these areas and the correlation coefficient between retrieved soil moisture and the measured one reaches 0.65.