基于整体煤气化联合循环的燃烧前CO2捕集工艺及系统分析

CO₂减排作为应对全球变暖的重要手段而逐渐成为国内外研究热点。为研究燃烧前CO₂捕集系统关键技术,以华能（天津）265MW级整体煤气化联合循环发电系统（IGCC）示范电站为依托,从气化装置抽出合成气约10000m³/h（标况下）,进行一氧化碳耐硫变换、甲基二乙醇胺（MDEA）硫碳共脱、PDS硫回收等技术研究,同时完成我国首套工业规模级燃烧前捕集工艺模拟、系统分析及现场测试。研究结果表明：满负荷运行工况下,每年可捕集CO₂ 7.811万吨,系统单位能耗2.35GJ/t（CO₂）,CO₂捕集率≥ 85%;模拟结果与实际运行数据相吻合。其中MDEA工段能耗占捕集能耗的93.3%,热再生部分则占MDEA工段能耗的81.61%;同时分析了捕集系统各工段CO₂损失过程,增加四段变换可使系统能耗基本不变同时捕集率增加至92.29%;考察了CO₂压缩液化工段能耗及成本。本研究结果可为燃烧前CO₂捕集的设计、工业放大及过程优化提供理论支持。     

燃烧前CO2捕集技术在IGCC发电中的应用

由于整体煤气化联合循环（IGCC）发电本身的技术特点,使得其非常适合于进行燃烧前CO₂捕集。针对IGCC特点,提出了一种MDEA脱酸气结合湿法氧化法硫回收的燃烧前CO₂捕集流程。通过模拟计算,验证了流程的可行性。将其与IGCC发电系统集成,对比计算了有无燃烧前CO₂捕集的IGCC系统供电效率等相关参数,燃烧前CO₂捕集使IGCC供电效率降低约10个百分点。分析指出了导致包含燃烧前CO₂捕集的IGCC供电效率降低的3个因素：蒸汽消耗、燃料化学能损失和新增动力设备电耗,并据此确定了今后的优化方向。     

Techno-economic assessment of pulverized coal boilers and IGCC power plants with CO 2 capture

The current studies on power plant technologies suggest that Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) systems are an effective and economic CO₂ capture technology pathway. In addition, the system in conventional configuration has the advantage of being more “CO₂ capture ready” than other technologies. Pulverized coal boilers (PC) have, however, proven high technical performance attributes and are economically often most practical technologies. To highlight the pros and cons of both technologies in connection with an integrated CO₂ capture, a comparative analysis of ultrasupercritical PC and IGCC is carried out in this paper. The technical design, the mass and energy balance and the system optimizations are implemented by using the ECLIPSE chemical plant simulation software package. Built upon these technologies, the CO₂ capture facilities are incorporated within the system. The most appropriate CO₂ capture systems for the PC system selected for this work are the oxy-fuel system and the postcombustion scheme using Monoethanolamine solvent scrubber column (MEA). The IGCC systems are designed in two configurations: Water gas shift reactor and Selexol-based separation. Both options generate CO₂-rich and hydrogen rich-gas streams. Following the comparative analysis of the technical performance attributes of the above cycles, the economic assessment is carried out using the economic toolbox of ECLIPSE is seamlessly connected to the results of the mass and energy balance as well as the utility usages. The total cost assessment is implemented according to the step-count exponential costing method using the dominant factors and/or a combination of parameters. Subsequently, based on a set of assumptions, the net present value estimation is implemented to calculate the breakeven electricity selling prices and the CO₂ avoidance cost.     

Efficient MgO-doped CaO sorbent pellets for high temperature CO2 capture

Novel MgO-doped CaO sorbent pellets were prepared by gel-casting and wet impregnation. The effect of Na⁺ and MgO on the structure and CO₂ adsorption performance of CaO sorbent pellets was elucidated. MgO-doped CaO sorbent pellets with the diameter range of 0.5-1.5 mm exhibited an excellent capacity for CO₂ adsorption and adsorption rate due to the homogeneous dispersion of MgO in the sorbent pellets and its effects on the physical structure of sorbents. The results show that MgO can effectively inhibit the sintering of CaO and retain the adsorption capacity of sorbents during multiple adsorption-desorption cycles. The presence of mesopores and macropores resulted in appreciable change of volume from CaO (16.7 cm³∙mol⁻¹) to CaCO₃ (36.9 cm³∙mol⁻¹) over repeated operation cycles. Ca2Mg1 sorbent pellets exhibited favorable CO₂ capture capacity (9.49 mmol∙g⁻¹), average adsorption rate (0.32 mmol∙g⁻¹∙min⁻¹) and conversion rate of CaO (74.83%) after 30 cycles.     

