FCC汽油烷基化脱硫研究

分别采用大孔磺酸树脂NKC-9及FCC汽油烷基化催化剂SW—I对FCC汽油进行静态及动态烷基化脱硫研究。结果表明,SW—I烷基化脱硫操作条件更为缓和,其催化活性及寿命均优于NKC-9树脂。在反应温度60℃、反应时间60 min和剂油质量比1:100的条件下,SW—I烷基化脱硫汽油硫含量降至181.7μg·g~(-1),脱硫率63.49%,收率85.30%。SW—I对不同硫含量的FCC汽油均具有一定的脱硫效果,脱硫适应性较强。通过对汽油烷基化反应前后硫化物的分布分析发现,烷基化反应使FCC汽油中的大部分噻吩类化合物反应生成沸点更高的产物,通过蒸馏分离将其除去,达到脱硫目的。     

磷钨酸/SBA-15催化氧化-萃取柴油脱硫

以自制的SBA-15为载体,磷钨酸为活性组分,用过量浸渍法制备了HPW/SBA-15催化剂,并采用SEM、BET和TG-DTA对催化剂进行表征分析。H₂O₂为氧化剂,十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（CTAB）为相转移剂,以二苯并噻吩（DBT）的模型化合物（DBT为溶质、正辛烷为溶剂）进行氧化脱除为探针反应,考察了磷钨酸负载量和HPW/SBA-15的焙烧温度对催化剂活性的影响,同时考察了氧化-萃取工艺条件对真实柴油脱硫效果的影响。实验结果表明,磷钨酸最佳负载量为30%,HPW/SBA-15在250℃焙烧处理时活性最高;在n(H₂O₂)：n(S)=6、HPW/SBA-15用量为2.5%（基于柴油质量）、CTAB用量为0.4%（基于柴油质量）、萃取级数为4、温度60℃反应1.5h的条件下,柴油硫含量从1317mg/L降到39mg/L,脱硫率达到97.0%、收率不低于85.0%。气相色谱结果显示,该催化氧化脱硫体系容易脱除柴油中加氢难以脱除的二苯并噻吩及其衍生物。     

Preparation,characterization and catalytic performance of HPW-TUD-1 catalyst on oxidative desulfurization

By incorporating H₃PW₁₂O₄₀ (HPW) heteropolyacid into mesoporous TUD-1 materials, a series of HPW-TUD-1 catalysts were synthesized. Nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherm, XRD and FTIR characterizations showed that these catalyst exhibited mesoporous structure, and HPW presented in the catalysts with Keggin structure. The catalytic performances of the HPW-TUD-1 catalysts were tested through the oxidative desulfurization (ODS) process of dibenzothiophene (DBT) model oil. The results showed that the obtained 20HPW-TUD-1 catalyst displayed excellent catalytic activity and recover ability for ODS. The desulfurization rate of DBT reached up to 98.1%, and almost no catalytic activity loss was observed after three recycles of the catalyst.     

氨基功能化HMS负载磷钨酸催化氧化脱硫研究

以硅烷偶联剂(KH-550),采用二次合成的方法对六方介孔二氧化硅HMS分子筛进行氨基表面功能化,并采用浸渍法将磷钨酸(HPW)负载于功能化样品上,即制成负载型磷钨酸催化剂(HPW/NH2/HMS),以过氧化氢为氧化剂,以含苯并噻吩的石油醚作为模拟燃料油,进行催化氧化脱硫的研究。在反应温度为60℃、m(O)∶m(S)=16、m(催化剂)∶m(模拟油)=0.45、反应时间为1.5h条件下,确定了氧化脱硫工艺条件。在最佳工艺条件下,w(硫)由973μg/g降至129μg/g,脱硫率达86.79%。通过对比发现,HPW/NH2/HMS的脱硫效果比HPW的脱硫效果好,负载后催化剂的活性得到大大提高。重复使用7次,脱硫率仍可达83.49%,催化剂重复使用性能较好。     

