Comparative studies of the occupants’ behaviour in a university building during winter and summer time

The paper focuses on the assessment of indoor comfort and energy consumption of a university building in Cyprus, during winter and summer of 2012 and 2013. The aim was to make a comparative study of the occupants’ behaviour and its effects on the building's energy consumption, along with the indoor thermal and visual comfort between the two seasons. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air conditioning Standards are used through a questionnaire campaign and the thermal comfort of occupants is analysed with the indicators of predicted mean vote and predicted percentage dissatisfied. The answers are analysed using SPSS software. The air temperature, the relative humidity and the lighting levels of the building are monitored using temperature, humidity and lux meter tools. The monthly energy consumption cost is also calculated. The results are analysed and comparative studies of the occupants’ behaviour conclude to various patterns of effects on the thermal and visual comfort of the building, as well as on its energy consumption.     

Simulation of interaction between high-temperature process and heat emission from electricity system in summer

During the hot summer season, using electricity systems increases the local anthropogenic heat emission, further increasing the temperature. Regarding anthropogenic heat sources, electric energy consumption, heat generation, indoor and outdoor heat transfer, and exchange in buildings play a critical role in the change in the urban thermal environment.Therefore, the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) Model was applied in this study to investigate the heat generation from an indoor electricity ...     

室内空调条件下孝感市建筑物屋顶、墙体的隔热节能指标的选取

根据建筑物热工气候分区,对夏热冬冷地区的孝感市运用“建筑热环境与建筑节能设计标准相关控制法”中所提出的简化公式及孝感市的气象参数,计算出了室内空调条件下建筑物屋顶、墙体的隔热控制和节能控制指标,为我国夏热冬冷地区及其他地区建筑的隔热和节能控制设计提供参考依据。     

City-block-scale sensitivity of electricity consumption to air temperature and air humidity in business districts of Tokyo,Japan

The sensitivity of electricity consumption to air temperature and air humidity are effective indicators in evaluating the impacts of countermeasures against urban heat islands. The impacts of these countermeasures vary in time and space and so sensitivities based on finer resolution data are needed. Using actual hourly electric power consumption data from the business districts of Tokyo, we calculated the sensitivity of electric power consumption using multiple regression analysis. The sensitivities appear from 07:00 to 23:00 local standard time (LST) during weekdays during both winter and summer, mainly from 09:00 to 17:00 LST. The sensitivities to air temperature during winter are approximately 0.7–1.1 (W/floor-m²)/°C on an average and those during summer are approximately 1.1–1.4 on an average; the sensitivities to air humidity are approximately 0.6–0.9 on an average. It was found that the sensitivities to air temperature are caused due to heating during winter and cooling during summer; further, the sensitivities to air humidity were caused by dehumidification not for conditioning the air humidity of the room but for the condensation around the air-conditioner's coils with cooling during summer.     

空调列车运行能耗调查与分析

本文以K135次（长沙-上海)空调列车为例，介绍了我国空调列车的运行能耗状态，其中包括耗油量、发电量和用电量，并对用电量的构成进行了调查和分析。研究结果表明：能耗随季节变化而变化，冬、夏两季的能耗最大，且夏季大于冬季，过渡季节的能耗较小；在用电量的构成中，空调设备耗电量最大，约点总耗电量的70%，通过对空调列车能耗的分析，找到了影响空调列车运行能耗的关键因素，并提出了节能的合理化建议。     

Comparison and analysis of energy consumption of energy-efficient office buildings in different climate regions in China: case studies

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the energy consumption (EC) and find out the determining factors of energy-efficient office building cases according to specific case studies in typical cities of different climate zones in China. The investigated building cases were located in four cities (Beijing, Ningbo, Nanjing and Shenzhen) of three architecture thermotechnical design zones (cold zone, hot summer and cold winter zone, hot summer and warm winter zone). The analysis indicates that the energy consumption index (ECI) of these four cases ranges from 41.06 to 74.23 kW·h/(m²·a). Besides, the outdoor climate can change the EC of air conditioning/heating systems, and further determine the monthly volatility of the total EC of the whole building.     

