汽车方向盘自挤螺钉断裂分析

采用断口分析、金相检验、显微硬度测试、化学成分分析、氢脆预载荷试验等方法对某型号乘用车方向盘固定螺钉的断裂原因进行了分析。结果表明：螺钉的断裂性质是氢致延迟断裂,裂纹起源于螺钉头下第一牙底。电镀后驱氢不充分致使螺钉表层残留较高含量的氢,表面渗碳层及首牙处的应力集中构成了导致氢脆的3个敏感因素。     

十字槽沉头螺钉断裂失效分析

材料为ML30CrMnSiA钢的十字槽沉头螺钉在初次装配过程中发生批量断裂失效,通过宏观观察、化学成分分析、力学性能试验、金相分析、断口扫描电镜及能谱分析、氢含量测定等方法对螺钉断裂原因进行了分析。结果表明:螺钉头部的十字槽底部在冷镦或热处理过程中产生微裂纹,在酸洗、镀镉等工序中,氢沿微裂纹渗入基体,加之螺钉强度偏高,超过设计要求,从而导致螺钉发生氢脆开裂并扩展,实际承载面积降低,最终在装配应力作用下发生断裂失效。     

电梯用高强度螺钉断裂分析

某电梯用高强度螺钉在安装2个月后出现批量断裂现象,利用直读光谱仪、氮氢氧联合测定仪、光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜等对螺钉断裂原因进行了分析。结果表明:该批螺钉由于镀锌后除氢不及时导致其本身氢含量较高和螺钉冷拔后未进行车削导致其在镀锌前表面就已存在大量的微小缺陷,是导致该批螺钉安装后发生断裂的两个主要原因;这些微小缺陷充当了氢陷阱并造成应力集中,在螺钉所受的静拉应力作用下,氢在缺陷处不断富集,最终导致螺钉发生氢致延迟脆性断裂。     

SWRCH22A钢自攻螺钉断裂原因分析

SWRCH22A钢自攻螺钉在装配一天后发生断裂,通过宏观检验、化学成分分析、金相检验、断口分析及氢含量测试等方法,对其断裂原因进行了分析。结果表明:螺钉的断裂性质为氢致延迟脆性断裂;螺钉经过热处理后的显微组织为回火马氏体和少量残余奥氏体,而马氏体为氢脆敏感组织,且螺钉经过电镀处理,使得其内部氢的质量分数高达0.000 49%,最终导致螺钉于应于集中的螺纹起始位置根部发生氢致延迟脆性断裂。     

镀锌螺钉断裂分析

一批M6mm内六角镀锌螺钉在安装后运行基本正常,但经一段时间试车后头部发生断裂。通过化学成分分析、硬度测试、宏观和微观检验对断裂原因进行了分析。结果表明:螺钉断裂为氢脆引起的延迟断裂;主要原因是烘箱中的一条电阻丝断裂,使烘箱内温度不均匀,导致电镀过程中渗入的氢未彻底去除;次要原因是螺钉硬度偏高,增大了氢脆敏感性,最终导致了螺钉的断裂。     

SWRCH22A十字头螺钉断裂分析

SWRCH22A盘条生产的十字头螺钉在进行扭力和攻速测试时发生断裂。通过对盘条和螺钉的组织和断口进行分析,探讨了断裂的原因。结果表明:在螺钉生产的搓丝过程中形成的齿间严重表面裂纹是造成螺钉断裂的根本原因。此外,盘条冷镦前球化退火工艺不良造成表面严重脱碳并形成粗大铁素体,而后表面过度渗碳处理致使螺钉表层严重脆化,并在渗碳层下形成铁素体+马氏体过渡层组织和沿晶渗碳体,螺钉表面裂纹在最大剪切应力作用下通过沿晶断裂最终导致螺钉失效。     

牵引销紧固螺钉断裂分析

分析了牵引销紧固螺钉失效断裂的原因,对失效螺钉的化学成分、显微组织、裂纹及断口特征等进行综合分析.结果表明,失效螺钉表层脱碳;在交变应力作用下,致螺纹齿根处疲劳损伤直至断裂.建议严格控制热处理质量,避免脱碳;或以螺栓取代螺钉或将螺钉尺寸加大.     