膜分离捕集燃煤电厂烟气CO2过程优化设计

全球CO₂的排放量不断升高,导致气候问题频发。“双碳”目标下,如何高效、低成本地捕集燃煤电厂烟气CO₂已经成为迫在眉睫的问题。传统的化学吸收法由于能耗高、成本高、溶剂易挥发等问题严重制约了其发展,而膜法碳捕集因为其操作简单、能耗低、环境污染小等优势被认为是最有前景的捕集方式。本文以PI中空纤维膜为分离膜,建立和求解了气体分离膜模型。并以燃煤电厂烟气CO₂为捕集目标,利用多岛遗传算法求解了膜分离捕集CO₂工艺的不同配置,并优化了分离过程中的关键参数(膜面积、操作压力)。结果显示：在二级膜分离工艺中,二级一段膜分离工艺的第一级膜和第二级膜操作压力分别为5.8 bar和7.1 bar,第一级膜和第二级膜的面积分别为448000 m²和180000 m²时,单位捕集成本为27.36 USD/t CO₂。与二级二段膜分离以及其他几种传统的CO₂捕集方法(MEA法、相变吸收法)相比,二级一段膜分离捕集CO₂的捕集成本和能耗均最小。本研究将为CO₂捕集实现低能耗和低成本化提供依据。     

Theoretical and experimental study on the fluidity performance of hard-to-fluidize carbon nanotubes-based CO2 capture sorbents

Carbon nanotubes-based materials have been identified as promising sorbents for efficient CO₂ capture in fluidized beds, suffering from insufficient contact with CO₂ for the high-level CO₂ capture capacity. This study focuses on promoting the fluidizability of hard-to-fluidize pure and synthesized silica-coated amine-functionalized carbon nanotubes. The novel synthesized sorbent presents a superior sorption capacity of about 25 times higher than pure carbon nanotubes during 5 consecutive adsorption/regeneration cycles. The low-cost fluidizable-SiO₂ nanoparticles are used as assistant material to improve the fluidity of carbon nanotubes-based sorbents. Results reveal that a minimum amount of 7.5 and 5 wt% SiO₂ nanoparticles are required to achieve an agglomerate particulate fluidization behavior for pure and synthesized carbon nanotubes, respectively. Pure carbon nanotubes + 7.5 wt% SiO₂ and synthesized carbon nanotubes + 5 wt% SiO₂ indicates an agglomerate particulate fluidization characteristic, including the high-level bed expansion ratio, low minimum fluidization velocity (1.5 and 1.6 cm·s^–1), high Richardson−Zakin index (5.2 and 5.3 > 5), and low Π value (83.2 and 84.8 < 100, respectively). Chemical modification of carbon nanotubes causes not only enhanced CO ₂ uptake capacity but also decreases the required amount of silica additive to reach a homogeneous fluidization behavior for synthesized carbon nanotubes sorbent.     

水合物法分离二氧化碳的研究现状

介绍了利用水合物法从火力发电厂排放的烟气和从整体煤气化联合循环发电系统（IGCC）合成气中分离二氧化碳（CO₂）的研究及发展现状,包括水合物形成促进剂和添加剂的选择,水合物分离捕集工艺以及成本核算。TBAB和THF在研究中证明能有效地提高水合物形成速度、降低反应压力、提高CO₂的分离捕集效率。在此基础上,提出了不同的分离捕集工艺,这些工艺都是以水合物法分离为主,结合化学吸附法或者膜分离法而展开。通过与传统的化学吸附法的成本核算做比较,发现水合物法分离捕集每吨CO₂的成本约为USD 26,比化学吸附法要便宜约31%,并且随着水合物法研究的进一步深入,水合物法分离捕集CO₂的成本还可能进一步降低,显示了未来的工业应用中有光明的前景。     

