Behaviour of geogrid reinforced soil retaining wall with concrete-rigid facing

Monitoring was carried out during construction of a cast-in-situ concrete-rigid facing geogrid reinforced soil retaining wall in the Gan (Zhou)-Long (Yan) railway main line of China. The monitoring included the vertical foundation pressure and lateral earth pressure of the reinforced soil wall facing, the tensile strain in the reinforcement and the horizontal deformation of the facing. The vertical foundation pressure of reinforced soil retaining wall is non-linear along the reinforcement length, and the maximum value is at the middle of the reinforcement length, moreover the value reduces gradually at top and bottom. The measured lateral earth pressure within the reinforced soil wall is non-linear along the height and the value is less than the active lateral earth pressure. The distribution of tensile strain in the geogrid reinforcements within the upper portion of the wall is single-peak value, but the distribution of tensile strain in the reinforcements within the lower portion of the wall has double-peak values. The potential failure plane within the upper portion of the wall is similar to “0.3H method”, whereas the potential failure plane within portion of the lower wall is closer to the active Rankine earth pressure theory. The position of the maximum lateral displacement of the wall face during construction is within portion of the lower wall, moreover the position of the maximum lateral displacement of the wall face post-construction is within the portion of the top wall. These monitoring results of the behaviour of the wall can be used as a reference for future study and design of geogrid reinforced soil retaining wall systems.     

考虑参数空间变异性的隧道结构变形分析简化方法

土体参数具有空间变异性是被广泛接受的,而这种变异性对岩土中结构性能有着重要的影响.随机场理论是一种常用的用来模拟土体参数空间变异性的方法.基于随机场理论,以土体弹性模量的空间变异性为切入点,采用蒙特卡罗方法和有限差分模拟计算相结合的方法,开展隧道水平收敛的随机分析.在大量蒙特卡罗计算基础上,提出了3种简单易用的简化考虑...     

Numerical modeling of geosynthetic reinforced soil retaining walls with different toe restraint conditions

This paper reports numerical modeling of the prototype geosynthetic reinforced soil (GRS) walls corresponding to four centrifuge models that have different toe restraint conditions. The development of the interface stresses and displacements at wall toe during wall construction is investigated to understand how the toe carries load in the GRS walls with a practical toe structure. The numerical results show good agreement with the data from the centrifuge modeling. For the GRS walls with a leveling pad embedded in foundation soil, the shear resistance at the facing block-leveling pad interface acts as the toe resistance to counterbalance a portion of horizontal earth load, while the leveling pad-foundation soil interface play no role in wall performance because the soil passive resistance in front of the leveling pad inhibits the development of the shear stress and displacement on this interface. For the GRS walls with an exposed leveling pad, it is the leveling pad-foundation soil interface that works for carrying the earth load because the wall is more likely to slide along this weaker interface. The contribution of the toe to load capacity depends on the shear strength of the effective toe interface that contributes to the resistance against the earth load.     

循环荷载作用下黏性土加筋挡墙有限元动力特性分析

在循环荷载作用下,对加筋土挡墙进行有限元模拟分析,研究黏性土加筋土挡墙的动力特性.重点研究挡墙回填土为黏性土条件下,不同加筋材料、动荷载峰值加速度对加筋土挡墙的影响.由计算结果认为在循环荷载作用下加筋土挡墙水平位移受动荷载峰值加速度影响较大,加筋土挡墙最大位置出现在挡墙下部,黏性回填土的加筋土挡墙变形量要小于砂土回填的加筋土挡墙.     

