微生物固化砂柱效果电阻率评价研究

目前尚没有简便可行的方法对现场微生物固化效果进行评价,因此,提出采用便捷无损的电阻率法评价砂土的固化效果.首先对微生物固化砂柱的电阻率与孔隙率、含水率和碳酸钙含量的关系进行研究,然后研究了电阻率和无侧限抗压强度的关系,并提出综合参数N表示固化砂柱的孔隙率、含水率和碳酸钙含量,研究综合参数与固化砂柱电阻率和无侧限抗压强度...     

温度对微生物诱导碳酸钙沉积加固砂土的影响研究

利用尿素水解菌ATCC 11859,在10℃,20℃,30℃的环境下进行了微生物诱导碳酸钙沉积(MICP)水溶液试验、一维砂柱加固试验和细菌活性试验。研究表明,水溶液试验中,温度对于MICP的影响和反应时间有关,反应前期,温度较高的环境下钙离子消耗量较大,反应一段时间后温度较低的环境下钙离子消耗量较大;砂柱试验中,温度较低的环境下加固形成的砂样无侧限抗压强度较大,碳酸钙含量的检测表明,环境温度越高,砂柱中生成的碳酸钙含量越低;无侧限压缩试验的应力应变关系表明,相对低温条件下MICP处理的砂样在达到峰值强度时能够产生较大的变形;不同温度下细菌活性试验表明,细菌活性衰减较快是高温环境下碳酸钙的最终沉积量较小的原因。     

干湿循环下复合固废填料配比对强度的影响

通过对不同配比的9组复合固废轻质填料(简称轻质填料)试样在不同干湿循环次数下的单轴抗压强度试验,分析了干湿循环下各组分掺入比对轻质填料抗压强度的影响.结果表明:轻质填料经历8次干湿循环后仍有较好的力学性能,达到或超过水泥土的强度要求.随着水泥掺量的增加,轻质填料在早期干湿循环过程中强度提高,有助于后期抗干湿循环.适量掺...     

青海强盐渍粉砂土MICP的有效性探索

在极端环境中发现原生高产脲酶微生物并开展岩土体的固强研究,是岩土体微生物矿化研究的一个热点和难点.该文在青海柴达木地区的强盐渍土中发现一种新型原生高产脲酶微生物,在强盐环境中,试验该微生物的盐耐受性和矿化性能,开展被加固土体力学强度试验.结果表明:在强盐渍环境下,该新型微生物脲酶活性保持在3.02U～5.03U.在强盐...     

Experimental study on mitigating wind erosion of calcareous desert sand using spray method for microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation

Wind erosion is one of the significant natural calamities worldwide, which degrades around one-third of global land. The eroded and suspended soil particles in the environment may cause health hazards, i.e.allergies and respiratory diseases, due to the presence of harmful contaminants, bacteria, and pollens.The present study evaluates the feasibility of microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation(MICP)technique to mitigate wind-induced erosion of calcareous desert sand(Thar desert of Raj...     

颗粒级配对残积土MICP灌浆效果的影响评价

微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀加固砂性土的试验研究较为丰富,但在固化崩解性软岩残积土的可行性及效果评价方面目前仍未涉及。考虑到崩解性软岩残积土与砂性土颗粒的诸多不同以及自身颗粒级配产生的差异,选用4种不同粒径范围的松散泥质软岩残积土颗粒进行微生物灌浆试验研究,并通过渗透性能、无侧限抗压强度(UCS)试验、碳酸钙生成量及孔隙率测试,分析颗粒级配对残积土MICP灌浆效果的影响;再借助于扫描电镜(SEM),观测全级配残积土颗粒表面的MICP反应效果。结果表明:不同粒径级配的崩解性软岩残积土在经过微生物灌浆处理后,其胶结效果差异明显。全级配崩解性软岩残积土灌浆过程中更易沉积具有胶结作用的碳酸钙晶体,其胶结试样力学性能较间断级配提升显著,且其孔隙率降幅和单位质量碳酸钙生成量也较大,胶结效果更佳。研究成果可为软岩弃渣填方路堤的微生物加固工程提供借鉴。     

Application of microbially induced carbonate precipitation to form biocemented artificial sandstone