Exploring aramid as emerging contender for CO2 capture

To prevent CO_2 accumulation in the atmosphere generated from scorching of fossil fuels, carbon capture and sequestration(CCS) technology is considered as a potential route to mitigate the emissions of CO_2 from reaching the atmosphere. Power generation from sources such as gas, coal and biomass can fulfill the energy demand more readily than many other sources of electricity production. Thus these sources may be retained as important alternative option in the global energy cycle. In order to curtail CO_2, porous aramid network was fabricated by the condensation of 1,3,5-benzenetricarbonyl trichloride and 1,3-phenylenediamine in 1,4-dioxane solvent. Aramid was characterized for various analyses including FTIR, XRD, TGA, BET surface area and pore size analysis, FESEM and CO_2 adsorption measurements. Excellent thermal stability was provided by strong amide linkages in the polymer backbone. Optimum CO_2 uptake of aramid was achieved to be 23.14 mg·g~(-1) at 273 K at 0.1 MPa. The basic amide groups of network structure showed greater affinity for CO_2.Excellent thermal stability of aramid makes it a promising sorbent for CO_2 capture in adverse conditions.     

Fabrication of azobenzene-functionalized porous polymers for selective CO2 capture

Many solid adsorbents have been prepared for the CO₂ capture. In particular, the photoresponsive adsorbents have attracted extensive interests because of their tunable pore structure and variable responsive behaviors provoked by the external light. However, it is challenging to fabricate the photoresponsive adsorbents featured the big CO₂ capacity and high CO₂ selectivity. Herein, copolymerized between 4-phenylazobenzoyl chloride, 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine and melamine, a series of azobenzene-functionalized porous polymers (PTM-AZOs) are successfully synthesized. The PTM-AZOs are verified in possession of proper pore structures, large surface area and photoconductive properties through a series of characterization. The PTM-AZO-2 with the trans-isomerization exhibits the best CO₂ adsorption amount of 2.7 mmol·g^-1 (273 K and 0.1 MPa), while the CO₂/N₂ selectivity can reach 2459 and 607 on the trans- and cis-isomerization, respectively. The regulatable pore structures controlled by the photoresponsive azobenzene groups affect the CO₂ capture performance of the PTM-AZOs.     

Efficient degradation of orange II by ZnMn2O4 in a novel photo-chemical catalysis system

A ZnMn₂O₄ catalyst has been synthesized via a sucrose-aided combustion method and characterized by various analytical techniques. It is composed of numerous nanoparticles (15–110 nm) assembled into a porous structure with a specific surface area (SSA) of 19.1 m²·g^–1. Its catalytic activity has been investigated for the degradation of orange II dye using three different systems, i.e., the photocatalysis system with visible light, the chemocatalysis system with bisulfite, and the photo-chemical catalysis system with both visible light and bisulfite. The last system exhibits the maximum degradation efficiency of 90%, much higher than the photocatalysis system (15%) and the chemocatalysis system (67%). The recycling experiments indicate that the ZnMn₂O₄ catalyst has high stability and reusability and is thus a green and eximious catalyst. Furthermore, the potential degradation mechanisms applicable to the three systems are discussed with relevant theoretical analysis and scavenging experiments for radicals. The active species such as Mn(III), O₂^•−, h⁺, e_aq^–, SO₄^•− and HO^• are proposed to be responsible for the excellent degradation results in the photo-chemical catalysis system with the ZnMn₂O₄ catalyst.     

