高地震烈度区岩体地下洞室动力响应分析

 考虑地震荷载特征及地下洞室的特点,利用动力时程分析法,对金沙江两家人水电站地下厂房洞室进行地震动力响应分析。研究自然地震波作用下,有无衬砌工况下的厂房洞室相对位移、点安全系数变化趋势,分析地震波穿越地下洞室时位移变化规律及厂房洞室衬砌抗震效果。结果发现：地震波传播除了受介质、结构面分布的影响外,还受岩体洞室面的影响,洞室自由面附近岩体的振动强度被放大;地下洞室断面质点最大相对位移、点安全系数波动规律与地震波谱相似;地下洞室壁及F4断层未出现较大永久性位移,处于弹性可恢复范围;施加衬砌后洞室的振动强度降低,洞室围岩刚度增大,其所承受的地震荷载亦随之增大,而位移减小,支护后洞室最大相对位移及永久性位移比无支护工况下分别平均下降10.88%和29.20%,洞室衬砌抗震效果良好。研究结果可为类似工程问题提供参考。     

杨房沟水电站地下厂房围岩稳定分析

杨房沟水电站地下厂房是典型的大跨度、高边墙地下洞室群,工程区地质条件较复杂,高边墙及洞室间岩柱的稳定性是洞室设计的关键。根据地应力测试数据,采用边界位移条件回归方法,构造出厂区初始地应力场。采用FLAC3D软件对洞室群围岩稳定进行计算分析,获得洞周围岩变形与应力特征、塑性区分布及支护结构的受力状态,对地下厂房洞室群围岩稳定性做出评价,为洞室设计提供了科学依据与技术指导。     

大型地下石油洞库自然水封性应力-渗流耦合分析

根据地质条件,地下水封石油洞库可以选择自然水封或人工水封方式。以中国首个大型地下水封石油洞库为背景,开展了岩石三轴压缩试验和现场水文试验,获得了洞库围岩变形特征和渗透特性,采用应力-渗流耦合理论,分析了该地下石油洞库的自然水封性与稳定性。岩石三轴实验表明,岩体受剪作用下体积变化情况与剪胀性密不可分。现场水文试验表明,洞库渗透系数存在一定的不确定性。通过数值分析得出如下结论：自然水封条件下,洞库水位将不满足水封要求;地下水封洞库实现水封条件的水头受水力梯度和岩体渗透性影响;洞库施工期涌水量与渗透系数存在着分形关系;施工期各洞室拱顶沉降为19～32 mm,水平收敛为16～35 mm。研究成果为中国首个大型地下水封石油洞库工程建设提供了科学依据。     

Behavior of Large Scale Underground Cavern Located in Jointed Rock Masses Evaluated by Using Distinct Element Method

The stability and support effects of large-scale underground caverns located in jointed rock masses are principally ruled by the mechanical behavior of discontinuities. The major deformations of the host rock masses containing underground caverns originate from the normal and shear movements among the walls of discontinuities. Therefore, in the numerical simulations of the deformation behavior of underground structures, how to accurately model the discontinuities becomes a key problem. In this study, a 2-D distinct element code, UDEC, was used to analyze the deformation behavior of an underground cavern of a pumped storage power plant, based on in-situ geological data. The validity of numerical simulation was evaluated by comparing the numerical results with the site measurement data at two cross-sections of the cavern. Some local deformation behavior of the cavern affected by the characteristics of discontinuity distributions was discussed. The influences of cross-sectional shape of the cavern and the orientation of initial ground stress on the performance of cavern were evaluated. The simulation results revealed that the orientation, position and density of discontinuities as well as the cross-sectional shape of a carven influence its deformation behavior and stability significantly.     

溪洛渡水电站超大型地下厂房洞室群岩体工程控制与监测

 金沙江溪洛渡水电站地下厂房洞室群规模巨大,结构复杂,玄武岩组内层间与层内错动带致使岩体非连续性是主要地质问题。采用损伤弹塑性数值方法对围岩稳定性进行分析,确定洞室开挖顺序和支护参数。精细化施工组织,严格控制开挖对岩体的损伤范围,并保证洞室轮廓的良好成型。及时对监测数据进行分析和反演分析,对支护工作量进行动态设计。开挖过程中,位移和应力变化规律较好;开挖完成后,位移和应力总量值较小,洞室围岩稳定性良好。溪洛渡地下厂房洞室群规模为我国已建和在建工程之首,总结其设计、开挖与支护,监测与反演等岩体工程控制措施,对类似工程具有指导和借鉴作用。     

