Behavior of Sheet Pile Quay Wall Stabilized by Sea-Side Ground Improvement in Dynamic Centrifuge Tests

Sea-side ground improvement is one of the techniques used for increasing seismic stability of sheet pile quay wall. A series of centrifuge shaking table test is conducted to investigate the seismic behavior of sheet pile quay wall stabilized with sea-side cement deep mixing (CDM). At 50 g centrifugal acceleration, the clay ground is consolidated and four to five stages of shaking are applied to the quay wall. The recorded input-output accelerations, deflection of the quay wall, earth pressures along depth and pore pressures were used to evaluate the behavior of the stabilized sheet pile quay wall. The results indicated that an improved area provides significant resistance against seismic loading. The ground improvement can reduce 30% to 60% bending moment during the seismic loading. The horizontal deflection of the quay wall decreases rapidly with increase in area of the CDM until it reaches a certain limit. Prediction by the numerical model agrees fairly well with the results of centrifuge model tests.     

Seismic performance and numerical simulation of earth-fill dam with geosynthetic clay liner in shaking table test

In this paper, shaking table tests were carried out on both a small-scale and a full-scale earth-fill dams with geosynthetic clay liners to examine their seismic performance. The behavior of these fully instrumented earth-fill dams when subjected to seismic loading was also simulated by numerical analysis. Firstly, in the small-scale shaking table test, no failure was observed along the geosynthetic clay liner when the earth-fill dam was subjected to seismic motion. Numerical analysis confirmed that the behavior of the model earth-fill dam was unaffected by the geosynthetic clay liner. Secondly, a comparative shaking table test was carried out on full-scale earth-fill dams, one with a sloping core zone and another with a geosynthetic clay liner. Both model dams showed similar acceleration response and deformation behavior. It should be mentioned that the acceleration response increased gradually toward the top of the dam, and the deformation, after shaking, was relatively large near the foot of the slope. These observations were successfully simulated by the numerical analysis.     

Simplified Procedure to Evaluate Earthquake-Induced Residual Displacement of Geosynthetic Reinforced Soil Retaining Walls

Based on a series of shaking table model tests, it was found that the effects of 1) subsoil and backfill deformation, 2) failure plane formation in backfill, and 3) pullout resistance mobilized by the reinforcements on the seismic behaviors of the geosynthetic reinforced soil retaining walls (GRS walls) were significant. These effects cannot be taken into account in the conventional pseudo-static based limit equilibrium analyses or Newmark's rigid sliding block analogy, which are usually adopted as the seismic design procedure. Therefore, this study attempts to develop a simplified procedure to evaluate earthquake-induced residual displacement of GRS walls by reflecting the knowledge on the seismic behaviors of GRS walls obtained from the shaking table model tests. In the proposed method, 1) the deformation characteristics of subsoil and backfill are modeled based on the model test results and 2) the effect of failure plane formation is considered by using residual soil strength after the failure plane formation while the peak soil strength is used before the failure plane formation, and 3) the effect of the pullout resistance mobilized by the reinforcement is also introduced by evaluating the pullout resistance based on the results from the pullout tests of the reinforcements. By using the proposed method, simulations were performed on the shaking table model test results conducted under a wide variety of testing conditions and good agreements between the calculated and measured displacements were observed.     

钢筋混凝土巨型框架结构及附单向TMD装置的减震结构振动台试验研究

为了研究钢筋混凝土巨型框架结构体系的抗震性能及其地震作用损伤机理,设计制作1/25的缩尺模型,并设计加工了一套调谐质量阻尼器（TMD）装置安装在模型结构顶部,进行振动台试验,得到结构的动力特性和位移响应,并对比分析了TMD的减震效果。结果表明：当在峰值加速度为0.140g的地震波作用后（相当于原型7度多遇地震）,模型结构处在弹性工作状态,在峰值加速度为0.400g的地震波作用后（相当于原型7度基本烈度）,模型结构出现轻微破坏,在峰值加速度为0.880g的地震波作用后（相当于原型7度罕遇地震）,模型结构出现中等破坏,该原型结构可以满足抗震设计的要求;TMD装置具有较好的减震效果。     