It is difficult to collect and characterise well-preserved samples of weakly-cemented granular rocks as conventional sampling techniques o ften result in destruction of the cementation.An alternative approach is to prepare synthetic geomaterials to match required specifications.This paper introduces microbially induced carbonate precipitation(MICP) as a method to reliably deliverartificially cemented specimens with customised properties,closely resembling those of so ft carbonate sandstones.The specimens are generated from materials with two highly different particle size distributions(PSDs) to access a range of achievable combinations of strengths and porosities.The MICP parameters are kept constant across all samples to obtain similar calcium carbonate characteristics(size of individual crystals,type,etc.),while injected volume is varied to achieve different cementation levels.Although uniform cementation of very coarse sands has been considered very difficult to achieve,the results show that both the fine and coarse sand specimens present high degrees of uniformity and a good degree of repeatability.The unconfined compressive strengths(UCSs)(less than 3000 kPa) and porosities(0.25-0.4) of the artificial specimens fall in the same range of values reported for natural rocks.The strength gain was greater in the fine sand than that in the coarse sand,as the void size in the latter was significantly larger compared to the calcium carbonate crystals' size,resulting in precipitation on less effective locations,away from contacts between particles.The strengths and porosities obtained for the two sands in this work fall within ranges reported in the literature for natural soft rocks,demonstrating the MICP technique is able to achieve realistic properties and may be used to produce a full range of properties by varying the grain sizes,and possibly the width of PSD.     

微生物矿化碳酸钙改良土体的进展、展望与工程应用技术设计

利用微生物矿化碳酸钙（Microbial Induced Calcium carbonate Precipitation,简称MICP）沉积出具有胶结功能的碳酸钙,填充土内孔隙、胶结土颗粒,能够提高土体强度、降低渗透性,具有很好的土体改良作用,在微生物注浆、加固土坝、防风固砂、库底防渗、坝体防渗、污染土壤（地下水）修复等方面具有工程应用前景。对MICP土体改良研究进行了总结、分析和展望：利用MICP技术能够将砂土的无侧限抗压强度提高到20MPa以上,渗透系数降低到处理前的1%,剪切波速提高4倍,能够胜任岩土工程任务;认为下一步应重点对处理效果的均匀性、适用的地基土范围、处理土的全面性能开展系统研究,如耐久性、动力性能和防腐性能等。MICP技术已经在砂砾体稳定、地下室堵漏中得到了少量应用,工程应用施工技术是MICP应用的瓶颈。对MICP在岩土工程领域应用的施工技术进行了设计,包括地基加固、液化地基改良、污染土壤（地下水）修复、坝体防渗堵漏和加固砂桩,以推动MICP技术的实际工程应用为盼。     

微生物固化砂土强度增长机理及影响因素试验研究

微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀(MICP)可以显著改善砂土的工程力学特性,但其固化效果易受诸多因素影响。基于不同胶结水平微生物固化砂土试样,开展固结排水三轴剪切试验和扫描电镜测试,探讨了MICP技术的固化效果及其相关机理;在此基础上,研究了胶结液浓度、砂土初始密实度、胶结液浓度配比等因素对微生物固化砂土抗剪强度的影响。结果表明:随着胶结水平的提高,微生物固化砂土试样强度提高,试样的脆性也越显著。微生物固化砂土强度的增长主要源于碳酸钙晶体对土体黏聚强度的提高。微生物固化砂土的强度主要包括土骨架强度和碳酸钙晶体胶结强度两部分,前者受土体性质及相关参数影响,后者主要取决于碳酸钙晶体的含量。采用合适的砂土初始密实度,适当提高胶结液浓度以及胶结液中尿素的浓度占比,均可提高微生物固化砂土试样的胶结强度。     

微生物加固路基强度及稳定性

微生物诱导沉积碳酸钙沉积技术(MICP,Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation)是利用岩土层中的细菌微生物,在人为诱导作用下,生成具有胶结作用的碳酸盐沉淀,附着于岩土层间隙内,用于改善岩土层的强度,增强地基稳定性。利用MICP技术加固福建标准砂,进行不同围压下的三轴试验,结果表明,标准砂加固前后黏聚力的提高值为60.1kPa。利用Plaxis软件模拟高速公路路基加固技术,通过MICP诱导碳酸钙沉淀技术对高速公路路基加固,改变岩土体基本性能,利用强度折减法模拟在MICP技术加固前后路基的强度及稳定性变化,稳定性系数由1.096增大为1.827,高速公路路基经过MICP加固后,稳定性大大提高,边坡破坏面由坡脚移动至坡面。     

纤维加筋微生物固化砂土的力学特性

微生物固化能有效提高砂土的强度,但同样会导致土体破坏时呈现明显的脆性。为了平衡微生物固化砂土脆性破坏的不利影响,提出纤维加筋与微生物固化相结合的改性方法,即将质量分数为0%,0.05%,0.15%,0.25%和0.30%的聚丙烯纤维与石英砂均匀混合,然后基于微生物诱导碳酸钙沉积(MICP)技术对土样进行固化,并开展了一系列无侧限抗压试验,同时采用酸洗法测定了各组试样中的碳酸钙含量,进一步分析了试样的微观结构及纤维–土颗粒之间的界面作用特征。结果表明:①在微生物固化砂土中掺入纤维,能极大提高土样的无侧限抗压强度和残余强度,并能显著改善土样破坏时的韧性;②纤维掺量对微生物固化砂土的力学特性有重要影响,无侧限抗压强度随纤维掺量总体上呈先增加后减小的趋势,最优纤维掺量为0.15%,峰后残余强度与纤维掺量呈单调正相关关系;③纤维加筋使微生物固化砂土的峰后应力–应变曲线呈阶梯式下降模式,局部存在波浪式起伏特征;④纤维加筋能够提高微生物诱导碳酸钙的沉积效率和产量,与此同时,碳酸钙的胶结作用对纤维加筋效果具有促进作用。纤维加筋技术与MICP技术相结合能够实现优势互补,对提高工程结构的安全性与稳定性具有积极意义。     