Back analysis of long-term stability of a 92 m span ancient quarrying cavern

Long-term stability of large-span caverns is a challenging issue for design and construction of underground rock engineering. The Heidong cavern group consisting of 21 caverns was constructed about 1400 years ago for quarrying in massive Cretaceous tuff. The cavern No. 5 of the Heidong cavern group is characterized by an unsupported span up to 92 m, with the overburden thickness of only 3–25 m. To analyze its long-term stability, a detailed investigation was conducted to obtain its geometry and rock mass characteristics, and to monitor surrounding rock displacements. Based on field survey and laboratory tests, numerical simulations were performed using the finite difference code FLAC^3D. The analysis results revealed that for the long-term stability of the cavern No. 5, some major factors should be carefully considered, such as cavern excavation method in hard massive rocks, site investigation using trial pits, tools like short iron chisel and hammer for manual excavation, geometric dome roof, and waste rocks within abutment or on the floor. The highlights of the technologies obtained from this large-scale ancient underground project can provide reference for other similar project excavations in practice.     

节理岩体地下洞室稳定性的静动力响应分析

节理岩体地下洞室在地震作用下的安全响应是众多专家学者关注的问题之一,本文针对该问题采用三维离散元法研究节理地下洞室的稳定性,建立了一个含节理组的地下洞室模型进行分析研究。分别对洞室开挖后在常规荷载作用下的响应、洞室开挖后在地震荷载作用下的响应以及开挖支护后在地震荷载作用下的响应等三种工况进行模拟,得出了洞室在三种工况下的应力和位移变化情况。研究表明:地震对洞室的破坏非常大且时间短暂,支护后的洞室围岩能够使破坏时间延迟,在一定时间内增强了洞室围岩的抗震能力。本文的工作不仅对含节理的地下洞室开挖后的围岩变形和支护提供借鉴,而且对地下洞室和隧道的抗震设计具有指导意义。     

岩石应变软化模型在深埋隧洞数值分析中的应用

 随着地下洞室的大量兴建,且埋深越来越深,深埋地下洞室的开挖稳定性问题显得非常重要。针对深埋隧洞围岩特殊的力学特性表现,采用应变软化模型进行数值分析更为合适。首先,对深埋隧洞围岩力学特性和岩石应变软化模型进行简单分析,并且通过数值加载试验分析了Mohr-Coulomb弹塑性模型和应变软化模型计算得到岩石应力–应变关系之间的区别。然后,对简单圆形深埋隧洞进行数值分析,对比分析了Mohr-Coulomb弹塑性模型和应变软化模型计算结果之间的差别,分析主要针对围岩的变形、塑性区和安全系数。最后,采用应变软化模型对两家人水电站深埋地下洞室群进行计算分析,对该地下洞室群的开挖稳定性进行评价。计算结果表明,调压室主室两侧边墙和各洞室连接处的变形较大,较其他地方更危险,需要加强对调压室主室边墙和各洞室连接处的支护强度。     

深埋超大跨度地下洞室围岩稳定性研究

在深埋超大跨度地下洞室的开挖过程中,若支护方式和开挖方法不合理,易导致坍塌、大变形等失稳破坏现象,保证洞室的稳定性是施工过程中的核心任务,而现阶段国内外尚无明确标准对于地下洞室的稳定性定量分析,本文采用强度折减法对于深埋超大跨度洞室围岩稳定进行理论研究,得到了不同围岩等级下的安全系数,并对地下洞室破坏形态进行研究,为支护设计提供参考。     

水封油库地下水位动态变化特性数值研究

为认识水封石油洞库区地下水位的动态变化过程,以黄岛地下水封石油洞库的基本地质条件为依据,采用饱和非饱和非恒定流数值分析方法,对水封油库在施工期和运行期可能出现工况下的地下水位变化情况进行了全过程数值仿真计算,分析了不同时期洞库区附近岩体的地下水位分布特点及变化过程。研究表明水封油库区内的地下水位变化过程主要受岩体渗透系数、洞库开挖方式和运行方式的影响;当洞库区岩体渗透系数大于 m/s 时,洞顶上方岩体中的地下水将被疏干,必须设置水幕系统来保证洞库的水封效果。     

FLAC/PFC coupled numerical simulation of AE in large-scale underground excavations

