Urban Development the Pattern and the Background; Concluding Discussion

When We Build Again. A Bournville Village Trust Research Publication. George Allen &; Unwin, Ltd., London, 1941. Pp. xii (16), 138.

Report Relative to Postwar Reconstruction in the City, Prepared by Improvements and Town Planning Committee, published by The Corporation of London, 1944, pp. 66 plus maps and photographs.

The Economic Status of the New York Metropolitan Region in 1944, by The Regional Plan Association, Inc., New York, 1944, xx, 91 pp.     

Greenways, blueways, skyways and other ways to a better London

“ Landscape planners are quick to criticise other professions for single-use planning, but we tend towards the same mistake when planning greenways and urban greenspace.” This proposition is illustrated by the great series of open space plans which was prepared for London between 1929 and 1976. It is then discussed from a theoretical standpoint with reference to Christopher Alexander, the ‘pattern analysis’ approach to landscape planning, and the author's 1991 report to the London Planning Advisory Committee, Towards a Green Strategy for London. The paper concludes that ‘greenway’ is an excellent marketing term, but that product diversification and product differentiation must take place. We need special varieties of greenway for special purposes. Brief Alexander-type patterns are outlined for seven varieties: parkway, blueway, paveway, glazeway, skyway, ecoway and cycleway.     

汉姆斯特德田园城郊空间设计探析及思考

汉姆斯特德田园城郊位于英国伦敦西北部,20世纪初由第一座田园城市莱切沃斯的设计者雷蒙德·昂温爵士规划设计完成。通过对汉姆斯特德田园城郊的背景考察和实地调研,本文从总体布局、绿地系统、道路规划和建筑设计四个方面深人探析其空间设计的理念和方法,并进一步借与莱切沃斯田园城市的比较分析,思考霍华德田园城市理论的贡献与局限。     

One hundred years in the making: the creation and protection of Raymond Unwin's legacy at Hampstead Garden Suburb

Hampstead Garden Suburb celebrated its centenary in 2007. This paper describes what Unwin created at the Garden Suburb, explains how its special characteristics are protected today and asks whether the way it is managed ensures that it meaningfully endures as an iconic community. It looks at how Unwin developed his role as master planner and consultant architect to the Trust and the mechanisms he used to ensure the quality of the site planning and architecture was maintained. Finally, the work of the Hampstead Garden Suburb Trust in protecting the character of the area is outlined, including some details of the background to the current statutory mechanisms of protection and the tools the Trust uses to carry out its role.     

Outbacks: the popular construction of an emergent landscape

CONSERVATION IN PERSPECTIVE edited by A. Warren and F. B. Goldsmith, 474 pages, John Wiley, London, 1983. £25 (hardback); £12.50 (paperback).

INVESTING IN RURAL HARMONY by Clive Potter, World Wildlife Fund, 1983, £1.25 (paperback).

Ken Parker, Peak Park Joint Planning Board,‐Bakewell.

NATURE'S IDEOLOGICAL LANDSCAPE by Kenneth Olwig, 115 pages, Allen and Unwin, London. £15 (hardback).     

Reports from the Field

Planning the Neighborhood. By the Committee on the Hygiene of Housing of the American Public Health Association. Public Administration Service, Chicago, Ill., 1948. 90 pages, $2.50.

The Process and Organization of Government Planning. By John D. Millett, Columbia University Press, New York. 1947. 187 pages, $2.50.

Mechanization Takes Command — a contribution to anonymous history. By Siegfried Giedion. Oxford University Press, New York. 1948. 743 pages. $12.50.

Men, Cities and Transportation, A Study in New England History — 1820-1900. B Edward Chase Kirkland. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1948. 2 oh., pp. xvi + 528 and ix + 499, 812.50.

British Publications: Conurbation, A Planning Survey of Birmingham and the Black Country. By the West Midland Group on Post-War Reconstruction and banning. The Architectural Press, Landon, 1948. 288 pages. 30 shillings.

The Planner's Notebook. B H. Myles Wright. The Architectural Tress, London. 1948. 390 pp. 30 shillings.     

British and American community design: Clarence Stein's Manhattan transfer, 1924–74

Clarence Stein and Henry Wright's 1928 design for the new town of Radburn, New Jersey, was much influenced by Hampstead Garden Suburb, designed by Barry Parker and Raymond Unwin. Radburn was written about and discussed as the ‘Radburn concept’ in the 1930s and 1950s, especially after Gordon Stephenson published Stein's community designs in the Town Planning Review in 1949. Lewis Mumford championed its cul‐de‐sacked traffic safety, continuous pedestrian systems and linear, open space structure of superblocks.