HPW/HY-SBA-15催化剂的制备及氧化脱硫性能研究

采用后合成法合成了HY-SBA-15复合分子筛,并以其为载体,负载不同比例的磷钨酸(HPW)制备催化剂.用XRD对HY-SBA-15复合分子筛及HPW/HY-SBA-15催化剂进行了表征,结果表明:适量磷钨酸的引入并没有改变复合分子筛的介孔结构,但会使其衍射峰的强度有所降低.以硫含量为500 μg/g模拟油进行氧化脱硫反应,考察了反应温度、反应时间、磷钨酸负载比例、剂油比、氧化剂用量等工艺条件对脱硫率的影响.研究结果表明:磷钨酸的负载量为20％(质量分数),活化温度为300℃时的HPW/HY-SBA- 15催化剂效果最好,在模拟油用量为30 mL,反应温度50 ℃,反应时间90 min,剂油比(催化剂与模拟油的质量比)为0.02,n(H2O2)∶n(S)=8,无水乙醇用量3 mL的条件下,脱硫率可达95.7％.     

超顺磁负载型催化剂 H3PW12O40/γ-Fe2O3催化噻吩和烯烃的烷基化反应简

The alkylation of sulfur compounds with olefine is considered to be an attractive way to attain high level of sulfur removal by raising the boiling point of sulfur-containing compounds to ease their separation from lighl fractions by distillation. A series of superparamagnetic supported catalysts, used for alkylation of thiophene with 1-octene, were prepared by loading H3PW12040 （HPW） onto commercially available nanoparticles γ-Fe2O3 through incipient wet impregnation method. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, Fourier transform infra-red （FT-IR）, thermo gravimetric analysis （TG）, N2-adsorption and vibrating sample magnetometer （VSM）. The physicochemical characterization reveals that 7-Fe203 could be accommodated to immobilize and disperse HPW. Moreover, possessing high magnetization of 26.1 A.mZ.kg-1 and with mesoporous structure with specific surface area of 35.9 m2·g^-1, the 40% （by mass） HPW loading catalyst is considered the proper catalyst for olefinic alkylation of thiophenic sulfur （OATS） and can be separated in an external magnetic field. The catalytic activity was investigated in the alkylation reaction of thiophene with 1-octene, and the conversion of thiophene is up to 46% at 160 ℃ in 3 h. The 40% （by mass） H3PW12O40/γ-Fe2O3 catalyst can be reused 6 times without too much loss of activit and keeps its property of superparamagnetism.     

Desulfurization of liquid hydrocarbon fuels via Cu_2O catalyzed photooxidation coupled with liquid–liquid extraction

By combining the photochemical reaction and liquid–liquid extraction(PODS), we studied desulfurization of model fuel and FCC gasoline. The effects of air flow, illumination time, extractants, volume ratios of extractant/fuel, and catalyst amounts on the desulfurization process of PODS were analyzed in detail. Under the conditions with the air as oxidant(150 ml·min~(-1)), the mixture of DMF–water as extractant(the volume ratio of extractant/oil of 0.5) and photo-irradiation time of 2 h, the sulfur removal rate reached only 42.63% and 39.54% for the model and FCC gasoline, respectively. Under the same conditions, the sulfur removal rate increased significantly up to79% for gasoline in the presence of Cu_2O catalyst(2 g·L~(-1)). The results suggest that the PODS combined with a Cu_2O catalyst seems to be a promising alternative for sulfur removal of gasoline.     

Oxidative desulfurization of model and real oil samples using Mo supported on hierarchical alumina-silica: Process optimization by Box-Behnken experimental design

The catalytic performance of Mo supported on hierarchical alumina-silica (Si/Al=15) with Mo loadings of 3, 6 and 15 wt% was investigated for the oxidative desulfurization (ODS) of model and real oil samples. Hierarchical alumina-silica (hAl-Si) was synthesized by economical and ecofriendly silicate-1 seed-induced route using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as mesoporogen. The effect of CTAB on the structure of catalyst was studied by characterization techniques. The results revealed that 6%Mo/hAl-Si had the highest sulfur removal compared to the other catalyst loadings. The effect of operating parameters was evaluated using Box-Behnken experimental design. The optimal desulfurization conditions with the 6%Mo/hAl-Si catalyst were determined at oxidation temperature of 67℃, oxidation time of 42 min, H₂O₂/S molar ratio of 8 and catalyst dosage of 0.008 g·ml^-1 for achieving a conversion of 95%. Under optimal conditions, different sulfur-containing compounds with initial concentration of 1000 ppm, Dibenzothiophene (DBT), Benzothiophene (BT) and Thiophen (Th), showed the catalytic oxidation reactivity in the order of DBT > BT > Th. According to the regeneration experiments, the 6%Mo/hAl-Si catalyst was reused 4 times with a little reduction in the performance. Also, the total sulfur content of gasoline and diesel after ODS process reached 156.6 and 4592.2 ppm, respectively.     

