Synthesis and characterization of externally doped sulfonated polyaniline/multi-walled carbon nanotube composites

Composites of carbon nanotubes with attached carboxylic groups (c-MWCNTs) and water-soluble externally doped sulfonated polyaniline (ED-SPANI) were prepared by solution mixing of c-MWCNT and ED-SPANI aqueous colloids. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) absorption spectroscopy, field-emission scanning and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize their structure and morphology. Raman and UV–Vis spectra revealed the presence of electrostatic interaction between the C–N⁺ species of the ED-SPANI and the COO⁻ species of the c-MWCNTs. The addition of c-MWCNT to ED-SPANI can improve its thermal stability. The conductivity of 3 wt.% ED-SPANI/c-MWCNT composites at room temperature is sixteen times higher than that of ED-SPANI. These results demonstrate that the addition of a small number of c-MWCNTs to an ED-SPANI matrix can form a conducting network in well dispersed composites, thus increasing their electrical conductivity.     

碳纳米管/导电聚苯胺纳米复合纤维的合成与表征

为实现碳纳米管在树脂内形成一体化导电网络，从而制备出透明导电性能最优的有机透明导电涂层，必须把导电性的碳纳米管纤维在树脂内有效地组装成一体化导电结构网络。本文报道运用在树脂内可以自组装的导电苯胺来实现碳纳米管纤维自组装的方法．合成出了导电聚苯胺纳米薄膜均匀包覆的碳纳米管/导电聚苯胺纳米复合纤维．并运用透射电镜、傅立叶红外光谱以及四探针法表面电阻测试仪对合成出的具有精细微观结构的纳米复合纤维进行了表征．发现合成出了理想的碳纳米管/导电聚苯胺纳米复合纤维，并且其导电性较碳纳米管和导电聚苯胺自身都有大幅度的提高。这种特殊结构的纳米复合纤维的制备为组装高性能的聚合物基透明导电涂层奠定了坚实基础，而且这种自组装方法为各种纳米纤维的组装提供了可能。     

Synthesis and characterization of polyaniline rubber composites

Composite films of polyaniline and synthetic rubber (cis-1,4-polyisoprene) were studied to understand the charge transport under pressure and temperature. Films of different compositions were prepared to measure current–voltage curves across the film thickness. The results reveal that these materials exhibit electrical conductivity as predicted by the classical theory of percolation. This has been discussed in the light of microscopic interaction between rubber and polyaniline aggregates. Pressure dependent electrical conductivity of these composites can be best explored to develop low cost pressure sensing materials.     

聚苯胺/乙炔炭黑多孔复合材料的制备及性能研究

以纳米乙炔炭黑在反应体系中的聚集体为模板,采用化学氧化法制备了多孔形貌的聚苯胺。讨论了乙炔炭黑经硝酸液相氧化处理对聚苯胺/炭黑复合材料形貌、导电性及热性能的影响。研究结果表明,在聚苯胺掺杂酸盐酸用量增加到80mL时两种复合材料都具有多孔结构,并且由于炭黑经硝酸液相氧化后分散性及表面性质得到改善,产物呈现出明显的一维线性结构,该复合材料电导率高达5.55S/cm。多孔复合材料热分解温度均在430℃左右。     

聚苯胺/碳纳米管复合物的制备及其工艺研究

以低温原位静置法制备了聚苯胺包覆碳纳米管复合物,考察了碳纳米管含量和掺杂酸种类2个工艺参数对复合物的形貌、热稳定性、吸波性能的影响。研究表明:碳纳米管含量为10%时,两者完全包覆出现类似玉米棒形貌,有机酸掺杂制备出针形的聚苯胺且随单体浓度降低直径变小针状更明显;酸种类参数对热稳定性的影响更大,10%碳纳米管含量对氨基苯磺酸掺杂的样品热稳定性最好;有机酸掺杂样的损耗正切远小于盐酸掺杂样的,以盐酸掺杂的碳管含量为10%的样品在低频处有很好的吸收。     