边坡动力破坏特征的振动台模型试验与数值分析

采用大型振动台模型试验,输入幅值逐级增大的地震波,直到边坡破坏,得到边坡动力破坏特征:上部拉裂缝和下部剪切滑移面形成贯通的破裂面,滑体上监测点位移和加速度响应突变,表明边坡已经发生破坏,且坡顶局部块体在地震作用下发生抛射现象。采用FLAC动力差分软件通过逐渐加大输入地震波幅值,模拟模型边坡振动台试验过程,证实拉裂缝与剪切滑移面贯通是边坡动力破坏的必要条件,位移和加速度响应突变可以作为边坡动力破坏的判据。振动台试验和数值计算在边坡动力破坏三个特征上吻合较好,证明振动台模型试验结果的合理性,也证明数值分析方法的可靠性。     

单层球壳模型结构振动台试验研究

通过对单层球壳结构模型的振动台试验,分析了结构在地震作用下的破坏模式。为使模型呈现不同的倒塌模式,设计了3个缩尺比为1/10的试验模型：模型1与模型3以期发生承载力破坏倒塌模式;模型2设置6个薄弱区,以期发生动力失稳。采用多次加载方案,水平向输入地震波,逐级提高峰值加速度,完成振动台试验。采用基线调整法对原始试验数据进行校正;采用有限元软件ANSYS中的大质量法对试验模型进行考虑双非线性的多点输入时程分析,获得结构动力响应;采用自编程序对模型结构进行有限元塑性分析。结果表明：试验模型的倒塌模式与试验预期结果吻合良好,验证了振动台试验的完备性;有限元分析结果与实测结果吻合较好,验证了数值计算方法的正确性。     

地震作用下含倾斜软弱夹层斜坡场地的动力响应特性研究

以四川北部龙门山断裂带附近山区内某核废料处置场为参考原型,概化出含软弱夹层的斜坡场地模型,设计完成该特殊场地在50倍重力加速度条件下的离心振动台模型试验,监测场地在不同输入地震工况下的加速度响应,重点通过加速度放大效应和地震波波动机制探讨软弱夹层和斜坡效应对斜坡场地动力响应的影响,此外,结合传统傅里叶谱和Hilbert边际谱方法,从频域角度展示场地的频谱变化特性。试验结果表明:软弱夹层的加速度放大效应与输入地震动峰值有关,当输入地震动峰值较小时,夹层内响应加速度峰值被削弱,当输入峰值较大时,则被增强;斜坡效应对该场地中软弱夹层内的动力响应存在影响,导致斜坡下的软弱夹层内加速度放大效应增强;随着输入地震动峰值增大,软弱夹层中响应加速度的频率成分发生了变化,高频成分减少而低频成分增加。     

锯末混合土场地模型振动台试验研究

在北京工业大学九子振动台台阵系统上开展了一系列锯末混合土场地模型试验,试验中模型箱采用装配式连续体刚性模型箱,其尺寸为7.7 m(长)×3.2 m(宽)×1.2 m(高),输入地震动时程采用El Centro地震动记录和天津地震动记录,地震动输入方向为水平横向和水平纵向。通过场地模型振动台试验,验证了设计的模型箱的较小的"边界效应"影响程度,同时考察了锯末混合土场地模型的动力特性及其变化规律。对部分试验结果,包括场地反应的地震动峰值加速度及其动力放大系数、加速度时程及其频谱,进行了具体分析。试验结果表明:本次使用的装配式连续体刚性模型箱边界效应处理效果良好,同一水平面上不同部位土体反应的加速度仅有较小差异;随着地震动输入强度的增大,同一测点反应的峰值加速度总体上在增大,但其加速度动力放大系数总体上呈现减小的趋势,反应的频谱组成从较高频率向较低频率移动。这些结果说明,随着地震动输入强度的增大,土体由于刚度发生变化而相对变软,土体模量逐渐降低。     