两种加筋土挡墙的动力特性比较及抗震设计建议

为分析比较条带式和包裹式加筋土挡墙的地震动力响应特征,开展了两种加筋土挡墙模型的大型振动台试验.结合震害调查的结果,发现砌块式加筋土挡墙在地震作用下的破坏模式主要表现为局部砌块的松动变形,很少会出现整体垮塌的情况.相比条带式加筋土挡墙,包裹式加筋土挡墙在地震作用下产生的变形量要小.在相同地震量级作用下,包裹式加筋土挡墙相应部位的水平加速度放大系数要小于条带式加筋土挡墙,但峰值动土压力却要比条带式加筋土挡墙大,这是因为包裹式加筋土挡墙面板在地震作用下的变形量小,对土体的约束能力强所致.因此,在抗震设防区,特别是是高地震烈度区进行加筋土挡墙的选型时,包裹式加筋土挡墙应作为一种优选结构.分析认为加筋土挡墙的抗震设计除了要进行整体稳定性的验算外,还应注重墙体变形量的控制,加筋土挡墙在地震作用下的最大变形量应小于允许的变形量.为维持线路的正常使用,加筋土挡墙的变形指数应控制在4%以内.若验算得到的变形量超出允许值,可采取增大墙后填土的压实度和增加拉筋长度,以及加厚墙体和降低墙体坡率等措施.     

基于墙趾真实约束条件的模块式加筋土挡墙数值模拟

墙趾约束条件对硬质墙面加筋土挡墙性状影响显著。基于混凝土模块与级配碎石土直剪试验剪应力和剪切位移关系曲线,建立一非线性双曲线界面模型,并通过FLAC有限差分程序分析刚性地基上3.6 m高聚丙烯土工格栅加筋土挡墙在工作应力下的墙趾界面剪切特性、墙面和墙趾位移以及墙趾和筋材承担的荷载,得出在挡墙填筑过程中墙趾界面剪应力-剪切位移曲线呈上凹型;墙趾界面上的正应力、界面剪切刚度及墙趾和筋材承担的荷载随挡墙填筑高度而增大,在挡墙填筑至3.6 m时,其界面正应力是墙面模块自重应力的1.7倍,墙趾承担约87%的作用在墙背上的总水平荷载;在挡墙填筑初期由于界面剪切刚度较小,墙面和墙趾位移增大显著。较挡墙模型试验及以往数值模拟采用的墙趾恒定约束刚度,论文采用的双曲线界面模型可更好地反映挡墙墙趾与地基土真实剪切性状。     

Enhanced performance of reinforced soil walls by the inclusion of short fiber

This paper presents the effects of the inclusion of short fiber in sandy silt (SM) soil on the performance of reinforced walls. The inclusion of short fiber in soil is expected to increase soil strength and improve stability when it is used as the backfill material. Short fiber of 60 mm length was used and the mixing ratio of the fiber was 0.2% by weight of the soil. The finite element method was used to examine the influence of the reinforced short fiber on reinforced walls. The vertical and horizontal earth pressure, displacement and settlement of the wall face were analyzed. These results were compared to the measured results from two full-scale tests. It is shown that use of short fiber reinforced soil increases the stability of the wall and decreases the earth pressures and displacements of the wall. This effect is more significant when short fiber soil is used in combination with geogrid.     

基于随机场理论的江苏海相黏土空间变异性评价研究

土体空间变异性分析是进行岩土工程可靠度设计的理论基础。采用随机场理论,提出了典型江苏海相黏土的随机场特征及参数,对基于孔压静力触探(CPTU)测试数据的空间变异性进行了系统分析。由于竖直方向上CPTU锥尖阻力数据的样本容量较高,通过对锥尖阻力进行一次多项式去趋势来获得平稳的波动分量,并利用常用的5种自相关模型拟合波动分量的自相关系数。采用修正的Bartlett统计公式来检验波动分量的平稳性,选取最优的竖直波动范围。竖直变异系数由波动分量和去趋势函数来确定。鉴于水平方向上的CPTU锥尖阻力数据的样本容量较小,采用平均零跨距法估计水平波动范围,水平变异系数由总体变异系数来表示。结果表明,竖直向和水平向上江苏海相黏土较报道值显示出更强的空间变异性。     

加筋土挡土墙水平位移研究

视加筋土挡土墙为一粘结重力式挡土墙来考虑,受到墙后土压力作用时会产生水平位移,其大小是加筋土挡土墙墙面水平位移的重要组成部分。本文将加筋土挡土墙墙体等效成各向异性的弹性体,视为L宽度的悬臂梁,当受到墙背水平土压力三角形荷载作用时,分别计算纯弯曲和纯剪切两种情况下的水平位移。通过理论计算与工程实例测试结果比较,验证了该方法的正确性。     