Synthesis and characterization of polyaniline/activated carbon composites and preparation of conductive films

Polyaniline was synthesized via polyaniline/activated carbon (PANI/AC) composites by in situ polymerization and ex situ solution mixing. PANI and PANI/AC composite films were prepared by drop-by-drop and spin coating methods. The electrical conductivities of HCl doped PANI film and PANI/AC composite films were measured according to the standard four-point-probe technique. The composite films exhibited an increase in electrical conductivity over neat PANI. PANI and PANI/AC composites were investigated by spectroscopic methods including UV–vis, FTIR and photoluminescence. UV–vis and FTIR studies showed that AC particles affect the quinoid units along the polymer backbone and indicate strong interactions between AC particles and quinoidal sites of PANI. The photoluminescence properties of PANI and PANI/AC composites were studied and the photoluminescence intensity of PANI/AC composites was higher than that of neat PANI. The increase of conductivity of PANI/AC composites may be partially due to the doping or impurity effect of AC, where the AC competes with chloride ions. The amount of weight loss and the thermostability of PANI and PANI/AC composites were determined from thermogravimetric analysis. The morphology of particles and films were examined by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). SEM measurements indicated that the AC particles were well dispersed and isolated in composite films.     

Synthesis and characterization of composites of DBSA-doped polyaniline and polystyrene-based ionomers

The synthesis of composites of n-dodecylbenzene sulfonate-doped polyaniline (PANI-DBSA) and poly(styrene–metal acrylate) ionomers is presented. The ionomers of lithium, sodium and potassium were prepared by emulsion polymerization at different styrene-to-metal acrylate weight ratios. The composites made with the potassium ionomer exhibit the largest conductivity due to the higher content of acid groups that allows stronger interactions with the PANI chains compared to the Na and Li ionomers. IR spectroscopy suggests that hydrogen bonding interactions take place between PANI-DBSA chains and that amine salt groups form by chemical reactions between the amine groups of PANI and the acid groups of the ionomer. X-ray diffraction reveals that the ionomer affects the structural ordering of PANI-DBSA. All the PANI-DBSA–ionomer composites show higher thermal stability than the PANI-DBSA material. SEM shows a characteristic agglomerate morphology in all the composites. The composite showing the highest electrical conductivity was mixed with poly(n-butyl methacrylate) (PBMA) by extrusion and the films obtained have higher electrical conductivity than that of films of the same system without ionomer.     

聚苯胺/铁氧体复合颗粒的合成与表征

采用原位复合法制备导电聚苯胺磁性复合颗粒,借助FTIR、XRD、UV-Vis、TEM和VSM等分析手段研究了复合粒子的形貌、结构及其光、电和磁性能.结果表明:BaFe8(Ti0.5Mn0.5)4O19以约12 nm的粒径分散在聚苯胺基体中,聚苯胺与铁氧体之间存在化学键合作用,一定程度上减小了铁氧体纳米粒子的团聚;PANI/BaFe8(Ti0.5Mn0.5)4O19复合颗粒同时具有导电性和磁性能,其导电性随聚苯胺含量的增加而增强,而比饱和磁化强度随之下降;当聚苯胺含量为54.91%时,复合颗粒电磁学性能为He=92 kA/m,σs=11.54 Am2/kg,σr=4.97 Am2/kg,σ=13.1 S/m.     

Synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic activity of mesoporous titania nanorod/titanate nanotube composites

Mesoporous titania nanorod/titanate nanotube composites were prepared using TiF4 and H(3)BO(3) as the precursors. The prepared samples were characterized with TEM, SEM, XRD, HRTEM, and nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms. The photocatalytic activities were evaluated by photocatalytic oxidation of acetone in a gas phase and photocatalytic discolorization of methyl orange aqueous solution in an aqueous phase, respectively. The results indicated that the photocatalytic activity of the mesoporous titania nanorod/titanate nanotube composites exceeded that of P25 by a factor of about 2.5 times for the photocatalytic oxidation of acetone. This could be attributed to the fact that the former had a larger specific surface area and a higher pore volume. Moreover, the mesoporous titania nanorod/titanate nanotube composites, which could be readily separated after photocatalytic reaction in an aqueous phase, exhibited highly photocatalytic activity for the degradation of methyl orange aqueous solution.     