Seismic responses of high-rise structure under multiple-component ground motions

In this paper, we studied the responses of high-rise structures under the multiple-component ground motions, such as horizontal; coupled horizontal and rocking; and coupled horizontal, vertical, and rocking ground motion. First, the principle and process of obtaining the rotation component by using wavelet analysis are explained, and the rocking ground motion was obtained by wavelet analysis from translational ground motions. The correctness of this method was verified by shaking table tests. Next, the shaking table tests were performed on the scale model of a high-rise TV tower under the horizontal, multiple ground motions. Under multiple ground motions, the amplitudes of the displacement and the acceleration increased to a certain extent, and the increased range of the acceleration was relatively larger. In addition, the displacement time-history curve with the rocking ground motion showed an asymmetric offset. Subsequently, the dynamic equation of a high-rise structure under the multiple ground motions was established, and the additional second-order effect of the rocking ground motion was also considered. The results of the dynamic equation were well consistent with the shaking table test results, which verified the rationality and the accuracy of the dynamic equation. Besides, the result from the theoretical calculation and test indicated that the additional second-order effect with the rocking ground motion that led to the ground tilting should not be ignored. In the last part, the elastic–plastic properties of the structure under the horizontal and rocking ground motion in the rare earthquake were analyzed. The displacement of the structure with the rocking ground motion increased significantly at the elastic–plastic stage, and the asymmetry deviation degree of the displacement and restoring force–displacement trend of the structure were more significant, which would impact the dynamic stability of the structure and even increase the possibility of structural collapse.     

地裂缝场地地铁车站动力响应振动台试验研究

地震和地裂缝耦合作用严重威胁着地铁工程的安全.通过开展地裂缝场地(穿越地裂缝)地铁车站结构模型的振动台试验,分析了地震作用下地裂缝场地土的加速度反应、裂缝发展和车站的加速度、应变等动力反应规律.试验结果表明:模型土在临近地裂缝的一定范围内地震响应较大,且距地裂缝相同距离处,上盘的加速度响应整体上大于下盘;地裂缝场地地铁...     

水平黏性土地基动力离心模型试验

从黏性土地基模型的制备、固结到50 g离心机加速度条件下对振动台激励的反应等方面,介绍水平黏性土地基地震动力响应的离心模型试验方法和步骤。试验结果表明,在地震动作用下,所研究的黏性土地基土层从下到上最大地震峰值加速度逐渐增加,说明该自由场地基土层从下到上对地震有放大作用。从土层的加速度反应谱可以看出,在输入的Parkfield地震波作用下,该地基的自然频率为0.5 Hz,地基对低频成分有放大作用,而对大于10 Hz的频率成分几乎没有放大作用。由位移和孔压的变化曲线可知,地基表层土在地震过程中发生的侧向位移最大,而表层以下的土层侧向位移不大。地震过程中中下部土层的孔压增长量最大,中上部土层的孔压增长量次之,底部土层的孔压增长量最小。     

Shaking table test on reinforcement effect of partial ground improvement for group-pile foundation and its numericalsimulation

In this paper, particular attention was paid to the seismic enhancement effect of group-pile foundation with partial ground improvement method that is used for existing pile foundations in practical engineering. A model test on a full system with a superstructure, a nine-pile foundation and a sandy ground was conducted with the shaking table test device. The model pile is made from aluminum and the model ground is made from Toyoura Sand. The shaking table test device is 120 cm in width and 160 cm in length. The maximum acceleration is 1 g and the maximum displacement is 5 cm. The maximum payload is 16 kN and the highest frequency is 10 Hz. The model ground is carefully prepared to obtain a ground with controllable unified density. Before the shaking table test, the pattern of the partial ground improvement for an existed group-pile foundation is carefully selected using numerical tests with a 3D elastoplastic static finite element analysis. In the analysis, the nonlinear behavior of ground and piles are described by the cyclic mobility model (Zhang et al., 2007) and the axial force dependent model (AFD model) proposed by Zhang and Kimura (2002) can take into consideration of axial-force dependency in the nonlinear moment–curvature relations. The applicability of the numerical analysis has been verified in previous works by comparing the numerical results with a real-scale field tests (Kosa et al., 1998). Based on the results from the numerical tests on seismic enhancement effect of group-pile foundation with ground improvement, an optimum pattern of partial ground improvement of an existing pile foundations has been picked out for shaking table test. A numerical analysis using the program DBLEAVES (Ye, 2007) is also conducted for the same optimum pattern for comparison purposes. The effectiveness of the partial ground improvement method has been proved by both the shaking table test and the numerical analysis.     