High-efficiency and pollution-controlling in-situ gasification chemical looping combustion system by using CO2 instead of steam as gasification agent

Using CO₂ as gasification agent instead of steam in in-situ coal gasification chemical looping combustion (iG-CLC) power plant can eliminate energy consumption for steam generation, thus obtaining higher system efficiency. In this work, a comparative study of iG-CLC power plant using steam and CO₂ as gasification agent is concentrated on. The effects of steam to carbon ratio (S/C) and CO₂ to carbon ratio (CO₂/C) on the fuel reactor temperature, char conversion, syngas composition and CO₂ capture efficiency are separately investigated. An equilibrium carbon conversion of 88.9% is achieved in steam-based case as S/C ratio increases from 0.7 to 1.1, whereas a maximum conversion of 84.2% is obtained in CO₂-based case with CO₂/C ranging from 0.7 to 1.1. Furthermore the effects of oxygen carrier to fuel ratio (φ) on system performances are investigated. Increasing φ from 1.0 to 1.4 helps to achieve char conversion from 75.9% to 88.9% in steam-based case, by contrast the char conversion can achieve 66.3%-84.2% in CO₂-based case within the same φ range. In terms of iG-CLC power plant, recycling partial CO₂ to the fuel reactor improves the overall performance. Approximately 3.9% of net power efficiency are increased in CO₂-based plant, from steam-based plant. Higher CO₂ capture efficiency and lower CO₂ emission rate are observed in CO₂-gasified iG-CLC power plant, expecting to be 90.63% and 85.18 kg·MW^-1·h^-1, respectively.     

Review of solvent based carbon-dioxide capture technologies

Currently, a large proportion of global fossil fuel emissions originate from large point sources such as power generation or industrial processes. This trend is expected to continue until the year 2030 and beyond. Carbon capture and storage (CCS), a straightforward and effective carbon reduction approach, will play a significant role in reducing emissions from these sources into the future if atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions are to be stabilized and global warming limited below a threshold of 2 °C. This review provides an update on the status of large scale integrated CCS technologies using solvent absorption for CO₂ capture and provides an insight into the development of new solvents, including advanced amine solvents, amino acid salts, carbonate systems, aqueous ammonia, immiscible liquids and ionic liquids. These proposed new solvents aim to reduce the overall cost CO₂ capture by improving the CO₂ absorption rate, CO₂ capture capacity, thereby reducing equipment size and decreasing the energy required for solvent regeneration.     

Efficient CO2 adsorption and mechanism on nitrogen-doped porous carbons

In this work, nitrogen-doped porous carbons (NACs) were fabricated as an adsorbent by urea modification and KOH activation. The CO₂ adsorption mechanism for the NACs was then explored. The NACs are found to present a large specific surface area (1920.72– 3078.99 m²·g⁻¹) and high micropore percentage (61.60%–76.23%). Under a pressure of 1 bar, sample NAC-650-650 shows the highest CO₂ adsorption capacity up to 5.96 and 3.92 mmol·g⁻¹ at 0 and 25 °C, respectively. In addition, the CO₂/N₂ selectivity of NAC-650-650 is 79.93, much higher than the value of 49.77 obtained for the nonnitrogen-doped carbon AC-650-650. The CO₂ adsorption capacity of the NAC-650-650 sample maintains over 97% after ten cycles. Analysis of the results show that the CO₂ capacity of the NACs has a linear correlation (R² = 0.9633) with the cumulative pore volume for a pore size less than 1.02 nm. The presence of nitrogen and oxygen enhances the CO₂/N₂ selectivity, and pyrrole-N and hydroxy groups contribute more to the CO₂ adsorption. In situ Fourier transform infrared spectra analysis indicates that CO₂ is adsorbed onto the NACs as a gas. Furthermore, the physical adsorption mechanism is confirmed by adsorption kinetic models and the isosteric heat, and it is found to be controlled by CO₂ diffusion. The CO₂ adsorption kinetics for NACs at room temperature and in pure CO₂ is in accordance with the pseudo-first-order model and Avramís fractional-order kinetic model.     