Synthesis of highly dispersed phosphotungstic acid encapsulated in MIL-100(Fe) catalyst and its performance in heterogeneous oxidative desulfurization

Highly efficient HPW(x)/MIL-100(Fe) catalysts with different phosphotungstic acid (HPW) loading (x, wt%) were successfully synthesized by a one-step hydrothermal method and characterized by XRD, SEM, FTIR, and BET. The influences of HPW loading, catalyst dosage, temperature, and O/S molar ratio on oxidative desulfurization (ODS) were investigated. The results indicated that the HPW(x)/MIL-100(Fe) retained the structure of its parent MIL-100(Fe). The MIL-100(Fe) presented a high surface area, which is beneficial to dispersion of HPW. The HPW(x)/MIL-100(Fe) with HPW loading of 40% exhibited excellent ODS activity. At a temperature of 50?°C, a catalyst dosage of 0.06?g, and an O/S molar ratio of 4, 100% desulfurization was achieved within 90?min for benzothiophene, dibenzothiophene, and 4,6-dimethyl-dibenzothiophene. The high catalytic activity of HPW(x)/MIL-100(Fe) can be attributed to highly dispersed HPW active sites with a high specific surface area.     

A novel [Bmim]PW/HMS catalyst with high catalytic performance for the oxidative desulfurization process

To effectively reduce the sulfur content in model fuel, [Bmim]PW/HMS catalyst was synthesized through impregnating the hexagonal mesoporous silica (HMS) support by phosphotungstic acid (HPW) and ionic liquid [Bmim] HSO₄. Physical structure characterizations of the catalysts showed that HMS retained mesoporous structure, and [Bmim] PW was well dispersed on the support of HMS. The catalytic activity of the [Bmim]PW/HMS was evaluated in the oxidative desulfurization process, and the optimal reaction conditions including loading of the catalysts, reaction temperature, catalyst amount, O/S (H₂O₂/sulfur) molar ratio and agitation speed were investigated. Under the optimal reaction conditions, the conversion of benzothiophene (BT), dibenzothiophene (DBT) and 4, 6-dimethyldibenzothiophene (4, 6-DMDBT) could reach 79%, 98%, 88%, respectively.     

硫化物在OTA催化剂上催化转化性能

考察了催化裂化(FCC)汽油中硫化物和模型硫化物在OTA(Olefin To Aromatics)催化剂上的催化转化性能.结果表明FCC汽油硫化物总脱硫率为86.3 %,其中,硫醚和四氢噻吩的转化率都达到100 %,硫醇硫转化率96.6 %,噻吩硫转化率78.8 %,烷基噻吩转化率85.8 %,苯并噻吩转化率81.4 %.3-甲基噻吩在OTA催化剂上的转化产物中含有小分子(噻吩),异构硫化物(2-甲基噻吩),以及大分子异构硫化物(如2,5-二甲基噻吩、2,4-二甲基噻吩和2,3-二甲基噻吩).烷基噻吩和苯并噻吩硫化物在OTA催化剂上脱硫反应网络一方面含有直接加氢脱硫反应,另一方面经历歧化、异构化和裂解等反应.     