土石坝试验新技术研究与应用

研制的多功能静动力大型三轴试验系统是中国首台能够测量堆石料动态体变过程的大型三轴试验设备,构建了国内外70多座重要高土石坝筑坝堆石料静动力学性质试验数据库,揭示了静动荷载作用下堆石料的颗粒破碎规律及其影响因素、强度与剪胀(缩)非线性变化规律、地震残余变形发展规律、流变规律和饱和砂砾石料地震液化规律等。创建了高土石坝离心机振动台模型试验技术与试验结果分析方法,成功应用于高面板堆石坝与心墙堆石坝地震破坏机理和抗震加固方案有效性验证,得出的高土石坝地震加速度反应和地震残余变形定性与定量分布规律、高土石坝地震破坏机理结果得到了汶川地震后紫坪铺面板堆石坝和碧口心墙坝震害资料的证实。较好解决了目前高土石坝地面振动台模型试验与原型应力水平相差过大,常规离心机振动台模型试验因模型箱尺寸和振动台功率限制无法进行与原型应力水平一致的模型试验的难题。创建了土石坝溃坝离心模型试验技术与试验结果分析方法;研发了离心机大流量水流控制系统,实现了水流在地面普通重力场和超重力场之间的平稳过渡;研发了将模型布置和模型测量两部分有机融合为一体的专用溃坝模型箱,有效解决了管道流量计在坝体溃口流量变幅大和泥石流下无法正常工作的难题,实现了土石坝溃坝全过程溃口洪水流量的测量。上述研究成果为进一步提升高土石坝灾害预测与防控水平提供了重要技术支撑。     

可液化场地地铁车站结构地震破坏特性振动台试验研究

模拟大震主、余震地震动作用,开展了石膏模型的三层三跨地铁地下车站结构地震破坏特性的振动台试验,测试与分析了可液化地基土的加速度、振动孔压、地表震陷和模型车站结构的加速度、水平向相对位移、应变、侧墙动土压力反应及其空间效应,再现了喷水冒砂、地表裂缝、震陷及模型车站结构上浮、构件裂缝及局部破损等宏观震害现象。研究结果表明：在主震作用时,地基土液化持续时间长、振动孔压消散趋势不明显,地基土的加速度放大效应降低,液化地基呈现出显著的减震与低频集中效应;余震作用时地基土振动孔压的消散较为明显;模型结构峰值加速度反应沿高度增大,侧墙动土压力反应沿高度呈中间小、两端大的分布模式;模型结构中柱的峰值应变反应最大,且中柱左右两侧的峰值应变与损伤程度沿高度呈S形分布;可液化地基土与模型车站结构的地震反应存在显著的空间效应现象。     

Sliding stability and lateral displacement analysis of reinforced soil retaining walls

Field observations have demonstrated that reinforced soil retaining walls generally have superior seismic performance when compared to traditional gravity retaining walls. However, current design guidelines for reinforced soil retaining walls are typically based on pseudo-static methods of analysis, which involve simplifying assumptions. For instance, the reinforced zone is usually assumed as a rigid body in external stability calculations. As a result, the influences of reinforcement arrangement and properties on the sliding stability and displacement of the wall cannot be accounted for in their design. Additionally, the soil shear strength is assumed to be constant in conventional displacement calculations using the Newmark sliding block method. In this paper, an analysis method is proposed to determine the yield acceleration and lateral displacement of reinforced soil walls that includes soil shear strength mobilization and a two-part wedge planar failure mechanism. The proposed method is validated against the results of laboratory model tests, and influences of factors such as ground acceleration coefficients, and reinforcement and backfill properties on the stability of the wall are examined.     

Shaking table study on seismic behavior of MSE wall with inclined backfill soils reinforced by polymeric geostrips

In this study, the seismic behavior of a mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) wall with inclined backfill is investigated under sinusoidal acceleration excitations using a series of 1-g shaking table tests performed on the MSE model of 150 cm in height reinforced with polymeric geostrips. The effects of the stiffness of the reinforcement and slope angles of the backfill soil on the acceleration amplification factor (RMSA), the lateral displacement of the wall, the surface displacement of the backfill, the distribution of dynamic earth pressure along the height of reinforced wall and the strain distributions on the surfaces of the polymeric geostrips in three planes of the wall are investigated. The experimental results show that the dynamic earth pressure determined by traditional pseudo-static approaches leads to overestimated values. In addition, increasing the inclination angle of backfill soil results in the increase of surface settlement, lateral wall displacements, soil dynamic earth pressures, acceleration amplification factors and strains on the polymeric geostrip materials. The stiffness of the polymeric geostrip material has a negligible effect on the displacement, dynamic earth pressures and failure surface geometry.     