深厚淤泥土深长基坑开挖对邻近建筑的影响

沿海区域存在大量淤泥土层,其通常表现出高压缩性、流变性及触变性等不良工程地质性质。因此,深厚淤泥土深长基坑开挖面临着极高施工风险,对周边环境的影响显著。为进一步阐明深厚淤泥土深长基坑开挖施工力学效应,依托某深基坑工程,通过有限元三维数值模拟,揭示了淤泥土深长基坑开挖对邻近建筑的影响规律。结果表明:深厚淤泥土层的存在使基坑开挖影响区的水平影响区域明显增大,竖向影响区域所受影响较小,在水平距离150 m、深度85 m范围内土体皆受基坑开挖影响;基坑以及建筑轮廓凹凸部出现应力集中,在淤泥土层,地连墙以及既有隧道墙板应力集中处的水平位移存在明显突变;既有隧道水平位移和沉降曲线呈“中间大,两头小”的特征;大桥变形随开挖深度增加而变大,桥桩在淤泥土层的水平位移明显增大,最大水平位移达5.33 mm,最大沉降达9.92 mm。     

不同墙趾约束条件下模块式加筋土挡墙离心模型试验

开展了墙趾正常约束、仅对模块–基座界面作光滑处理、仅对基座–地基界面作光滑处理,以及对基座–地基界面作光滑处理且将基座前方土体挖除这4组不同墙趾约束条件的模块式加筋土挡墙离心模型试验,以研究工作应力下墙趾约束条件对挡墙内部稳定性的影响。研究结果表明,墙趾约束条件对模块式加筋土挡墙内部稳定性影响显著;对模块–基座界面作光滑处理的挡墙,其底层模块沿该界面滑移,挡墙中下部的墙面水平位移和筋材应变明显增大,筋材连接力沿墙高呈三角形分布;对基座–地基界面作光滑处理的挡墙,基座前方地基土仍可给基座提供足够的墙趾约束作用,挡墙内部稳定性同墙趾正常约束情况;对于基座–地基界面作光滑处理后又将基座前方土体挖除这种模拟墙趾受到冲刷的挡墙,其基座沿该界面滑移,挡墙中下部的墙面水平位移和筋材应变显著增大,筋材连接力接近极限状态AASHTO法计算的筋材最大拉力,但挡墙仍能保持稳定;在墙趾可能受到冲刷的极端情况下,挡墙在设计上不应考虑墙趾的约束作用,而对于正常服役状态的挡墙,可采用考虑墙趾约束作用的K-刚度法进行挡墙内部稳定性的计算。     

Numerical analysis of a laterally loaded shaft constructed within an MSE wall

Drilled shafts have been widely used to support lateral loads from superstructures. For typical applications, design methods are available to generate lateral load versus displacement curves and to estimate ultimate lateral capacity and displacement of the drilled shaft under a certain lateral load. However, occasionally drilled shafts have to be constructed within the reinforced zones of MSE walls, for instance drilled shafts supporting sound walls, traffic signs, billboards, and other superstructures. Under these circumstances, existing design methods are not applicable because of: (1) the limited horizontal extent of the soil mass; (2) the resistance from reinforcement; and (3) the influence of MSE wall facing. In this regard, a full-scale field study was conducted to investigate the behavior of shafts within the MSE wall, subjected to lateral loads. The test wall was 43 m long and 6 m high and constructed with layers of uniaxial geogrid and selected backfill. Three-dimensional numerical analyses were performed prior to the construction of this test wall (i.e., Class-A prediction) to guide its design and after the field test using the actual material properties (i.e., Class-C prediction). The selected test shaft for the analyses in this study was located at 1.8 m behind the wall facing. The numerical results from the Class-A and Class-C predictions are compared with the field data. The study showed that the Class-A prediction provided useful information for the design of the test wall and development of field test details. The Class-C prediction improved the overall accuracy of the calculations and could serve as a reference for future study.     