微生物固化纤维加筋砂质黏性紫色土试验研究

微生物诱导方解石沉积(MICP)技术是一种新型土体加固措施,大量的研究表明,土体加固强化的同时也使得土体破坏呈现明显脆性。为了改善微生物固化紫色土的脆性破坏模式,采用纤维加筋与微生物固化相结合的加固方法,将质量分数为0.4%、0.6%、0.8%的纤维与紫色土混合,然后采用巨大芽孢杆菌和钙盐溶液对土样进行不同灌浆次数的固化试验(3次、5次、7次、9次)。通过无侧限压缩试验测定试样抗压强度,洗酸法试验测定试样碳酸钙含量,烘干法测定试样干密度,结果表明:(1)在微生物固化紫色土中掺入纤维,能显著提高试样固化后的无侧限抗压强度和峰值强度对应的轴向应变,改善了土体破坏时的韧性;(2)纤维掺量影响微生物固化紫色土的力学性质,其强度随纤维掺量总体上呈先增大后减小的趋势,最优纤维掺量为0.6%;(3)随着固化时间增加,试样的碳酸钙生成量和干密度逐级增加,强度与碳酸钙生成量呈正相关且有效碳酸钙沉积越来越少,强度趋于稳定;(4)纤维加筋可以提高碳酸钙沉积的效率和产量,土样内生成的碳酸钙对纤维加筋效果具有强化作用。研究成果可以为纤维加筋与MICP固化相结合的土体加固技术应用提供指导和参考。     

MICP技术对水泥基材料的改性研究

利用微生物在新陈代谢过程中发生的矿化作用,进行诱导形成碳酸钙,称之为微生物诱导碳酸钙沉积(MICP),它是一种新颖的环境友好型生物技术。在总结国内外相关资料的基础上,介绍了MICP的矿化行为及其影响因素,分析了MICP在改性水泥基材料方面的研究情况,并指出了MICP技术在水泥基材料应用中亟待解决的关键问题。     

Compressibility characteristics of bio-cemented calcareous sand treated through the bio-stimulation approach

Calcareous sand is widely present in coastal areas around the world and is usually considered as a weak and unstable material due to its high compressibility and low strength. Microbial-induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) is a promising technique for soil improvement. However, the commonly adopted bio-augmented MICP approach is in general less compatible with the natural soil environment. Thus, this study focuses on the bio-stimulated MICP approach, which is likely to enhance the dominance of ureolytic bacteria for longer period and thus is deemed more efficient. The main objective of this paper is to investigate the compressibility of calcareous sand treated by bio-stimulated MICP approach. In the current study, a series of one-dimension compression tests was conducted on bio-cemented sand prepared via bio-stimulation with different initial relative densities (D_r). Based on the obtained compression curves and particle size distribution (PSD) curves, the parameters including cementation content, the coefficient of compressibility (a_v), PSD, relative breakage (B_r), and relative agglomeration (A_r) were discussed. The results showed that a_v decreased with the increasing cementation content. The bio-cemented sand prepared with higher initial D_r had smaller (approximately 20%–70%) a_v values than that with lower initial D_r. The specimen with higher initial D_r and higher cementation content resulted in smaller B_r but larger A_r. Finally, a conceptual framework featuring multiple contact and damage modes was proposed.     

低温条件下微生物诱导碳酸钙沉积加固土体的试验研究

微生物诱导碳酸钙沉积(MICP)加固土体是近年来受到学术界重视的问题,但是对实际土壤温度下MICP加固土体的可行性及效果研究未见报道。利用尿素水解菌ATCC 11859,进行了微生物诱导碳酸钙沉积的试管试验及一维砂柱试验,研究了不同温度下微生物诱导生成碳酸钙的特性及对土体的加固效果。试管试验表明温度越高生成的碳酸钙越多,在不同温度下微生物诱导生成的碳酸钙晶型无显著差异,但是温度对碳酸钙的生成速率有明显影响。一维加固试验表明MICP在一般土壤温度条件下都能够有效地加固土体,但低温下MICP加固的试样强度较低,渗透系数较高。     

Rock-like behavior of biocemented sand treated under non-sterile environment and various treatment conditions