Acoustic emission (AE) and microseismic (MS) events are indicators of rock fracturing or damage as the rock is brought to failure at high stress. By capturing the AE/MS events, underground excavation induced rock mass degradation or damage can be located and evaluated. A better understanding of the extent and shape of the excavation damaged zone (EDZ) or yield zone around caverns helps to arrive at safe and economic design and construction of the caverns. For this purpose, one needs to understand the AE mechanism associated with the excavation process.In the present study, a coupled numerical method is used to study AE at the Kannagawa underground powerhouse cavern in Japan. Two codes, Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua (FLAC), a finite difference code and Particle Flow Code (PFC), a distinct element code, are coupled. The motive to apply the FLAC/PFC coupled approach is to take advantage of each modeling scheme while at the same time minimizing the requirement for computational resources. The coupling is realized through an exchange of displacements, velocities, and forces in each cycling step. The rock mass surrounding an AE sensor is modeled using PFC and the remaining rock mass is modeled with FLAC to consider the geological complexity and the excavation sequence. In this manner, the AE activities at AE sensor locations of the Kannagawa cavern were simulated and found to be in good agreement with field monitoring results. This approach takes account of stress redistribution and provides stress and displacement patterns in the rock mass that are consistent with AE observations for excavation design. The observed AE activities in the rock mass can thus be utilized to assess the effectiveness of the rock support system and the overall stability of the cavern.     

琅琊山抽水蓄能电站地下厂房洞室支护研究

支护设计对大型地下厂房洞室的围岩稳定非常重要,如何使支护参数经济、合理和有效,是工程界一直研究的问题。介绍了琅琊山抽水蓄能电站地下厂房洞室支护方案的确定过程,并在其开挖过程中,进行了信息化支护设计的尝试,通过综合分析实际地质条件、监测资料、施工水平以及跟踪开挖的反分析计算成果,及时调整支护参数,科学地指导现场施工,消除安全隐患,为类似工程设计提供参考思路。     

A study on sidewall displacement prediction and stability evaluations for large underground power station caverns

Based on an opening complex for a hydropower station in China, an equation considering four basic factors was fitted for prediction of displacement at the key point on the high sidewalls of the powerhouse, on the basis of a large number of numerical simulations. The basic factors include rock deformation modulus, overburden depth of caverns, height of the powerhouse and the lateral pressure coefficient of the initial stress. Quasi-three-dimensional stability analyses were carried out by using FLAC3D. With an equation, the elasto-plastic displacement and elastic displacement at a sidewall key point can be calculated quickly. The equation was applied to predict the displacements at key points on the sidewalls for caverns of nine projects. The computation results were compared with numerical modeling or back-analysis results. In addition, in order to consider the effects of cavern spacing, a new equation was proposed. Finally, three possible criteria for stability evaluation of the rock masses were considered. It is suggested that the rock stability is assessed by the ratio θ_c between the elasto-plastic displacement and the elastic displacement, which is commonly applicable. The stability of the surrounding rock for the above-mentioned nine underground projects was evaluated by the method. Long prestressed cables were considered to be needed to reinforce the sidewalls in order to ensure the stability of the caverns for some of the projects. For the actual design and construction of the five relevant projects, long prestressed cables were employed for reinforcement of high sidewalls. This showed that the evaluation criterion was valid.     

地下水封石油洞库施工期监控量测与稳定性分析

现场监控量测是确保大型地下工程建造和运营安全的重要手段。地下水封石油洞库在中国刚刚起步,不但缺少监测方案设计原则、实施方法等方面的规范标准,还缺少对相关监测数据分析方面的研究。以国内首个正在实施的大型地下水封石油洞库建设项目为依托,首先介绍了适用于大型地下水封石油洞库的监测原则与实施方法,该原则和方法充分考虑工程特征、地质情况和经济适用性;其次介绍了洞库监测结果:洞室大部分监测断面的洞周围岩收敛变形、拱顶沉降、内部位移和围岩松动圈分别处于4~8 mm、3~6 mm、4~8 mm和0.9~1.8 m区间范围内,锚杆应力和接触应力值大部分控制在50 MPa和0.5 MPa以内;而后分析了监测数据:1黄岛地下水封石油洞库围岩变形和支护受力较小、岩体稳定性良好、设计支护方案合理;2综合全面的监控量测结果可准确地反映地下水封石油洞库稳定性特征;3监测数据显示地下水封石油洞库稳定性表现出显著的时空演化特征。该研究可为中国地下水封石油洞库监测技术和稳定性评价研究提供重要依据。     

考虑流固耦合的地下储油洞库稳定性研究

应力场与渗流场耦合是影响水封式地下储油洞库群稳定性的重要因素之一。洞库群的开挖导致形成区域地下水降落漏斗,因此储库水封系统必须保证稳定的地下水位。以“黄岛地下水封洞库工程”的设计方案为模型,基于流固耦合分析理论,采用有限差分软件Flac3D进行数值模拟,主要分析了饱和水状态下,渗流场对洞库周围围岩应力、位移变形和孔隙水压力的影响,并确定合理的水封方案和最优的水封巷道高度。文中所得结论对实际地下洞库群的设计施工具有一定的参考价值。     

