Steering error optimization of the Macpherson strut automotive front suspension

A vehicle model is developed employing a detailed nonlinear kinematic representation of a MacPherson strut front independent automotive suspension with a rack and pinion steering system. The vehicle model is capable of front wheel steering motions as well as vehicle body rolling motions. The vehicle model is used to simulate steady-state turning maneuvers on a smooth, flat road. The model is employed in conjunction with a realistic set of constraints to optimize a representative suspension and steering system with respect to steering error for turn radii and body roll angles typical of highway driving. Improved suspension and steering geometries are presented for two optimization studies.     

Robust weighting applied to optimization of AISI H13 hardened-steel turning process with ceramic wiper tool: A diversity-based approach

A mixed ceramic is a type of cutting-tool material widely employed for machining hardened steels. The usage of a mixed ceramic along with a wiper geometry can help double the feed rate, thereby increasing productivity while keeping the surface roughness (Ra) as low as possible. Analyses of manufacturing processes, such as a machining process, show that the various possible controlled parameters can be modeled by multiobjective mathematical models to ensure their optimization. Hence, the aim of this study was optimize a hard turning process using a robust weighting based on diversity to choose the final Pareto optimal solution of the multiobjective problem. The responses of the material removal rate (MRR), Ra parameter, and cutting force (Fc) were modeled by using the response surface methodology; in this methodology, decision variables, such as the cutting speed (Vc), feed rate (f), and depth of cut (d), are employed. The diversity index, as a decision-making criterion, proved to be useful in mapping the regions of minimum variance within the Pareto optimal responses obtained in the optimization process. Hence, the study demonstrates that the weights used in the multiobjective optimization process influence the prediction variance of the obtained response.     

基于组合优化策略的动车组悬挂参数优化设计

为快速获得改善车辆横向平稳性的最优悬挂参数,提出基于自适应模拟退火算法和非线性序列二次规划算法的组合优化策略对动车组悬挂参数进行优化设计。建立动车组动力学模型,利用最优拉丁超立方抽样方法选取对横向平稳性影响较大的悬挂参数作为设计变量;以横向平稳性为目标函数构建Kriging代理模型,并利用可决系数检验代理模型精度;采用自适应模拟退火算法对代理模型进行全局范围内初步寻优,在初步最优解的基础上采用非线性序列二次规划算法进行局部空间精确求解。研究结果表明,基于Kriging代理模型和组合优化策略的优化效率明显提高,车辆横向平稳性得到显著改善,并且优化前后运行稳定性均满足要求。     

基于动态柔度的硬盘驱动臂的拓扑设计

随着硬盘的磁密度越来越高,数据存取速度越来越快,要求硬盘的驱动速度更快,寻道精度更高.在这种苛刻的工作条件下,即使是微小的机械振动也会产生数据的读写错误.为了提高其动态响应特性,重点研究采用基于动态柔度的拓扑方法进行硬盘驱动臂的拓扑形态设计,包括硬盘驱动臂拓扑设计的建模、灵敏度分析、拓扑优化的过程以及对优化结果的分析.通过研究,得到几种新的硬盘驱动臂的结构拓扑形态,发现它们与静态拓扑和基于频率的拓扑设计结果具有一定的局部相似性,这表明基于动态响应的拓扑设计具有更好的综合性能.文中提出的方法为进一步改善HDD(hard disk drive)驱动臂的动态性能提供一种新的途径.     

Dynamics of transient events at the head/disk interface

Slider/disk contacts of nano and pico sliders are investigated using an acoustic emission sensor and a high bandwidth laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV). The following cases are studied: (a) influence of scratch impact on the airbearing stiffness; (b) influence of lubricant thickness on slider dynamics for single bump impacts; (c) influence of lubricant thickness on slider vertical stick–slip vibrations; (d) dynamics of take-off and landing. Linear time frequency analysis is applied to study simultaneously the impact response of the airbearing and the slider torsional and bending modes. The contact dynamics of single bump impacts is examined as a function of disk velocity and lubricant thickness. Increased slider vibrations are found for thick lubricant films both for sliding contacts as well as for single bump impacts. During the transition from sliding to flying a change of the bending mode frequency is observed.     