Experimental evaluation of the effect of compaction near facing on the behavior of GRS walls

Experimental studies have been carried out to evaluate the effect of the compaction condition at the back of block facing on the behavior of geosynthetic reinforced soil (GRS) walls. Three GRS walls with 1.2?m high were constructed at the COPPE/UFRJ Geotechnical Laboratory. The walls were well-instrumented in order to monitor the values of the reinforcement load, toe horizontal load, horizontal facing displacement, horizontal stress at the back of the block facing, and vertical displacement on the top of the walls. The behavior of the walls has been investigated at the end of construction and during the surcharge application (post-construction). At the end of the loading, the toes of the walls were gradually released to also verify the influence of the different toe restraints. The results clearly show the effect and call attention to the importance of the compaction conditions near the facing on the behavior of GRS walls.     

粉质黏土深基坑土钉墙支护作用机理模型试验研究

以相似理论为基础,确定模型试验的相似比,然后按照相似比的要求选定相似材料,建立试验所需的土钉墙物理模型。设计合理的测试系统、加载系统模拟基坑开挖、土钉墙支护及降雨过程。测试整个试验过程中的土钉墙的墙顶水平位移、土钉内力、土压力等。试验结果表明,基坑开挖引起土体应力重新分布是影响土钉墙墙顶水平位移变化的主要因素,且每步开挖均都会引起墙顶水平位移呈台阶式增大,在土钉墙的施工阶段墙顶最终水平位移达基坑开挖深度的2.3‰;在墙顶的均布荷载不是很大的情况下,墙顶水平位移会随荷载的增大近似呈线性增大,且降雨是引起粉质黏土基坑位移的重要因素;基坑开挖过程中,墙侧土压力呈现先增大后减小再逐渐增加的变化规律;随基坑开挖深度增加,土钉受力逐渐由尾部向内部发展。     

土工格栅加筋石灰土挡墙工程特性试验研究

以河北省保（定）沧（州）高速公路模块式土工格栅加筋石灰土挡墙为工程依托,以现场原型试验为手段,系统研究了该结构工作状态下的基底竖向土压力、墙面板背部侧向土压力和土工格栅拉筋应变分布规律。试验结果表明：基底竖向土压力沿筋长近似呈梯形分布,其大小一般小于理论值,最大值发生在墙背附近,且随竣工后时间的延续有下降的趋势;实测墙背侧向土压力沿墙高呈非线性增长分布,数值小于主动土压力;实测拉筋应变沿筋长呈单峰值分布,且数值均小于0.6%。试验结果可以为类似工程的设计、研究提供参考。     

面板倾角对模块式面板加筋土挡墙筋材内力的影响

土工合成材料加筋土挡墙具有良好的力学性能和优越的经济性等优点,在国内外得到了越来越广泛的应用。然而,众多加筋土挡墙的试验数据表明,对加筋土挡墙受力机理的理论研究是滞后于工程建设实践的。针对筋材内力计算这一重要问题,研究了面板倾角对加筋土挡墙筋材内力的影响。首先,以RMC试验挡墙为原型,验证了数值模拟方法的有效性;然后,利用数值模拟方法,分析了不同工况下,加筋土挡墙内竖向土压力和筋材应变随着面板倾角增大的变化趋势。数值模拟结果表明,筋材内力随着加筋土挡墙面板倾角的增大而降低。在数值研究结果的基础上,从潜在滑动面附近土单元应力状态及滑动楔形体的平衡两个方面分析了面板倾角的作用机理,定位了填土竖向土压力以及面板基底水平摩擦阻力两个影响筋材内力的关键因素。     

格宾加筋土挡墙抗震性能及数值分析

基于有限差分程序FLAC3D动力分析模块,建立水平地震作用下格宾加筋土挡墙足尺数值模型,通过抗震模型试验结果验证数值模型的可靠性,分析不同强度地震波作用、不同竖向加筋间距时,格宾加筋土挡墙的水平位移响应、震陷、加速度响应及破坏模式,在此基础上,提出格宾加筋土挡墙抗震设计相关措施与建议。结果表明:在不同峰值加速度作用下,格宾加筋土挡墙没有出现倒塌破坏,在较大的水平位移及沉降发生后仍能继续承载,表现出良好的抗震性能;在地震波频率特性基本不变的情况下增长加速度峰值,墙面加速度放大系数有减小的趋势;格宾加筋土挡墙建造于7度及以下、8度、9度及以上抗震设防区时,格宾网竖向间距分别不宜大于1.0m、0.75m、0.5m;水平地震作用下挡墙潜在破裂面为双线段组合形式;提出格宾加筋土挡墙抗震设计位移控制标准。     