Microbially induced calcite precipitation (MICP) is a recently developed technique for microbiological ground improvement that has been applied for mitigating various geotechnical challenges. However, the major challenges, such as calcite precipitation uniformity, presence of different bacteria, cementation solution optimization for cost reduction, and implementation under non-sterile and uncontrolled field environment are still not fully explored and require detailed investigation before field application. This study aims to address these challenges of MICP to improve the geotechnical properties of sandy soils. Several series of experiments were conducted using poorly graded Narmada River (India) sand, which were subjected to various biotreatment schemes and tested for unconfined compressive strength (UCS), split tensile strength (STS), ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), hydraulic conductivity (after 6 d, 12 d, and 18 d of treatment), and calcite content. The microstructure of sand was examined through a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Initially, the sand was individually augmented with two non-pathogenic bacterial strains, i.e. Sporosarcina (S.) pasteurii and Bacillus (B.) sphaericus. The stopped-flow injection method was adopted to provide cementation solutions at three different durations (treatment cycle) of 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h and three different pore volumes (PVs) of 1, 0.75, and 0.5. The pore volume here refers to the porosity which is expressed as a ratio, i.e. a porosity of 50% was used as 0.5. The results showed rock-like behaviors of biocemented sand with the UCS, STS, and UPV enhancement up to 2333 kPa, 437 kPa, and 2670 m/s, respectively. The hydraulic conductivity reduction of 96.6% was achieved by 12% of calcite formation after 18 d of treatment using Sporosarcina pasteurii, 12-h treatment cycle, and one pore volume of cementation media in each cycle. Overall, a 24-h treatment cycle and 0.5-pore volume cementation solution were found to be the optimal treatment which was effective and economical to achieve heavily cemented, rock-type biocemented sand using both bacteria.     

Erosional behavior of gravel-sand mixtures stabilized by microbially induced calcite precipitation (MICP)

The objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation (MICP) for improving internal erosion resistance of gravel-sand mixtures. Two gravel-sand mixtures with 25% sand/75% gravel and 50% sand/50% gravel were used; the former was susceptible to suffusion whereas the latter was internally stable. The MICP treatment was conducted by either mixing a urea-calcium solution with the tested soils prior to bacteria injection (the pre-mixing method) or injecting the bacteria prior to the urea-calcium solution injection (the injection method). A series of pressure-controlled erosion tests was performed on specimens placed inside a column erosion test apparatus under different levels of axial stress. During the erosion test, the erosion rate, axial deformation, and hydraulic conductivity were measured. Without the MICP treatment, the specimens with 25% sand/75% gravel exhibited much faster backward erosion and suffusion. In contrast, the specimens with 50% sand/50% gravel showed slow backward erosion only. Within the tested conditions, MICP was very effective in mitigating internal erosion for the soil with 25% sand/75% gravel. However, for the soil with 50% sand/50% gravel, the MICP treatment was only successful when the injection method was applied and the erosion test was performed at a low axial stress.     

Salinity effects on soil shrinkage characteristic curves of fine-grained geomaterials

Fine-grained clayey soils are prone to substantial volume changes during desiccation in response to the dynamics of their moisture regime, and are of critical importance in several geotechnical and geo- environmental engineering applications. As such, the complex interactions between the fraction of soil solids and the ionic pore fluid play a critical role in governing such volume changes, and have been the focus in studies dealing with marine geotechnology, mine-tailing ponds, engineered barrier systems, etc. With this in mind, the present investigation evaluates the volume changes and accompanying densification from a saturated slurry state to a constant volume state of a reference fine-grained geomaterial, kaolin, subjected to evaporative dewatering. For this purpose, several parametric studies involving determination of soil shrinkage characteristic curves (SSCCs) of kaolin under the influence of varied salt constituents and concentrations of pore fluid are performed. Furthermore, a critical assessment of SSCCs depicting progressive shrinkage and volume change behaviour of geomaterials is provided, followed by the analysis of experimentally obtained SSCCs of the kaolin to explore the impacts of pore fluid salinity. Moreover, the SSCCs are parameterised with a predictive model and the fitting parameters are used to quantitatively demonstrate the salinity-dependent volume change response of a representative fine-grained porous system.     

岩土各向同性损伤本构模型

基于连续介质力学基本概念得出岩土损伤复合体理论的应力–应变合成一般模式,简化得出岩土各向同性损伤复合体理论的应力–应变合成模式,建立了岩土各向同性损伤本构模型。提出了岩土各向同性损伤本构模型的数值求解法。通过对一个算例分析,加深了对岩土损伤机理的认识。计算分析认为:串联假设不适用于岩土体;严格意义上,并联假设不适用于岩土体;当应力较小时混合体的应力–应变关系与理想原状岩土类似,与重塑土差异较大,应力较大时,应力–应变关系特点与应力路径有关。