基于链间耦合的并联悬架的刚度优化

针对越野车辆座椅刚度提升问题,提出了利用并联机构作为座椅悬架主体结构的方案。为保证悬架装置具有高精度位姿和高刚度结构,对链间耦合与固有频率进行研究。首先,通过能量法、虚功原理和扰动理论,可以获得机构的广义质量和广义刚度矩阵;其次,弹性耦合和惯性耦合是基于以上两个广义矩阵而定义的两个指标来测量并联机构的耦合程度,通过Cholesky分解法获得机构的固有频率;然后,为了获得较小的弹性耦合、惯性耦合和较大的固有频率,以固有频率作为目标函数来优化悬架装置的结构参数;最终,对优化结果综合分析,获得最优结构参数用于改进装置结构。     

基于蚁群算法的LED分拣路径优化

提出基于蚁群算法对LED芯片分拣路径进行优化。对分拣工作芯片块间移动策略进行分析,降低盘片变形。在此基础上采用蚁群算法,建立分拣路径的全连接无向图并对分拣时间、分拣路径模型进行建模和优化。对蚂蚁数量、蚁群算法的时间复杂度、信息素挥发因子等参数进行优化。试验表明,该方法与传统方法相比能够缩短分拣时间,提高效率,为LED芯片分拣路径规划提供了一种有效的方法。     

Comparison of performances of five prospective approaches for the multi-response optimization

The Taguchi method of experimental design is widely used for optimization of process performance. However, this method has been developed to optimize single-response processes. But, in many situations, the engineers are required to determine the process settings that can simultaneously optimize multiple responses. In the recent past, researchers have proposed several systematic procedures for multi-response optimization. Most of these methods use complicated statistical/mathematical models and are, therefore, not easily comprehendible to the engineers who do not have a strong background in mathematics. Only a few methods, e.g. weighted signal-to-noise (WSN) ratio, Grey relational analysis, multiple-response signal-to-noise ratio, VIKOR (VlseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje in Serbian), and weighted principal component methods, use relatively simpler procedures. In this paper, the computational procedures for these five methods are standardized. Three sets of experimental data are analyzed using these standardized procedures and the predicted optimization performances of the five methods are compared. The results show that no method can give better optimization than the WSN method.     

基于Recurdyn的某无人平台悬架系统优化设计

应用多体动力学仿真软件Recurdyn研究悬架系统对无人平台的操纵稳定性的影响,选取某种6X6轮式无人平台双横臂独立悬架为研究对象,使用Recurdyn进行参数建模,再对悬架进行运动学仿真分析,选取筛选后的参数点作为优化变量,使用Recurdyn/AutoDesign模块,对定位参数进行优化设计,根据仿真结果对悬架结构进行优化,使前束角与侧倾角的振动幅度减小30%左右,以便拥有更好的运动性能,最终达到改善其操纵稳定性的目的。利用现有理论与仿真平台克服了传统悬架优化设计难,效率低等问题,减少大量的设计成本,经过适当改进可适用于其他类型悬架优化。     

扭转梁式悬架弹性运动学特性分析与结构优化

以某乘用车厂开发的轻型轿车为研究对象,基于UG,Hypermesh、Adams/car、patran建立样车的扭转梁式悬架刚柔耦合仿真模型,分析悬架弹性运动学特性及其对操稳性的影响,并将其与对标车进行悬架弹性运动性能对比,分析研发车型悬架性能的合理性.采用Adams/Insight建立参数优化模型,并进行结构参数优化设...     

Optimization algorithm for diesel engine operating parameters based on a vehicle driving test cycle

For compliance with stringent exhaust emissions regulations, diesel engines have been equipped with electronically controlled components. Hence, there are various engine operating parameters that must be optimized, however optimization of these parameters is complicated. The objective of this research is to provide a new optimization algorithm for the diesel engine operating parameters with consideration of the vehicle control strategy. To optimize engine operating parameters, the concept of the vehicle-based optimization has been introduced. The engine response functions for performance and emissions were determined using the design of experiments, the response surface method and regression method with various engine operating parameters. Then, the engine operating points of the vehicle during the test cycles were analyzed, and the fuel consumption and emissions were estimated. Consequently, the engine operating parameters at each operating point were optimized to reduce the fuel consumption and the emissions such as NOx and PM by using the gradient method. Moreover, a new optimization algorithm enables to optimize engine operating parameters in various test cycle without additional engine experiment.     