Energy improvement of a conventional dwelling in Argentina through thermal simulation

This paper analyses the design, technology, thermal behaviour, and energy consumption of both a conventional and a refurbished dwelling located in a region with a temperate-cold climate in central Argentina. The thermal behaviour and the energy consumption of the conventional building were monitored during winter. The experimental data were analysed and included in a simulation of the transient thermal behaviour of the house. Measurements and simulation were in agreement, showing a mean deviation below 0.5 °C. To reduce the heating and cooling loads, the dwelling was refurbished and its thermal behaviour was studied through a computer simulation, for the critical seasons (winter and summer) and for two occupancy schedules (with and without inhabitants). The refurbishment included passive solar heating, shading, and an insulated envelope. These successful changes allowed energy savings of 66% and 52% for winter and summer, respectively.     

空气调节二次回风系统的节能问题

讨论了二次回风系统在夏季工况下与一次回风系统相比的节能效果,以及在冬季工况如何更好降低能耗的问题,着重分析了冬季工况下机器露点对能耗的影响,并提出降低能耗的途径。     

建筑物冬季太阳辐射得热分析

对冬季建筑物南壁面的太阳辐射强度、南外窗和南外墙的内壁温进行了逐时计算，并结合冬季太阳辐射的特点进行了逐时热负荷计算。结果表明在冬季供暖空调标准工况下，太阳辐射使南外墙内表面壁温全天整体小幅上升，并使南外墙的逐时热负荷较北外墙降低约20％；在节能达标居住建筑的南向房间，中午时段内室内空气所吸收的南外窗太阳辐射得热量已超过该房间的逐时热负荷，供暖空调系统在冬季运行时有必要充分利用这部分能量。     

基于分区建模的大空间分层空调负荷随分层高度变化的研究

以某坡屋顶大空间建筑为研究对象,利用eQUEST软件,提出了空调区和非空调区分区的建模方法,依据所建模型分析全室空调和不同分层高度时夏季分层空调峰值冷负荷特性.模拟结果表明,分层空调形式的负荷比全室空调的减少30%以上,夏季空调峰值负荷随分层高度增加近似线性增加.比较模拟负荷与常规分层空调负荷计算结果发现,两者相对误差小于3%,说明基于动态能耗模拟软件分区模拟大空间分层空调负荷的方法合理.     

联合国环境规划署亚太资源中心办公楼热回收空调系统应用研究

对联合国环境规划署亚太资源中心办公楼采用的新型热回收新风机加空调盘管的集中空调系统进行分析,详细阐述了热回收新风机的特点、优势及节能潜力。对办公建筑的空调系统改造具有一定的指导意义。     

Optimal control strategy for a multi-zone air conditioning system using a genetic algorithm

This paper examines optimal control strategies of variable air volume air conditioning system. The control strategies included a base control strategy of fixed temperature set point and two advanced strategies for insuring comfort and indoor air quality (IAQ). The first advanced control adjusts the fresh air supply rate and the supply air temperature to maintain the temperature set point in each zone while assuring indoor air quality. The second strategy controls the fresh air rate and the supply air temperature to maintain an acceptable thermal comfort and IAQ in each zone. The optimization problem for each control strategy is formulated based on the cost of energy consumption and constrained by system and thermal space transient models. The optimization problem is solved using genetic algorithm. The optimization scheme/model is applied to a case study for a building floor in Beirut weather. The thermal space and system component models were validated for the base strategy using Visual DOE 4.0 software [Architectural Energy Cooperation, San Francisco, USA; 2005 〈www.archenergy.com〉]. Energy savings up to 30.4% were achieved during the summer season of four months with the optimized advanced strategies when compared with the conventional base strategy while comfort and IAQ were satisfied.     

南宁市办公建筑空调节能途径

根据广西建筑能耗公示的情况,通过分析4栋低能耗办公建筑的空调能耗状况,提出了南宁市办公建筑空调节能途径.建议有条件的地方政府通过制定办公建筑全年能耗标准及奖励办法,来鼓励各单位积极探索节能途径,降低办公建筑能耗.     

上海某高校研究生宿舍空调电耗特性研究

以上海某高校研究生宿舍空调电耗作为研究对象,统计分析了所有抽样房间(共12间,每间4人)全年空调电耗使用规律,并总结出典型日、典型月空调电耗指标以及与室外温度之间的关系.夏季空调电耗集中于7、8、9月,冬季空调电耗集中于12、1、3月(2月寒假放假).全年男、女生宿舍单位面积空调电耗差异不大,但与夏季相比,冬季单位面积...     