Probabilistic analysis of consolidation that considers spatial variability using the stochastic response surface method

To obtain more accurate and reasonable results in the analyses of soil consolidation, the spatial variability of the soil properties should be considered. In this study, we analyzed the consolidation by vertical drains for soil improvement considering the spatial variability of the coefficients of consolidation. The coefficients for the variation in the vertical and horizontal coefficients of consolidation in Yeonjongdo, South Korea were evaluated, and the probability density function (PDF) was assumed by the Anderson–Darling goodness-of-fit test. Standard Gaussian random fields were generated based on a Karhunen–Loeve expansion, and then transformed using Hermite polynomials in the random field with the log-Gaussian PDF of the coefficient of consolidation. The average degree of consolidation was subsequently calculated using the finite difference method coupled with log-Gaussian random fields. In addition, the stochastic response surface method (SRSM) was applied for the efficient probabilistic uncertainty propagation. A sensitivity analysis was performed for the input parameters of the random field, and the spatial variability was considered using random variables from the Karhunen–Loeve expansion as the input data for the SRSM. The results indicated that when considering the spatial variability of soil properties, the probability of failure for the target degree of consolidation was smaller when the correlation distance was taken into account than when it was not. Additionally, the probability of failure decreased when the correlation distance decreased. Compared with the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) results, the SRSM analysis can achieve results of similar accuracy to those obtained using the MCS analysis with a sample size of 100,000 (numerical runs), and a third-order SRSM expansion with only 333 numerical runs is sufficient for obtaining the probability with errors less than 0.01.     

土钉墙-桩锚-内撑复合支护体系监测与分析

对郑州市某深基坑工程的施工全过程进行现场监测,通过分析坡顶水平位移、冠梁水平位移和支护桩深层水平位移等监测数据,研究土钉墙-桩锚-内撑复合支护体系的变形规律;结合工程实例建立了有限元模型,将实测数据和数值分析结果进行对比,验证模型及参数适用性,进而总结了内支撑位置、锚索锁定值对支护结构变形的影响。结果表明:土钉墙-桩锚-内撑复合支护体系中坡顶水平位移主要由上部土钉墙控制;该体系支护桩深层水平位移曲线大体呈P形,最大位移出现在内支撑附近,产生于钢筋混凝土内支撑形成强度之前;随内支撑标高上移,桩身最大位移点向基坑底面方向移动,在复合支护体系中内支撑标高的确定应以基坑外被保护对象的位置为依据;桩身最大水平位移所在位置随锚索锁定值的增大而下移,且最大水平位移值减小;当场地的工程地质条件较好时,可以通过适度增大锚索锁定值来控制支护结构水平位移。     

考虑地层变异性和土体参数空间变异性的边坡可靠度全概率设计方法

目前边坡稳定设计研究中大多数考虑了土体参数的空间变异性,但忽略了地层变异性的影响。为此,提出了一种同时考虑这两类变异性的边坡可靠度全概率设计方法。在全概率设计框架内,将广义耦合马尔可夫链模型与随机场模型相耦合用于同时表征地层变异性和土体参数空间变异性,给出了所提方法的计算流程。利用澳大利亚珀斯市钻孔资料,以某边坡为例进行可靠度设计,为说明在边坡可靠度设计中同时考虑地层变异性和土体参数空间变异性的重要性,分析了仅考虑土体参数空间变异的情况,进一步分析了同时考虑两类变异性的情况,并对二者进行了比较。结果表明:所提出的边坡可靠度设计方法能够有效地考虑边坡中存在的地层变异性和土体参数空间变异性。当仅考虑土体参数空间变异性时,边坡可靠度设计结果很大程度上取决于所采用地层的分布情况,特别是地层分布中抗剪强度较强土体类型占比高于真实情况时,将导致得到的最优设计方案偏于危险。反之,若地层分布中抗剪强度较弱的土体类型占比高于真实情况,得到的最优设计方案偏于保守。因此,为准确地得到最优设计方案,在边坡可靠度设计中应同时考虑地层变异性和土体参数空间变异性的影响。