基于多体模型的汽车半主动悬架控制方法研究

针对半主动悬架控制中的两个重要问题——系统模型的建立和控制策略的确定进行了深入的研究,建立了汽车的多体动力学方程,提出了半主动悬架模糊神经网络控制方法,设计了控制系统,应用遗传算法优化了控制器的参数和结构,用基于变尺度的BFGS算法优化神经网络权值,在仿真研究的基础上进行了试验研究,结果表明提出的方法能明显改善悬架性能。     

基于遗传算法的厢式货车平顺性优化

在RecurDyn中建立某厢式货车的整车多体动力学模型。基于离散梁法,建立整车模型中的钢板弹簧动力学模型,在板簧模型中,采用用户自定义子程序的方法为弹簧片间定义的三向力,可有效模拟簧片间的接触力和摩擦力,应用基于元模型的优化方法,对钢板弹簧模型的参数进行辨识;基于AR模型开发的路面不平度重构程序,可生成能够被RecurDyn调用的路面文件;进行该厢式货车整车平顺性试验,仿真和实车试验结果验证了所建整车模型的正确性;采用试验设计方法分析了悬架参数及驾驶室悬置参数对平顺性的影响,为平顺性优化时变量范围的选取提供了依据;提出一种采用批处理方式,通过ProcessNet集成AForge.Genetic组件实现遗传算法进行整车平顺性优化的方法,优化后驾驶员脚部地板处总加权加速度均方根值下降了9.35%,提高了厢式货车的平顺性能。     

新型八轮月球车悬架的研制

提高整车质量在各轮上分配的均匀性,可提高驱动电动机驱动功率的一致性;提高悬架被动适应松软复杂地形能力,可提高其稳定性和越障能力。因此,对八轮月球车被动适应地形的悬架进行拓扑结构综合,确定两种可用的八轮悬架构型,并对这两种悬架构型进行双侧车轮同时跨越垂直障碍、适应曲面地形和车体运动平稳性仿真分析。根据分析结果,确定适合的八轮月球车悬架构型,针对这种八轮月球车移动系统的组成和工作原理进行了论述。利用ADAMS软件对悬架结构参数进行优选,在此基础上进行悬架和差动装置的结构设计,并加工出原理样机。对原理样机进行爬坡、越障等性能试验,试验结果表明：各轮载荷分布较均匀,适应地形能力强,能够爬上坡度为22°的松软沙地,越过200 mm高的障碍。     

混合空气悬架客车侧倾稳定性分析

某型客车前后悬架均为混合空气悬架,需要对该型客车进行侧倾稳定性分析计算。首先,确定该客车前后悬架的侧倾中心和整车侧倾中心线;其次,计算出侧倾力臂、侧倾力矩;然后,推导了悬架侧倾角刚度计算公式,讨论了两种横向稳定杆垂直刚度计算方法——基于材料力学经典理论的方法和有限元分析法;最后,计算了该型客车的侧倾角刚度、整车在0．4g侧向加速度时的侧倾角,并根据相关标准对该型客车的侧倾稳定性进行了评价。这种客车侧倾稳定性分析方法适用于混合空气悬架的设计计算以及侧倾仿真模型的校核计算。     

抓斗式卸船机自动作业的性能优化

为了提高卸船机自动作业的性能,对抓斗的摆动控制和抓斗的路径进行了优化.在分析抓斗摆动规律的基础上,对周期性加、减速的摆动控制方法进行了改进,在加减速阶段用分段加速的方法消除抓斗摆动,在料斗上方卸料时使抓斗向前摆动并保持一定摆角,产生甩斗卸料的效果,可以有效缩短循环时间.路径优化将作业区域进行划分并采取相应的小车控制策略...     