MCM-41分子筛负载金属酞菁在氧化脱硫反应中的催化性能

采用浸渍法将8种金属酞菁分别负载到MCM-41分子筛上制得负载型金属酞菁,通过红外光谱进行表征。以二苯并噻吩（DBT）为反应底物,空气为氧化剂,己内酰胺四丁基溴化铵离子液体为溶剂考察了这8种催化剂在氧化脱硫反应中的催化活性,筛选出较优催化剂,并对工艺条件进行优化。结果表明,合成的8种负载型金属酞菁催化剂中,MCM-41分子筛负载钴酞菁具有较好的催化性能,最优工艺条件为：剂油比1：1,催化剂用量0.004 g·（10 ml模型油）^-1,空气流速50 ml·min^-1,反应时间1 h,室温,DBT脱硫率最高可达97.56%。DBT的氧化产物为DBT砜。又考察了此催化氧化系统对不同硫化物的催化氧化效果,发现不同硫化物的脱硫率均在90%以上。该催化剂在重复利用4次后脱硫率无明显的降低。     

生产清洁汽油和柴油催化技术进展(续完)

为面对新世纪清洁燃料生产的新机遇和新挑战，各种生产清洁燃料的催化技术正在竞相开发之中，尤其是生产低硫、超低硫汽油和柴油技术。其中，催化裂化（FCC）降硫催化剂和助剂、选择性加氢处理新催化剂及工艺、汽柴油吸附脱硫、柴油生物催化脱硫和选择性氧化脱硫等新技术尤其引人注目。我国应加快清洁燃料生产催化新技术的开发研究，为生产更清洁的汽油和柴油燃料提供技术储备。     

AlCl3-磺酸树脂催化噻吩类硫化物与异丁烯烷基化硫转移反应

选择以噻吩的甲基取代衍生物(包括2-甲基噻吩、3-甲基噻吩及2,5-二甲基噻吩)与异丁烯的烷基化反应为模型反应,考察了经三氯化铝气相固载法改性的CT175树脂催化剂催化噻吩的甲基取代衍生物与烯烃的烷基化反应性能. 研究结果表明,负载AlCl3的CT175树脂催化剂对催化2-甲基噻吩、3-甲基噻吩及2,5-二甲基噻吩与异丁烯的烷基化硫转移反应均具有很高的活性,在80℃、常压、异丁烯(与氮气按摩尔比1:1配制的混合气)流量5.0 mL/min、液体(含模型硫化物2-甲基噻吩、3-甲基噻吩及2,5-二甲基噻吩的浓度分别为2033, 2045, 1543 mg/g的苯溶液)质量空速为2.5 h-1的条件下,上述5种模型硫化物均接近于完全转化. 对催化剂的活性稳定性进行了为期30 d的连续考察,结果表明,3种模型硫化物的烷基化转化率均高于99%,且催化剂活性未见下降趋势.     

Desulfurization of gasoline by condensation of thiophenes with formaldehyde in a biphasic system using aqueous phase of acids

Aqueous phase of acids as catalysts for the desulfurization of gasoline by condensation of thiophenes with formaldehyde in a biphasic system was investigated. Two types of model gasoline with and without aromatics and olefins were employed in this work. The desulfurization rates were above 90% on these two types of model gasoline using formic acid and H_3PW_(12)O_(40)(0.8 mol·L~(-1)), indicating that the presence of aromatics and olefins has no effect on the desulfurization rate. High temperature(above 90 °C) was more favorable to the process for desulfurization. Four hours was considered to be the proper treating time for the sulfur removal. In addition,aqueous phase of acids could be recycled at least 4 times without decreasing desulfurization rate. Finally, the possible process for the integration of condensation desulfurization into the existing refinery process for the production of gasoline with low sulfur content was proposed.     

H_2O_2氧化法生产低硫汽油的方法

以H2O2为氧化剂,研究了催化氧化生产低硫汽油技术。考察了催化剂体系以及氧化、萃取条件对脱硫效果的影响。在H2O20.1mL,催化剂磷钨酸0.01g,助催化剂无水乙醇0.08mL,温度30℃,氧化时间30min的条件下,采用N,N-二甲基甲酰胺/糠醛(体积比为4)为萃取剂,萃取温度20℃,静置时间15min,剂油体积比为1,汽油中的含硫质量浓度由407.1mg/L降至22.1mg/L,脱硫率达到94.6%。     

磷钨酸改性介孔材料HPW-HMS在汽油脱硫中的应用

以正十二胺为模板剂,正硅酸四乙酯为硅源,磷钨酸（HPW）为活性组分,采用一锅法制备了磷钨酸改性的介孔材料HPW-HMS.以30％双氧水为氧源,探索HPW-HMS催化剂对汽油氧化脱硫的效果.结果表明,当磷钨酸和正硅酸四乙酯摩尔比为0.02,催化剂质量0.2g,反应温度为55℃,反应12 h,双氧水2.5 mL时,脱硫效果达到68.3％,催化剂重复使用4次依然有良好的催化效果.     