Stephenson, Arthur Ling and Hugh Wilson, joined by many UK town planners, designed many Radburnesque higher density layouts in many post‐World War II new town residential areas. The idea was a feature of Cumbernauld's pedestrianized design. It fell into disfavour in the mid‐1960s in Britain and at the same time was transferred again from Manhattan by Stein himself through Albert Mayer and Julian Whittlesey to Kittimat, British Columbia, Reston, Virginia, and via Stein's book, Toward New Towns for America, to the design process at Columbia, Maryland. In this third, most recent transfer, the idea loses its clearly modulated relationships: clustered housing to linear open space/pedestrian system and segregated traffic. It has faded into the texture of generic North American suburbs with clustered townhouses.     

Book Reviews and Notes

City Development: Studies in Disintegration and Renewal, by Lewis Mumford. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1945. 248 pages, $2.00

A Million Homes a Year, by Dorothy Rosenman. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1945. 333 pages. $3.50.

State and Local Finance in the National Economy, by Alvin H. Hansen and Hrvey S. Perloff. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1944. 310 pages. $3.75.

Planning Neighborhood Shopping Centers; a Study of Neighborhood Retail Trades Requirements and the Use of Purchasing Power as a Yardstick in Planning to Meet Them, by Marcel Villanueva. New York: National Committee on Housing, Inc. c1945. 34 pages. $1.00.

Planning by Lease Control, by Henry W. Wells in the Journal of the Royal Institute of British Architects, Vol. 51, No. 12. London, October, 1944.

A Factual Basis for Reconstruction, by F. A. C. Maunder, in the Journal of the Town Planning Institute, Vol. XXXI, No. 2. London, January-February, 1945.

Better Training for the Planner, by G. Cozen, in the Journal of the Town Planning Institute, Vol. XXXI, No. 2. London, January-February, 1945.     

Commemorating and celebrating Raymond Unwin (1863–1940)

The 150th anniversary of Raymond Unwin's birth in 1863 provided an opportunity for reviewing his contributions to town planning and housing in their international context. His socialist values derived from John Ruskin, William Morris and Edward Carpenter provided the basis for democratizing design, aided by the visualization of his ideals provided initially by Barry Parker, his partner in architectural practice from 1896 to 1914. Evolution of housing design themes and space standards enabled demonstration of their efficacy in the context of his master plans for Garden City communities. The influence spread through his tract, ‘Nothing Gained by Overcrowding’, and the 1919 Housing Act, which required Garden City standards for public housing, administered by Unwin in the Ministry of Health. During the 1920s, he initiated a transatlantic dialogue with planners and housing officials in the USA, where he died in 1940.     

Book Reviews and Notes

American Housing: Problems and Prospects. The Factual Findings by Miles L. Colean. The Program by The Housing Committee. New York: The Twentieth Century Fund, 1944. Pp.xxii, 466. $3.00.

The New City. By L. Hilberseimer. Theobald, Chicago. 192 pp. Illustrated. $5.95

The New Architecture and City Planning. A Symposium, edited by Paul Zucker, published by Philosophical Library, New York, 694 pp. illustrated $10.00.

Community Centers. The Ministry of Education. London, H.M.S.O., 1944.

Planning Your Community: A Manual of Suggestions for Practical Community Planning. By C. Earl Morrow. New York City, Regional Plan Association, Inc., c. 1945, 50 cents.

Towards A Plan for Oxford City. By Lawrence Dale. London, Faber and Faber, Ltd., 1944.     

Book Reviews and Notes

Full Employment in a Free Society, By William H. Beveridge. New York, W. W. Norton & Company, 1945.

The City is the People. By Henry S. Churchill. New York, Reynal & Hitchcock, 1945.

Time For Planning: A Social-Economic Theory and Program for the Twentieth Century. By Lewis L. Lorwin. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1945.

Chicago Looks Ahead. Chicago, Ill., Chicago Plan Commission, 145.

Manual of Traffic Engineering Studies. New York, Association of Casualty and Surety Executives, 1945.

Mistakes We Have Made in Developing Shopping Centers. By J. C. Nichols, Washington, Urban Land Institute, 1945.

Urban Redevelopment Legislation in the United States. Chicago, American Society of Planning Officials, 1945.

Rebuilding Britain — A Twenty-Year Plan. By E. D. Simon. London, Victor Gollancz, Ltd., 1945.

Garden Cities and the Metropolis. By Lloyd Rodwin, in the Journal of Land and Public Utility Economics, Vol. XXI, No. 3. Madison, Wis., August, 1945.     

A Reply to Mr. Howard

america's Needs and Resources, By J. Frederick Dewhurst and Associates, New York: The Twentieth Century Fund, 812 plus xxviii pages. $5.00.

Communitas—Means of Livelihood and Ways of life. By Percival Goodman and Paul Goodman. 1947. The University of Chicago Press. 151 pages. $6.00.

Georgian london. By John Summerson. Scribner's. 1946. 315 pages. $5.00.