Synthesis and characterization of polyaniline grafted multiwalled carbon nanotube loaded Nafion-silica nanocomposite membrane

The preparation and characterization results of a new nanocomposite, polyaniline (PANI) grafted multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWNT) loaded Nafion-silica, (designated as Nafion-silica/MWNT-g-PANI), are reported in this paper. The preparation involves the formation of a silica network in a Nafion membrane and the subsequent loading of polyaniline-grafted multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNT-g-PANI) onto the Nafion-silica nanocomposite. The new nanocomposite, Nafion-silica/ MWNT-g-PANI, was characterized as to its morphology, structure and properties. The conductivity and methanol permeability of the nanocomposite membranes were evaluated.     

Preparation and characterization of conducting polyaniline/silica nanosheet composites

A series of polyaniline/silica nanosheet composites (PANI/SNS) with different contents of the silica nanosheets derived from vermiculite via acid-leaching were prepared via the in situ chemical oxidation polymerization. The PANI/SNS composites were characterized with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and electrical conductivity measurement. It is interesting that the electrical conductivities of the PANI/SNS composites increased with the increasing of the contents of the silica nanosheets added because of the moisture absorption. It was confirmed by the TGA analysis.     

Synthesis and electrorheological properties of polyaniline/silicon dioxide composites

This study was to synthesize the inherently conductive polymer polyaniline using an optimized process to prepare polyaniline/silicon dioxide (PANI/SiO₂) composites by in situ polymerization and ex situ solution mixing. PANI and PANI/SiO₂ composite films were prepared by drop-by-drop and spin-coating methods. The morphology of particles and films were examined by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). SEM measurements indicated that the SiO₂ were well-dispersed and isolated in composite films. The electrorheological (ER), characteristics of the PANI/SiO₂ composites were investigated. A volume fraction series (φ = 5–25 %) of the PANI/SiO₂/silicone oil dispersions were prepared and sedimentation stabilities were determined. An ER activity was observed from the samples, when subjected to external electric field strength thus, they were classified as smart materials. Some parameters affecting the ER properties of the dispersions such as volume fraction, shear rate, electric field strength, frequency, and temperature were investigated.     

CeO2/聚苯胺纳米复合材料的合成与表征

合成了具有核-壳结构的CeO2/聚苯胺纳米复合材料,并用傅立叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和热分析仪(TG)等对样品的成分、结构、粒度和稳定性进行了表征.结果表明:该纳米复合材料具有核-壳结构,其核平均粒径为17nm,且热稳定性高.     

聚噻吩/碳纳米管复合材料的制备与性能研究

利用原位化学氧化聚合法将噻吩单体原位聚合包覆在碳纳米管上,制备出聚噻吩/碳纳米管(PTh/CNT)复合材料,并对其形貌、结构、电性能和热稳定性等进行了初步的研究.研究结果表明聚噻吩包覆在碳纳米管上形成以碳纳米管为核,以聚噻吩为壳的核壳纳米线结构.加入少量的碳纳米管就能显著改善导电聚合物的电性能和热性能.碳纳米管的加入没有改变聚噻吩的主链结构,对聚噻吩的结晶状况也没有产生很大的影响.     