Pareto lexicographic α-robust approach and its application in robust multi objective assembly line balancing problem

Robustness in most of the literature is associated with min-max or min-max regret criteria. However, these criteria of robustness are conservative and therefore recently new criteria called, lexicographic α-robust method has been introduced in literature which defines the robust solution as a set of solutions whose quality or jth largest cost is not worse than the best possible jth largest cost in all scenarios. These criteria might be significant for robust optimization of single objective optimization problems. However, in real optimization problems, two or more than two conflicting objectives are desired to optimize concurrently and solution of multi objective optimization problems exists in the form of a set of solutions called Pareto solutions and from these solutions it might be difficult to decide which Pareto solution can satisfy min-max, min-max regret or lexicographic α-robust criteria by considering multiple objectives simultaneously. Therefore, lexicographic α-robust method which is a recently introduced method in literature is extended in the current research for Pareto solutions. The proposed method called Pareto lexicographic α-robust approach can define Pareto lexicographic α-robust solutions from different scenarios by considering multiple objectives simultaneously. A simple example and an application of the proposed method on a simple problem of multi objective optimization of simple assembly line balancing problem with task time uncertainty is presented to get their robust solutions. The presented method can be significant to implement on different multi objective robust optimization problems containing uncertainty.     

Parameters identification and trajectory control for a hydraulic system

In order to improve the tracking accuracy of a hydraulic system, an improved ant colony optimization algorithm (IACO) is proposed to optimize the values of proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller. In addition, this paper presents an experimental study on the parameters identification to deduce accurate numerical values of the hydraulic system, which also determines the relationship between control signal and output displacement. Firstly, the basic principle of the hydraulic system and the mathematical model of the electro-hydraulic proportional control system are analyzed. Based on the theoretical models, the transfer function of the control system is obtained by recursive least square identification method (RLS). Then, the key parameters of the control system model are obtained. Some improvements are proposed to avoid premature convergence and slow convergence rate of ACO: the transition probability is revised based adjacent search mechanism, dynamic pheromone evaporation coefficient adjustment strategy is adopted, pheromone update rule and parameters optimization range are also improved. Then the proposed IACO tuning based PID controller and the identification parameters are modeled and simulated using MATLAB/Simulink and AMESim co-simulation platform. Comparisons of IACO, standard ACO and Ziegler–Nichols (Z–N)PID controllers are carried out with different references as step signal and sinusoidal wave using the co-simulation platform. The simulation results of the bucket system using the proposed controller demonstrates improved settling time, rise time and the convergence speed with a new objective function J. Finally, experiments with leveling operations are performed on a 23 ton robotic excavator. The experimental results show that the proposed controller improves the trajectory accuracy of the leveling operation by 28% in comparison to the standard ACO-PID controller.     

An investigation of slewing-crane dynamics during slewing motion—development and verification of a mathematical model

Information about the dynamic loading of a steel structure is important for its static design as well as for an assessment of its fatigue life. In the case of tower cranes, these loads are mainly caused by vibrations and load sway, which occurs as a result of the slewing motion of the jib around the vertical axis and from the radial movement of the load's suspension point. In this paper, only the slewing motion that produces the spatial motion of the pendulum is considered, because this kind of motion has received much less attention than the translation of the suspension point. In order to achieve this, a non-linear mathematical model of the load sway during the slewing motion was formulated, and the non-linear nature of the swinging motion for large angles and the non-linearity of the power transmission were considered. The structure's elasticity and damping, the friction in the main bearing, and the air resistance were also taken into account. The dynamic forces acting on the steel structure of the crane during payload transport were obtained. In order to confirm the mathematical model, an actual model of a crane was built and used as the basis for measurements. A comparison of the results shows good agreement between the predicted and the measured values.     

Load/unload measurements using laser doppler vibrometry and acoustic emission

The dynamics of the load/unload process are studied using a so-called ‘periscope approach’ which allows us to follow the slider motion during load/unload (L/UL) with the beam of a Laser Doppler Vibrometer (LDV). LDV signals and acoustic emission signals are obtained for three different slider airbearing designs and for load/unload conditions with different vertical velocities and spindle speeds. The load process is investigated statistically using the acoustic emission signal in order to determine the effect of vertical load speed and spindle speed on the probability of contacts between slider and disk.The results indicate that small vertical load speeds decrease the number of head/disk contacts, and that slider designs with a cavity centered close to the trailing edge enable a smooth unloading process.