沉淀强化奥氏体合金的氢致断裂行为

研究了未充氢和热充氢沉淀强化奥氏体合金的拉伸断裂行为,分析了其氢脆敏感性与拉伸断裂行为间的联系,研究了氢对合金局部塑性变形及微裂纹形核的影响。结果表明:氢使沉淀强化合金由单一的韧窝断裂转变为韧窝断裂、沿晶断裂和滑移带开裂的混合断裂方式。其原因是:一方面,氢促进位错平面化滑移趋势、加剧局部塑性变形;另一方面,滑移带被晶界、孪晶界以及不同取向的滑移带所阻碍,引起了位错塞积和氢聚集。     

柴油发电机固定螺钉断裂失效分析

某核电机组应急柴油发电机固定螺钉发生断裂,采用宏观观察、硬度测试、拉伸试验、金相检验、扫描电镜分析及能谱分析等方法对螺钉的断裂原因进行了分析。结果表明:螺钉拧入通孔的深度不够,增大了应力集中部位的应力水平,且螺钉的螺纹牙表面存在较多的折叠缺陷,裂纹在交变应力作用下于应力集中部位的折叠缺陷处萌生并扩展,最终导致螺钉断裂。     

4.8级十字槽螺钉断裂失效分析

强度等级要求为4.8级的十字槽螺钉在装配过程中出现数起断裂现象,选取其中4个断裂螺钉和2支库存未安装螺钉进行检验和分析。结果表明:1号和2号螺钉是由于在冷镦十字沉孔过程中在其下方卷入深色氧化皮夹杂,导致其在装配受力时沿该处开裂;3号和4号螺钉是由于滚制螺纹的工艺不当,在螺纹根部产生裂纹,导致其在装配时于较大的扭力作用下裂纹失稳扩展而扭断;另外,3号螺钉的螺纹形状不规则,存在紊乱现象,造成装配时应力过大,也是导致其断裂的重要原因之一。     

液压油缸外筒爆裂分析

同批次液压油缸外筒在服役中先后发生爆裂事故。利用宏观和微观检验、化学成分分析和硬度测试等方法对油缸外筒爆裂的原因进行了分析。结果表明:主要原因是存在焊接裂纹,造成应力集中和氢元素富集,在工作应力和焊接残余应力的共同作用下,发生了氢致延迟脆性断裂。     

核电站大型巴氏合金轴瓦失效分析

利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和能谱等分析手段,对巴氏合金轴瓦表面多次发生粘结和开裂进行了检验和分析。结果表明,在巴氏合金层中存在着组织分层,化合物相呈区域性偏析和聚集,轴瓦结合面附近存在大量疏松、孔洞等浇注工艺不当所形成的铸造缺陷;加之结合面附近背底金属中氢含量较高,轴瓦长期在一定温度和应力下工作,氢的不断扩散和聚集最终在巴氏合金表面形成氢鼓泡。上述缺陷的存在,使轴瓦在运行过程中易造成应力集中导致裂纹的萌生和扩展。最终造成局部润滑条件恶化而导致粘结和开裂失效。     

Stack cracking by hydrogen embrittlement in a welded pipeline steel

Arrays of cracks, parallel to the original plate rolling direction, were produced in a X65 microalloyed steel by hydrogen embrittlement of pipeline sections containing a weldment. A region of the heat-affected zone of the weldment was shown to have a lower yield strength (soft zone) than the surrounding material and cracking was concentrated in this throughthickness zone to produce the effect known as stack cracking. In situ cathodic hydrogen charging of tensile specimens under load led to failure by linking the rolling-plane cracks with transverse cleavage cracks, which were often initiated at inclusions. All cracking was predominantly by cleavage and failure occurred in tension in short times by hydrogen embrittlement when the applied tensile stress was above about half the uncharged yield stress. The influence of microstructure, hydrogen pressure and tensile loading conditions on the location of stack cracks and the mode of fracture is discussed.     