Evaluation of Extent of Damage to Geogrid Reinforced Soil Walls Subjected to Earthquakes

The aim of this study is to establish a simple method for evaluating the extent of damage to geogrid reinforced soil walls (GRSWs) subjected to earthquakes. Centrifuge tilting and shaking table tests were conducted to investigate the seismic behaviour of GRSWs, with special focus on the effects of the tensile stiffness of the geogrids, the pullout characteristics and the backfill materials. As a result, it was found that GRSWs showed large shear deformation in the reinforced area after shaking, that such deformation was influenced by the tensile stiffness of the geogrids, the pullout resistance and the deformation modulus of the backfill material, and that finally slip lines appeared. However, the GRSWs maintained adequate seismic stability owing to the pullout resistance of the geogrids, even after the formation of slip lines. It is considered that such slip lines appeared due to the failure of the backfill material. Since the maximum shear strain occurring in the backfill can be roughly estimated from the inclination of the facing panels, using a simple plastic theory, it is possible to evaluate whether the backfill has reached its peak state or not. The formation of slip lines observed in the centrifuge model tests could be well explained by this method. Finally, the method is proposed to estimate the failure sections in the GRSWs using a Two Wedge analysis.     

济南粉质黏土中隧道地震动力响应试验研究

为了解济南典型地层及地铁隧道结构的地震动力响应特性,进而把握地铁隧道的抗震性能,首次使用济南粉质黏土作为模型土,开展了一组济南人工波输入情况下的振动台模型试验。试验结果显示:人工波在试验地层中加速度放大系数随测点埋深呈现反“之”字形规律;隧道结构变形主要受地层变形控制,地层水平变形随埋深增大而减小;济南粉质黏土层自振频率随着输入地震波强度增大而减小,阻尼比随输入地震波强度增大而增大。砂层自振频率随着输入地震波强度增大呈现先减小后增大的趋势,阻尼比呈现先增大后减小的趋势。这些结果可对济南地铁隧道的抗震设计提供重要的参考。     

地铁车站接头结构振动台模型试验及地震响应的三维数值模拟

先简要介绍了地铁车站接头结构振动台模型试验,然后利用有限差分软件FLAC3D对试验进行了三维数值拟合分析。建立的三维数值计算模型包括:计算范围与模型箱尺寸一致,采用Davidenkov模型描述模型土的非线性动力特性,对边界条件采用加速度条件模拟。计算得到了车站结构模型和区间隧道模型的加速度响应、土–结构间的动土压力值以及结构模型的动应变值。计算结果与实测结果吻合较好,验证了建立的数值计算模型是合理的,拟合分析结果是正确的,从而可为建立软土地铁车站结构地震响应的三维计算方法提供基础。     

Seismic effects on reinforcement load and lateral deformation of geosynthetic-reinforced soil walls

Current design methods for the internal stability of geosynthetic-reinforced soil (GRS) walls postulate seismic forces as inertial forces, leading to pseudo-static analyses based on active earth pressure theory, which yields unconservative reinforcement loads required for seismic stability. Most seismic analyses are limited to the determination of maximum reinforcement strength. This study aimed to calculate the distribution of the reinforcement load and connection strength required for each layer of the seismic GRS wall. Using the top-down procedure involves all of the possible failure surfaces for the seismic analyses of the GRS wall and then obtains the reinforcement load distribution for the limit state. The distributions are used to determine the required connection strength and to approximately assess the facing lateral deformation. For sufficient pullout resistance to be provided by each reinforcement, the maximum required tensile resistance is identical to the results based on the Mononobe–Okabe method. However, short reinforcement results in greater tensile resistances in the mid and lower layers as evinced by compound failure frequently occurring in GRS walls during an earthquake. Parametric studies involving backfill friction angle, reinforcement length, vertical seismic acceleration, and secondary reinforcement are conducted to investigate seismic impacts on the stability and lateral deformation of GRS walls.