Synthesis,characterization and low frequency a.c. conduction of polyaniline/fly ash composites

In situ polymerization of aniline was carried out in the presence of fly ash (FA) to synthesize polyaniline/ fly ash (PANI/FA) composites. The PANI/FA composites have been synthesized with various compositions (15, 20, 30 and 40 wt%) of FA in PANI. The composites, thus synthesized have been characterized by infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The morphology of these samples was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Further the a.c. conductivity of these composites have been investigated in the frequency range 10²–10⁶ Hz. The presence of polarons and bipolarons are made responsible for frequency dependence of a.c. conductivity in these composites. The Cole-Cole plots indicate clear shift in the distribution of relaxation times as the wt% of FA in PANI changes. These composites show almost symmetric semicircles of Cole-Cole plots indicating the Debye-type relaxation in their polarization response.     

Synthesis of polyaniline/multi-walled carbon nanotube nanocomposites in water/oil microemulsion

A water/oil microemulsion system having been successfully used for synthesizing polyaniline(PANi) nanoparticles, was employed for preparing PANi/multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) nanocomposites via in situ chemical oxidative polymerization. The structures and the electrical property of PANi/MWCNT nanocomposites were also studied. The studies showed that PANi could coat MWCNTs to form nanocables with core-shell structure, and the backbone structure of PANi was not damaged by the introduction of MWCNTs. The conductivities of PANi/MWCNT nanocomposites were higher than that of PANi. Moreover, a model was supposed to be used for describing a PANi/MWCNT nanocable formation by in situ microemulsion polymerization.     

Photochemical synthesis and characterization of Ag/TiO2 nanotube composites

TiO₂ nanotubes were fabricated by a hydrothermal method. Silver nanoparticles with diameters around 3–5 nm were loaded onto the surface of TiO₂ nanotubes via a deposition approach followed by a photochemical reduction process under ultraviolet irradiation. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), N₂ adsorption measurements, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-vis), and fluorescence spectroscopy (FL) were applied to characterize the as-prepared Ag/TiO₂ nanotube composites. The photocatalytic activity of the as-prepared materials was investigated by photodegrading of methyl orange. The results showed that silver particles were in zero oxidation state and highly dispersed on the surface of TiO₂ nanotubes when the concentration of Ag⁺ was low. The presence of metallic silver can help the electron-hole separation by attracting photoelectrons. The Ag/TiO₂ nanotube composites with a suitable amount of silver showed a further improvement on the photocatalytic activity for degradation of methyl orange in water.     

Sintering behaviour of Copper/carbon nanotube composites and their characterization

The potential usage of Copper (Cu) is very limited, where combined mechanical and thermal properties are desirable, which can be overcome by using carbon nanotube (CNT) as a reinforcement. An attempt was made to synthesize Cu/CNT composites by varying CNT diameter and its concentration through a molecular level mixing technique followed by uniaxial compaction and conventional sintering. The sintering behaviour of Cu and Cu/CNT composites was studied to understand the influence of different parameters. The sintering duration of Copper was decreased with an increase of CNT diameter. The maximum enhancement of properties was achieved at 0.25 wt.% CNT irrespective of its diameter, where the thermal conductivity and hardness were obtained as 328 W/mK at 20–40 nm diameter CNT composites and 81.2 ± 2.9 VHN at 40–60 nm diameter CNT composites, respectively. The conventional method of synthesize can generate the desired characteristics of composites at par with high end techniques, such as SPS.     

Microwave-assisted synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide/carbon nanotube composites

A composite material of zinc oxide and carbon nanotubes were successfully synthesized via a sol process using zinc acetate dihydrate and treated multi-wall carbon nanotubes under microwave irradiation. The morphology, microstructure and chemical bonding of as-obtained composites were well characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Zinc oxide nanoparticles were dispersively coated on the surface of carbon nanotube when the precursor was dried under microwave irradiation without post-annealing. X-ray diffraction results obviously showed the mixture of two phases of carbon nanotube and wurzite zinc oxide whose size is approximately 15 nm. The formation of zinc oxide nanoparticles on carbon nanotube surface in the composite prepared by microwave heating is much better than the composite heated by conventional annealing. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic results suggest that carboxylic groups and uniform heating by microwave heating could play key roles on the nucleation of zinc oxide on carbon nanotube surface.