从北京、上海、广州等大城市的形态改变过程看中国城市形态、结构的转变

城市和经济的快速发展正在改变着中国城市基本的自然形态和结构。在城市发展过程中,能折射出国家动态的经济、社会和政策条件的新的模式正逐渐取代了由浓厚的意识形态所形成的带有鉴别性的模式。这篇论文提供了北京、上海和广州等大城市形态转变的模式和过程的分析。对于快速变化的城市,分析主要集中在两点:城市发展中区域的变化;在发展和形式上出现共同的趋势。文章重点谈了土地使用的专业化、交通循环和建筑的高度、规划的过程、城市的更新及房地产市场的私有化等问题。     

Public sector housing in Urban China 1949–1988: The case of Xian

The literature on housing systems and housing policy in different countries has made an important contribution to the analysis and understanding of key issues relating to the origins and nature of state intervention in housing, and to the interaction of specific social, political and economic forces. The most important initial contributions to this literature referred principally to the advanced industrial economies of Western Europe and North America. This paper aims to broaden the base of comparative research in housing and add to the understanding of public sector housing provision and policy in China. It examines the development of public sector housing in urban areas between 1949 and 1988 through a study of Xian City, and provides detailed analyses of distinctive features of the Chinese urban housing system. The objectives are to fill the gap in the existing literature on housing provision in China through reference to the inland area of the country. This paper concludes that the current urban housing system reflects the particular social, political and economic relationships between the people, the employers and the government. Housing reform in China will not only bring about a major privatisation process, but it will involve a fundamental re‐organisation of the urban society.     

From natural environment to artificial system: Chang'an and its water system in the Western Han Dynasty

People around the world have shaped societies and urban spaces around water for millennia. They have transformed natural water structures and patterns to serve their diverse needs. The ways in which historical decisions affect contemporary water systems and influence future planning of urban systems still need to be fully recognized. This paper explores the multiple roles of water systems in Chang'an during the Western Han Dynasty. Chang’an, one of the ancient names for the city of Xi’an, was a typical capital city of China and East Asia in early ancient times. This study explores everyday practices pertaining to water as well as its role in defense, gardening, politics and culture.Drawing upon three historical theories, this study presents findings that water was embedded in the design of traditional Chinese capitals. The siting and construction of capital cities was first based on the Theory of Choosing the Center (3rd century BCE) and the Theory of Conforming to Nature (5th–3rd century BCE). However, the final maturation of this urban morphology, including the water system, was closely related to the Theory of Symbolizing and Modeling Heaven and Earth (4th–3rd century BCE), in a way that manifested the imperial power's organization and control of space and time.Through close analysis of historical documents, archaeological reports and modern investigations, the paper aims to clarify, analyze and summarize the historical context and evolution, functional and structural characteristics, as well as the economic, political, cultural and military connotations of water systems in Chang'an. It argues that the coordination of urban construction and the water environment was a key foundation for capital city development. It proposes that people shaped urban water supply in many ways, including daily life, waterway transportation, agricultural irrigation, aquaculture promotion, military defense and fire prevention.The water system in Chang'an also provided an important place for royalty and nobility to go fishing, to hunt and to engage in leisure and naval training. The landscape with this water system as the core, including Taiye Lake and Kunming Lake, had also inspired Chinese gardening history, and had a profound impact on future generations. More importantly, the capital's urban morphology design was a miniature of the world recognized by the monarch, as well as the symbolic image of the supreme rulers' political and cultural desire to control and possess Tianxia, which essentially means the whole world. In conclusion, the paper calls for a closer study of water-based design as a foundation for urban planning.     

要重视对古建筑的保护

中国的古代建筑是我们中华民族历史文化的重要组成部分，它的形成和发展反映了我国各个历史阶段的政治、经济、文化状况。在古建筑做法、形制、构造诸方面都有独特的造诣和成就，是我国几千年来劳动人民辛勤劳动的成果和智慧的结晶。通过调查和学习，总结归纳了在城市建设中如何保护历史名城的几点经验。 北京地区在借鉴经验的同时，还应对古建筑群和园林划定保护区，控制建筑高度。同时保证古建筑的结构安全。     

City profile: Chengdu

Chengdu, located at the western edge of the Sichuan Basin, is the provincial capital of Sichuan Province. The fertile and well-watered basin has given the city a long and splendid history, which has left significant and lasting imprints on its urban form, landscape and cultural life. In the planned economy period, Chengdu serviced as the economic, cultural, logistical and technological center for southwest China, and built a competitive and broad industrial base which now helps the city maintain its leading position in the region. In 2007, Chengdu was assigned as one of two pioneer cities in coordinating urban–rural development. This paper introduces the urban development of Chengdu as a historical city, summarizes the city’s economic growth, urban spatial transformation and infrastructure construction as a major city in western China, and discusses its recent efforts in coordinating urban–rural development as a pioneering city in China.     