Amine-immobilized HY zeolite for CO2 capture from hot flue gas

Solid amine-based adsorbents were widely studied as an alternative to liquid amine for post-combustion CO₂ capture (PCC). However, most of the amine adsorbents suffer from low thermal stability and poor cyclic regenerability at the temperature of hot flue gases. Here we present an amine loaded proton type Y zeolite (HY) where the amines namely monoethanolamine (MEA) and ethylenediamine (ED) are chemical immobilized via ionic bond to the zeolite framework to overcome the amine degradation problem. The MEA and ED of 5%, 10% and 20% (mass) concentration – immobilized zeolites were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and N₂ -196 ℃ adsorption to confirm the structure integrity, amine functionalization, and surface area, respectively. The determination of the amine loading was given by C, H, N elemental analysis showing that ED has successfully grafted almost twice as many amino groups as MEA within the same solvent concentration. CO₂ adsorption capacity and thermal stability of these samples were measured using thermogravimetric analyser. The adsorption performance was tested at the adsorption temperature of 30, 60 and 90 ℃, respectively using pure CO₂ while the desorption was carried out with pure N₂ purge at the same temperature and then followed by elevated temperature at 150 ℃. It was found that all the amine@HY have a substantial high selectivity of CO₂ over N₂. The sample 20% ED@HY has the highest CO₂ adsorption capacity of 1.76 mmol·g^-1 at 90 ℃ higher than the capacity on parent NaY zeolite (1.45 mmol·g^-1 only). The amine@HY samples presented superior performance in cyclic thermal stability in the condition of the adsorption temperature of 90 ℃ and the desorption temperature of 150 ℃. These findings will foster the design of better adsorbents for CO₂ capture from flue gas in post-combustion power plants.     

燃煤电厂烟气MDEA/PZ混合胺法碳捕集工艺模拟分析

采用混合胺吸收剂替代传统一乙醇胺（MEA）吸收剂是降低有机胺法碳捕集工艺能耗的重要方法。利用Aspen plus软件模拟了以甲基二乙醇胺(MDEA)/哌嗪(PZ)混合胺为吸收剂的燃煤电厂每年百万吨CO₂捕集工艺系统，考察了贫液负荷、MDEA/PZ混合胺浓度、MDEA/PZ比例和解吸压力等因素对解吸塔再沸器热负荷和冷凝器冷负荷的影响。通过对这些影响因素下吸收塔内液相温度分布和CO₂负荷分布变化揭示了MDEA/PZ对CO₂的吸收特性。此外，进一步分析了不同影响因素下解吸塔内气液相CO₂浓度驱动力和气液相级间温度驱动力分布特性，发现了强浓度驱动力和低温度驱动力分布更有利于降低再生能耗。研究表明，由30%MDEA和20%PZ组成的混合胺液在贫液负荷为0.08和解吸压力为2.02×10⁵Pa时，再沸器热负荷和塔顶冷凝负荷分别为2.76GJ/tCO₂和0.60GJ/tCO₂，相比传统MEA吸收剂降低了20.92%和40.0%。     

Hydrophobic modification of SAPO-34 membranes for improvement of stability under wet condition

SAPO-34 zeolite membranes show high efficiency for CO₂/CH₄ separation but suffer from the reduction of separation performance when exposed to humid atmosphere. In this work, n-dodecyltrimethoxysilane (DTMS) was used to modify the hollow fibers supported SAPO-34 membranes to increase the external surface hydrophobicity and thus sustain their performance under moisture environment. The modified membranes were fully characterized. Their separation performance was extensively investigated in both dry and wet gaseous systems and compared with the un-modified ones. The un-modified SAPO-34 membrane exhibited a high separation selectivity of 160 and CO₂ permeance of 1.18×10^-6 mol·m^-2·s^-1·Pa^-1 for separation of dry CO₂/CH₄ at 298 K. However, its separation selectivity declined to 0.9 and the CO₂ permeance was only about 1.7×10^-8 mol·m^-2·s^-1·Pa^-1 for wet CO₂/CH₄ at same temperature. High temperature (e.g. 353 K) could reduce the effect of moisture to improve SAPO-34 separation selectivity, but further increasing temperature (e.g. 373 K) led to decrease in CO₂/CH₄ separation selectivity. A significant decrease of selectivity was observed at higher pressure drop. The modified SAPO-34 membrane showed decreased CO₂ permeance but increased separation selectivity for dry CO₂/CH₄ gas mixture, and super performance for wet CO₂/CH₄ gas mixture due to the improved hydrophobicity of membrane surface. A separation selectivity of 65 and CO₂ permeance of 4.73×10^-8 mol·m^-2·s^-1·Pa^-1 for wet CO₂/CH₄ mixture can be observed at 353 K with a pressure drop of 0.4 MPa. Furthermore, the modified membrane exhibited stable separation performance during the 120-hour test for wet CO₂/CH₄ mixture at 353 K. The hydrophobic modification paves a way for SAPO-34 membranes in real applications.     