Effect of Cyclic Loading on Cracking Behaviour of X-70 Pipeline Steel in Near-Neutral pH Solutions

The cracking behaviour of X-70 pipeline steel in near-neutral pH solutions was studied under different modes of cyclic loading. The crack propagation process of X-70 pipeline steel under low frequency cyclic loading condition was controlled mainly by stress corrosion cracking (SCC) mechanism. Under mixed-mode cyclic loading, both higher tensile stress and shear stress made cracks easier to propagate. Applied cathodic potentials and high content of carbon dioxide in solutions also promoted the propagation of cracks. The propagation directions of cracks were different under different cyclic loading conditions. Under mode I (pure tensile stress) cyclic loading condition, cracks were straight and perpendicular to the tensile stress axis, while under mixed-mode I/Ill (tensile/shear stress) cyclic loading, cracks were sinuous and did not propagate in the direction perpendicular to the main tensile stress axis. Under the mixed-mode cyclic loading, cracks were much easier to propagate, suggesting that shear stress intensified the role of tensile stress. In addition, shear stress promoted the interaction between cracks, resulting in easier coalescence of cracks.     

Apparent fracture toughness of low-carbon steel CSN 411353 as related to stress corrosion cracks

The occurrence of cracks in structural components indicates a certain threat to their reliable operation, because these cracks can grow during operation and reach critical sizes, leading to fracture. The fracture resistance of a structural component is given by the fracture toughness of the material, determined on standardized specimens with a precycled fatigue crack, and the constraint. The fracture toughness itself depends also on the environment. There is enough evidence that in the conditions of the environment assisted cracking the fracture toughness can be significantly reduced by hydrogen mechanism. Our research results have confirmed this and have demonstrated a considerable reduction in the stress corrosion fracture toughness as compared to that related to fatigue cracks. This should be taken into account when assessing the integrity of structural components with stress corrosion cracks. This paper presents experimental results concerned with the stress corrosion fracture toughness of specimens from a DN150 gas line pipe made of low-C steel CSN 411353.     

高强度钢制轴类零件加工制造中开裂原因分析与工艺改进

用超高强度钢制造的飞机起落架上的轴类零件,在机械加工过程中(镀铬层磨削中)经常出现表面开裂现象,裂纹特征基本相同。通过金相检验和显微硬度分析,发现零件在镀铬磨削过程中,次表面组织和显微硬度均发生了变化;对铬层实际厚度和除氢效果以及磨削过程进行分析,零件两端在磨削过程中均承受较高的拉应力,开裂属氢脆和应力腐蚀所致。控制镀层厚度和磨削参数,以及增加磨后回火工序等措施,大大降低了零件的报废率,取得了较好的经济效益。     

The effect of baking time,fillet radius,and hardness on the lifecycles of pole fastening screws in an electric motor with hydrogen embrittlement

In order to protect bolts from corrosion, electroplating such as zinc plating is widely used. However, hydrogen can easily penetrate or diffuse into the vacancies and dislocations between the lattices of bolt steel during electroplating. As the diffused hydrogen defects inside the lattice are in gaseous form, small cracks can easily be produced due to high pressure from the hydrogen gas. In this research, in order to determine the root cause of the fracture in pole fastening screws resulting from hydrogen embrittlement in typical electric motors, additional factors that accelerate hydrogen embrittlement fracture were selectively applied, including a small fillet in the head–shank transition and excessive hardness, and parametric study was performed experimentally.     

Failure of alloy steel socket-head cap screws used in offshore oil production

Low alloy quenched and tempered steels are widely used as screws and studs. In this work screws of AISI 4140 steel were used to bolt the Christma's tree to his cap in offshore oil and gas production. In the moment of the cap re-motion to perform a routine maintenance five 1″ screws failed. The screws worked under cathodic protection, which means that they must have undergone hydrogen pick-up. The investigation showed that the screws had been correctly heat treated by quenching and high temperature tempering, but the sulfur content and the level of inclusions were too high. As a consequence, the screws were highly susceptible to hydrogen induced cracking (HIC). On the other hand, the analysis of the fracture surface revealed that the main cracking mechanism was fatigue. The main recommendation resulted from this work is that the specification for new screws for this kind of service must be more restrictive to sulfur and inclusions contents.