Dalian’s unique planning history and its contested heritage in urban regeneration

ABSTRACT

Dalian is a particular Chinese city, which was occupied for half a century successively by the British, Japanese, and Russian Empires before 1949, with each imposing its own urban planning and building styles onto the city’s development. Since 1984, with China’s open-door policy and economic reform, dramatic changes have taken place in Dalian, transforming it into a modern and famous tourist destination within the country. However, with its rapid urbanisation, the built heritage is being compromised, and the preservation of colonial legacy has become contested. This paper reviews the unique planning history of Dalian and the challenges the city faces regarding its contested heritage, with a special focus on the case of Dongguan Street, which is a colonial legacy without any official designated status. Conflict arises between those who want to erase what they feel is a humiliating past, to make way for the modern city, and the ones who value the legacy to save the endangered heritage that remains.     

塑造“山水城市”特色——南通总体城市空间结构、形态与特色风貌研究

文章在综合分析了南通的历史发展、城市景观特色的基础上,从城市空间结构、形态与城市特色风貌两个方面,综合剖析了南通城市的空间发展模式,并研究和探讨了保护和延续南通作为"中国近代第一城"的特色风貌的价值和历史意义。     

城市空间形态演变及其分析——以山东潍坊市为例

城市形态是指城市在某一时间内,由于其自然环境、历史、政治、经济、社会、科技、文化等因素,在互动影响下发展所构成的空间形态特征,是构成城市所表现的发展变化着的空间形式的特征。通过介绍潍坊城市空间形态的不同时期的演变过程,提出了潍坊城市空间形态演变规律,并分析了影响其演进的主要因素,以期对未来城市形态发展引导有所启发。     

Consideration on the urban spatial morphology and operation of Taiyuan,China from the religious building perspective

Understanding the physical characteristics and cultural connotations of the historical city is essential for the preservation of their hereditary and cultural values. This work aims to gain a more in-depth understanding of the historical city by identifying the relationship between religious buildings and the urban spatial morphology and the urban operation.Taiyuan, a northern city in China, is a suitable case for exploring this research idea. Cities with frequent foreign exchanges and distinct living groups tend to have more prosperous religious cultures than those in the central areas. The expansion of Taiyuan in the Ming Dynasty and the presence of Prince Jin, who respected Buddhism and Taoism, exacerbated the impact of the religious building on urban development. With regard to the evolution of Taiyuan in the Ming Dynasty, we highlight the changes in urban space brought by the religious buildings through the content analysis of the historical documents. Furthermore, the social functions of religious buildings are revealed, fleshing out the trajectory of the mutual development of religious buildings and Taiyuan in the Ming Dynasty.On this basis, the research findings are linked to the current needs of historical city preservation through the survey of reality. We suggest to coordinate the protection of religious architectural heritage and urban characteristics brought by religious factors and emphasize the utilization of religious architectural heritage as a potential culture and economic regeneration pathway.     

以风景园林为引领的城市化——山地城市边缘区发展模式研究与实践

面对中国城市化的大课题,以山地景观格局下的城市边缘区为研究对象,分析其发展过程中的突出矛盾,从打造生态城市、和谐城市的目标出发,秉承区域协调的理念,综合考虑了基地风水、地域特色、历史文化等要素;探讨从宏观区域、中观市域,以及城市边缘地带3个尺度定位的城市发展模式,从风景园林的学科角度出发,合理保护和开发山地独特的自然资源和人文资源,积极引导土地利用规划,绿色基础设施建设,促进产业协调发展和转型,为城市边缘区的可持续发展和建设宜居山水城市提供新的思路.     

南通近代城市与建筑的演化研究

文章以南通近代的城市和建筑为研究对象，阐述1840年以后，具有官方背景的商人张謇在南通兴办工业拉开南通近代化的序幕，南通城市和建筑在工业化过程中得到蓬勃发展，一城三镇的城市布局和显性中体西用的建筑，形成了南通建筑近代化的初步发展； 1922年以后主城区的南部中心的兴起、西式装饰中式神韵的中国特色的建筑模式形成，显示南通近代化的深入与成熟。揭示近代城市与建筑的引进、涵化和成熟的过程。     

上海近代园林的现代化演进特征与机制研究(1840～1949)

近代上海是中国现代化起步最早、程度最高的城市和中国现代园林的早期策源地。基于档案资料的搜集和分析归纳,对上海近代园林形成全面认识,阐述其非线性、不均衡的发展历程;从租界园林的引领、民国华界园林的超越等角度,分析其外生后发的现代化演进特征;从动力机制层面,探寻其技术、制度、观念的革新与相互推进的演进机制和影响。以期对上海乃至中国近现代园林的研究起到一定借鉴作用。     