带循环的二阶变压吸附碳捕集工艺模拟、实验及分析

针对日益严重的温室效应及传统CO₂捕集和储存技术的不足,设计带循环的二阶四塔变压吸附装置捕集电厂烟道气中的二氧化碳,采用炭分子筛作为第一阶二塔处理装置吸附剂,采用13X作为第二阶二塔处理装置的吸附剂。建立上述工艺的数学模型,通过实验验证数学模型和模拟结果的准确性。模拟结果表明,本工艺可以将烟道气中的CO₂（15%）富集为纯度95%的产品气,收率为93.92%,工艺处理量为4.576 mol CO₂·h^-1·kg^-1,能耗为0.847 MJ·（kg CO₂）^-1,通过对比,本工艺具有处理量大、回收率高、纯度高的优点。在此基础上,根据数学模型分析二阶床层在一个周期内的压力变化、温度分布、固相和气相组成分布、能耗组成、生产能力。     

A large-scale experimental study on CO2 capture utilizing slurry-based ab-adsorption approach

The increasing concentration of CO_2 in atmosphere is deemed the main reason of global warming.Therefore,efficiently capturing CO_2 from various sources with energy conservation is of great significance.Herein,a series of experiments were carried out to successfully test the slurry-based ab-adsorption method for continuously capturing CO_2 in the large-scale cycled separation unit with cost-effect taking into account the scale-up criteria.A bubble column(with height 4900 mm and inner diameter 376 mm) and a desorption tank(with volume 310 L) are the essential components of the separation unit.The novel slurry used in this study was formed with zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 and 2-methylimidazole-water solution.The influence of operation conditions was investigated systematically.The results show that increasing sorption pressure and slurry height level,decreasing gas volume flow and sorption temperature are beneficial for separation processes.The volume fraction of CO_2 in the feed gas was also studied.Although the scale-up effect had been observed and it was found that it exerted a negative effect on CO_2 capture,depending on experimental conditions,CO_2 removal efficiency could still reach 85%-95% and the maximum CO_2 loading in the recycled slurry could be up to0.007 mol·L~(-1)·kPa~(-1).Furthermore,the slurry-based method could be operated well even under very moderate regeneration conditions(333 K and 0.05 MPa),which means that the novel approach shows greater energy conservation than traditional amine absorption methods.     

Effects of functional groups for CO2 capture using metal organic frameworks

Metal organic frameworks(MOFs)are promising adsorbents for CO₂capture.Functional groups on organic linkers of MOFs play important roles in improving the CO₂ capture ability by enhancing the CO₂ sorption affinity.In this work,the functionalization effects on CO₂ adsorption were systematically investigated by rationally incorporating various functional groups including–SO3H,–COOH,–NH₂,–OH,–CN,–CH₃ and–F into a MOF-177 template using computational methods.Asymmetries of electron density on the functionalized linkers were intensified,introducing significant enhancements of the CO₂ adsorption ability of the modified MOF-177.In addition,three kinds of molecular interactions between CO₂ and functional groups were analyzed and summarized in this work.Especially,our results reveal that–SO₃H is the best-performing functional group for CO₂ capture in MOFs,better than the widely used–NH₂ or–F groups.The current study provides a novel route for future MOF modification toward CO₂ capture.     

烟气胺法CO2捕集技术进展与未来发展趋势

全球气候变化是目前世界面临的严峻问题之一,CO₂等温室气体的过量排放是导致全球气候变暖的主要原因。碳捕集、利用和封存(CCUS)是现阶段解决全球气候变暖的必要手段,基于有机胺的化学吸收法因捕集效率高、烟气适应性好,成为目前燃煤燃气电厂捕集CO₂的关键技术路径。本文详细介绍了胺法CO₂捕集技术的基本原理及胺法CO₂捕集技术工艺流程,分析了新型吸收剂的开发、节能技术的优化等降低胺法CO₂捕集技术再生能耗和成本的关键手段。结合研究现状以及烟气胺法CO₂捕集需求,对其未来的发展趋势进行展望。