Catalytic and thermal effects during hydrotreating of bitumen-derived heavy oils

The relative magnitude of catalytic and thermal reactions during the hydrotreating of PR Spring bitumen-derived heavy oil was evaluated in a fixed-bed reactor as a function of temperature, residence time and catalyst selection. The relative effects of thermal and catalytic reactions were evaluated by hydrotreating the PR Spring bitumen-derived heavy oil over three catalysts: sulfided Ni/Mo/alumina HDN catalyst, Mo/alumina HDM catalyst and sodium-impregnated alumina. Catalytic and thermal effects for each of the catalysts were evaluated under a range of temperature (625–685 K) and liquid hourly space velocity (0.14–0.81 h⁻¹). The reactor pressure, 13.7 MPa, and the hydrogen-to-oil ratio, 890 m³ m⁻³ (5000 scf H₂ per bbl), were fixed in all experiments.The catalysts' activities were ranked as follows: HDN catalyst>HDM catalyst>sodium-impregnated alumina, based on their activities for nitrogen, sulfur and nickel removal as well as for the conversion of Conradson carbon residue (CCR) and residuum. The catalyst activities were strongly dependent on the metal loading and were dependent, to a lesser extent, on the acidity of the alumina support. CCR and residuum conversion was closely linked relative to heteroatom and metal removal. This is attributed to a significant overlap between moieties which are classified as CCR precursors and moieties which are classified as residuum. Catalyst selection significantly affected residuum conversion. This is because the high catalyst densities employed in packed bed reactors accentuate catalytic reactions relative to thermal reactions. Although sulfur was generally more reactive than nitrogen, sulfur conversions in excess of 70% were difficult to achieve. It was presumed that 30–40% of the sulfur was asphaltic in nature and exhibited low reactivity. For this reason it was easy to achieve significant sulfur conversion as low severities, but difficult to achieve deep desulfurization at high severities. The deactivation rates of HDN and HDM catalysts were 0.06 and 0.2°API per day, respectively.     

脱硫催化剂(四羧基酞菁铝键合MCM-41)的制备及催化活性研究

为了降低油品中的含硫化合物,合成了四羧基酞菁铝,然后将其键合在MCM-41的表面,通过红外光谱进行了表征,最后以四羧基酞菁铝键合MCM-41作为脱硫催化剂,测定了它去除乙硫醇的催化活性。结果表面:脱硫催化剂(四羧基酞菁铝键合MCM-41)对乙硫醇的去除率可以达到97.8%,而且反应速率快,持续时间长,具有良好的催化活性。     

超顺磁核-壳结构催化剂在裂化汽油烷基化脱硫中的应用

通过可控液相沉积制备具有超顺磁性能的介孔核-壳结构Fe₃O₄@nSiO₂@mSiO₂-Al₂O₃和H₃P₁₂W40/Fe₃O₄@nSiO₂@mSiO₂-Al₂O₃催化剂。以噻吩和异戊烯组成的模拟汽油烷基化反应作为探针反应,考察催化脱硫性能,并采用FT-IR、N2等温吸附-脱附、NH₃-TPD、VSM和SEM等方法对催化剂进行表征。结果表明,Fe₃O₄@nSiO₂@mSiO₂-Al₂O₃催化剂是具有超顺磁性和介孔结构特征的固体酸催化剂,其饱和磁化强度为46.3 emu·g^-1,低矫顽力为零,比表面积为342.6 m²·g^-1。模拟汽油在Fe₃O₄@nSiO₂@mSiO₂-Al₂O₃催化剂上170 ℃反应2 h,噻吩转化率为72.2%,负载质量分数40%的磷钨酸后,噻吩转化率达96.9%,催化活性、选择性和催化剂寿命均提高。