1949-2019年中国城市更新的发展与回顾

城市更新一直是国际城市规划学术界关注的重要课题。中国城市更新自1949年发展至今,内涵日益丰富,外延不断拓展,对其70年发展历程的回顾,有助于理解中国城市更新特定的诞生逻辑、阶段问题与经验教训。根据我国城镇化进程和城市建设宏观政策变化,将中国城市更新分为相应的4个重要发展阶段。并且,对每一个阶段城市更新的政策背景、代表性案例、更新思想、学术活动以及更新制度建设进行总结分析,归纳中国城市更新的阶段性特征。最后,在历史演化与经验总结的基础上,提出中国城市更新应倡导多元价值观、多元更新模式、多学科交叉与合作、多元主体参与和共同治理的方向转型。未来,建设科学化、系统化和制度化的城市更新体系,将成为规划工作的重点内容。     

人本视角下的城市发展动力与治理创新——基于南京实证研究

随着中国经济社会发展新阶段的到来,基于人本视角建设一个发展更加充分、均衡的城市,是让人民生活更美好的充分保障,新时代城市规划亟需向"人本规划"转型。本文首先基于历史维度,分析了西方和中国人本规划思潮的演进过程与规律;针对中国城市发展模式正在发生的四大转型,以南京为实证,提出"人"是城市发展动力的核心问题;从"安居""乐业"两方面基本需求出发,对不同收入家庭群体、不同层次劳动力群体进行了调查,进而提出人本视角下城市发展动力转化提升的路径。     

建构现代景观中传统文化内涵的思考

在社会发展的每一历史阶段,由于当时特定的政治、经济、文化等因素的影响,景观环境都会有不同的艺术表现形式及其特征,反映人们对传统文化在一定程度上的认识与把握。本文从景观及城市文脉传承的角度出发,对如何构建现代景观设计中传统文化内涵进行思考。     

Socialist architecture in Mao's model village: a case study of Qinyong Village in Ningbo

In the context of current drives for the renewal and conservation of rural Chinese villages, socialist villages developed under Mao Zedong's tenure as Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party (1949–1976) seem have been marginalised. This research selects one of Mao's model villages, Qinyong in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, as a case study. Through historical and on-site research, this article articulates and analyses the transformation of the village landscape from the early socialist period to the latest renovation in 2014. Focussing in particular on the transformation of the village's housing from the 1970s to the 1990s, the article tries to identify historical conditions of social, political and economic organisation embedded in the physical forms. By juxtaposing the recent planning and renovation of the village with its past, the discussion of the village's architectural heritage is intended to cast some light on key aspects of village preservation and revitalisation in rural China.     

Xian

PR China is a socialist, developing country, currently undergoing extensive urban, economic and political reform. The Chinese government is pursuing a policy of planned urban growth and modernization, and since Xian is one of the largest cities in the country, its growth is being strictly controlled. Xian is well known for its association with traditional Chinese culture, and has an interesting history: once a powerful centre for political authority, it suffered a decline in importance until 1949, and is now a regional industrial metropolis. This article examines its housing policy and programmes and urban population growth in the light of this history, and the influence of national politics (including the extensive reforms and the more recent opendoor policy).     

20世纪80年代后中小城市空间发展分析——以湖北省大冶市为例

相对于中国大城市从解放初期就开始的整体规划发展,长久以来,中小城市的现代空间发展长期处于自由的无规划的发展状态。直到80年代开始,随着中国改革开放以后经济的快速发展,中小城市的空间形态也发生了巨大的变化。尤其是相对经济实力较强的中小城市,为了使城市空间的发展更加适应经济空间的发展,也逐步进行着对城市空间整体规划发展的思考。该文以鄂东南地区的资源型中小城市——大冶市为研究对象,分析其从1980年至2010年的30年间城市空间形态的发展演变,以及这段时期内三次城市总体规划对其城市空间发展作用,归纳了中小城市空间形态的演变规律以及主要的影响因素。     

良渚古城的规划及其深远影响研究

通过对良渚遗址近年考古资料的分析解读,从城乡规划学科的研究视角,以相关古城资料进行纵、横向比照分析为手段,研究分析良渚古城的营建特色及其反映在城市营建过程中的理念和技术手段。提出良渚古城是我国目前已知的最早经过系统规划的城市,对后世江南城市发展和我国都城规划结构的形成具有重要影响,在研究我国城市起源、研究传统规划理念形成和江南水乡人居环境等方面具有重要价值和地位。