地下水封石油洞库渗水量预测与统计

渗水量规模与空间分布特征是地下水封石油洞库建设中的关键问题。以中国首个大型地下水封石油洞库项目为背景,采用经验公式、有限元法计算和现场实测等方法研究了该洞库渗水量规模和空间分布特征。在大量现场岩体渗透性试验基础上,获得了可靠的岩体渗透系数,采用经验公式和数值计算等方法对洞库渗水量规模和空间分布特征进行了预测。根据现场揭露的渗水形态,统计了洞库渗水量规模,获得了渗水量空间分布特征,调查了渗水部位地质特征,据此提出了渗水量控制标准和有针对性的工程注浆防渗对策。通过对比预测与统计结果,讨论了渗水量规模预测方法适用性和渗水量空间分布特征离散性等问题。研究成果为提高中国地下水封石油洞库建设水平提供了理论支持,并为复杂条件下地下工程渗流特性研究提供了工程实例。     

The combi heat store— a combined rock cavern/borehole heat store

Since 1988, Sweden and Finland have collaborated bilaterally on thermal energy storage with respect to information exchange and collaborative R&D projects. The two countries have both investigated underground thermal energy storage for nearly two decades, and have similar bedrock—the Fenno-Scandian granitic rocks. This paper reviews the work performed in the field of combined rock cavern and borehole heat stores, concerned with construction technology, costs and design principles. One example is an asymmetric store, in the form of 40- to 60-m-long horizontal boreholes between two rock caverns, with the caverns themselves comprising only about 10% of the total storage volume. This design has a specific cost of $US0.40 million/ GWh and $US0.24 million/ GWh for storage capacities of 6 GWh and 36 GWh, respectively. Half of the total construction cost relates to the rock cavern part of the store.     

向家坝大型地下厂房长期稳定性研究

对地下洞室的长期观测和量测都表明,许多在成洞之初呈现稳定的岩体,由于变形随着时间推移而不断发展,经过一段时间之后,洞体可能失稳或坍塌破坏,特别是大型地下洞室,地质条件复杂、开挖时间长、扰动大,其长期稳定性更值得关注。向家坝地下厂房为一超大型地下洞室,开挖跨度在国内外已建、在建和拟建的水电站中居第一,其跨度和规模均居世界前列。洞室围岩地质条件复杂,岩性较差,有不稳定块体,地下水较为丰富,岩石透水性较好,且夹杂有多条软弱夹层,对地下厂房长期运行不利。基于此,通过试验得到了地下厂房围岩的长期强度;结合实际工程中常用的变形和流变速率,提出了洞室最佳支护时间、长期稳定流变时间、最大流变变形的判据;对洞室支护措施进行了模拟,对其支护效果进行了评价。经过总结分析,得到了对工程有指导性的结论。     

海岛地下水封洞库围岩稳定性及水封可靠性研究

为提高我国的石油储备量及海岛资源利用率,在海岛环境建造地下水封油库成为了一种新的思路。海岛环境相比于内陆具有更好的水力条件,且可作为港口,便于油品运输。以某海岛地下水封油库为依托,基于流固耦合理论,采用有限元数值模拟方法对海岛环境建造地下水封洞库的围岩稳定性和水封可靠性进行研究。结果表明:在海岛环境建造地下水封洞库围岩的应力和位移均较小,可以满足围岩稳定性要求;在不设置水幕系统情况下,开挖地下洞库会在洞库上方形成明显的降落漏斗,部分洞库顶部甚至发生疏干现象,无法满足水封可靠性要求;在设置水幕系统后,地下洞库上方可形成较大厚度的地下水覆盖层,可以满足水封可靠性要求。该成果对在海岛环境下建造地下水封洞库的研究具有借鉴意义。     

高地应力条件下大型地下洞室群稳定性综合研究

 从认识论的角度提出数值仿真技术服务于地下工程实践的PFP分析方法,并随拉西瓦水电站地下厂房工程开挖进度分3个阶段对洞群围岩稳定性进行系统地分析和预测。研究成果表明：在高地应力硬岩洞室群开挖过程中,不同部位围岩位移具有明显的空间差异性和时间渐变性;岩体中应力表现出一定的波动性、转移性;多洞室交叉使得围岩松弛区域具有一定的特殊性;围岩破损模式和深度也具有区域差异性等。其成果为洞室开挖与围岩支护改进提供了科学依据,也被实际洞室开挖过程揭示的变形规律和围岩开裂、掉块等破坏模式所证实。这些高地应力下硬岩力学行为规律对其他类似地下工程围岩稳定性研究也具有较好的借鉴意义。