Contribution to the Study of the Reduction of Energy Consumption through the Exchanger Coupled Conventional Air‐Ground‐Air Conditioner. Application to the Building

In this study, a new method of using the earth‐air heat exchangers to reduce energy consumption in buildings is discussed. The idea is to couple the EAHE with the condenser of a residential air conditioning system to enhance the effectiveness of the latter. Under the climatic conditions of high temperature in summer (south‐eastern region of Algeria), which can sometimes exceed 50 °C, what makes the heat exchange between the air conditioner and the external environment very difficult in addition to the problem of thermal comfort and the cost of energy consumption. Conducting a simulation by the TRNSYS software that allows to couple the model of the EAHE with the condenser of a residential air conditioner and connect the system with a building. The results show a clear reduction in the energy consumed by this system in connection with the direct use of the air conditioner and increase air conditioning efficiency, coefficient of performance, and energy efficiency rating. In this paper the Hollmuller model was ameliorated and the obtained results are in concord with it. The system is capable of resolving the problem of mal cooling of buildings by air conditioners under critical climate conditions, in addition to lowering the heat output of the condenser, and reducing its effect on the environment.     

基于改进NSGA-II算法的公共建筑江水源热泵系统集成多目标优化研究

以集成江水源热泵供能系统的公共建筑为对象,建立建筑供能成本最低、非舒适性时间最短、热泵用电峰谷比最小的多目标函数,基于动态能耗瞬时模拟技术和改进非支配排序遗传算法联合求解帕累托前沿,引入熵权优劣解距离法评价最优决策解;以夏热冬冷地区办公建筑为例,验证优化方法的可行性和最优设计方案。结果显示：最优方案与基准方案相比,建筑供能成本增加2.6%,非舒适性时间减少3.7%,热泵用电峰谷比降低90.6%;运行成本虽然稍有增加,但舒适性得到了提升,且用电峰谷波动性得到较大改善。     

水源热泵在空调系统中应用的经济性分析

本文对水源热泵的能耗进行了分析,表明水源热泵机组的性能系数与水源的温度直接相关,讨论了水源热泵在嵊州市空调系统集中供冷供热的可行性,对集中冷热水供水系统夏季空调工况与冬季热泵工况的经济性进行了计算与分析,结果表明,嵊州市利用水源热泵建立集中冷热水供水系统的社会经济效益显著,具有重要的节能与环保意义。     

夏热冬暖地区办公建筑能耗模拟与分析

夏热冬暖地区是我国经济和建筑产业最发达的地区之一,也是建筑能耗最多的地区之一。分析和研究夏热冬暖地区建筑能耗的特点对建筑节能有重要的意义。本文用eQUEST建筑能耗模拟软件模拟了夏热冬暖气候下不同的建筑围护结构的能耗性能,并与实际调查结果进行了比较。结论表明:办公类建筑中的空调是最大的能耗终端,全年的能耗以办公设备和照明的能耗最稳定。有外保温措施和同时具有内、外保温措施最大区别在于节省空调电力消耗31.3%和39.1%。说明建筑外墙保温系统是建筑节能的重要手段。     

窗墙比和体形系数对办公建筑能耗的影响

济南地区某公共办公建筑,其围护结构按照高效节能的设计方法进行设计。运用Dest软件对该建筑进行能耗模拟,模拟该建筑的逐时能耗,分析不同体形系数和窗墙比对建筑物能耗的影响,以及两者共同作用下的影响。通过模拟结果得出:窗墙比对夏季负荷的影响要大于对冬季的影响,冬季窗墙比越大,能耗变化率相对较小;而体形系数的不同对建筑物空调能耗的影响变化较小。     

Passive cooling in a low-energy office building

In office buildings, the use of passive cooling techniques combined with a reduced cooling load may result in a good thermal summer comfort and therefore save cooling energy consumption. This is shown in the low-energy office building ‘SD Worx’ in Kortrijk (Belgium), in which natural night ventilation and an earth-to-air heat exchanger are applied. In winter, the supply air is successively heated by the earth-to-air heat exchanger and the regenerative heat exchanger, which recovers the heat from the exhaust air. In summer, the earth-to-air heat exchanger cools the ventilation air by day. In addition, natural night ventilation cools down the exposed structure which has accumulated the heat of the previous day. In this article the overall thermal comfort in the office building is evaluated by means of measuring and simulation results. Measurements of summer 2002 are discussed and compared to simulations with a coupled thermal and ventilation simulation model TRNSYS-COMIS. The simulations are used to estimate the relative importance of the different techniques. The evaluation shows that passive cooling has an important impact on the thermal summer comfort in the building. Furthermore, natural night ventilation appears to be much more effective than an earth-to-air heat exchanger to improve comfort.