The Castles on The Ground. By J. M. Richards. The Architectural Press. 1946. 86 pages. $3.25

UN Headquarters. By Le Corbusier. Reinhold Publishing Corp. 1947. 88 pages. $3.50.

The Small Community Looks Ahead. By Wayland J. Hayes. Harcourt, Brace and Company, New York. 1947. 276 pp., illustrated. $3.00.

An Appraisal Method for Measuring The Quality of Housing: PART II. Appraisal Of Dwelling Conditions. By the Committee on the Hygiene of Housing, American Public Health Association. 1946. Volume A, Survey Director's Manual 105 pages. Volume B, Field Procedures. Pages 107-168. $1.00. Volume C, Office Procedures, Pages 169-248. $2.00.

County Town, A Civic Survey For The Planning Of Worcester. By Janet Glaisyer et al. Prepared for the Worcester City Council. John Murray, London. 1946.

English County, A Planning Survey Of Herefordshire. By the West Mid-land Group on Post-War Reconstruction and and Planning. Faber and Faber, London. 1946.

Architecture And Building In Leningrad, November 1946.

Urban Economy of Moscow, Monthly Review NO. 1, 1947. Obtainable through the National Council of American-Soviet Friendship, Inc., 114 East 32nd Street, New York 16, New York.     

从民国出版物看近代城市规划思想在中国的传播与影响

以民国专业出版物为材料分析学者观点,对照当时的城市规划实践,总结近代中国流行的西方城市规划理论,认为分区制与田园都市相结合是近代中国主流的规划理论。抗战爆发后,城镇疏散理论跃居主导地位,引发了卫星城和城镇体系理论的讨论,并成为官方指导思想。     

Green wedges: origins and development in Britain

The paper analyzes the history of green wedges in Britain from their origins in the first decade of the twentieth century up until the outbreak of the Second World War. Often neglected by the literature in favour of the ‘greenbelt’, the ‘green wedge’ was equally at the forefront of the minds of planners debating urban growth and the provision of open spaces for modern cities. Firstly, the paper looks into the origins of the idea, with particular focus on discussions about the integration of park and traffic systems in the period. Secondly, it focuses on the fundamental role that the 1910 RIBA Town Planning Conference played in the emergence of the green wedges idea and in its immediate reception and diffusion. Subsequently, the paper discusses the idea's development after the Conference, predominantly in plans for Greater London and in texts by its main supporters, which included H. V. Lanchester, G. L. Pepler, T. H. Mawson, and P. Abercrombie.     

Towards a greater urban geography: regional planning and associational networks in London during the early twentieth century

This article examines commitment to the regional development of London as it emerged among individuals and groups interested in urban planning in the early twentieth century. Following a brief account of growth and reform in the capital during the nineteenth century, this article focuses on the development of debates about planning the metropolis in the first two decades of the century, exploring practical initiatives such as the Town Planning Conference held in 1910 and the production of The London Society's Development Plan for Greater London during the years of the First World War. London's associational culture was central in generating and hosting discussions about the future of the city during this period and the article provides an indication of the extent of overlapping memberships between groups such as the Royal Institute of British Architects, The London Society and the Town Planning Institute. In conclusion, this article suggests that the regional imagination, central to the later development of planning, was clearly visible in the programme of work undertaken during the First World War and that associational networks were an important part of early professionalization in planning in Britain.     

Contesting green technology in the city: techno-apartheid or equitable modernisation?

In recent decades, heated debate around green technology and its equitable access has aroused the concern of international scholars. This paper provides a review on the exclusion of green technology referred to as ‘green techno-apartheid’ and examines selected key eco-cities (i.e. Masdar, Songdo IBD and Bangalore) considered in the 2013 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Report on ‘City-Level Decoupling’ (2013). Metropolitan planning is a crucial instrument in addressing the challenges of urban social sustainability and is thus considered an important mechanism for developing a platform to approach issues of equitable access to green technology. The study reviews five metropolitan plans: the ‘London Plan’ (London, England), the ‘Municipal Plan 2011 for Greater Copenhagen’ (Copenhagen, Denmark), the ‘Economically Strong and Sustainable Structural Vision: Amsterdam 2040’ (Amsterdam, Netherlands), the ‘Hong Kong 2030: Planning Vision and Strategy’ (Hong Kong, China) and the ‘Metropolitan Plan for Sydney 2036’ (Sydney, Australia). The results of the study suggest that while all these plans focus on promoting green technology within a framework of ecological modernisation, they lack appropriate tools for achieving equitable modernisation and enhancing social equity. Consequently, it is essential that researchers and planners take further steps and develop effective instruments to improve equitable access to green technologies and achieve long-term urban social sustainability.     

Book reviews

Digital Places: Living with Geographic Information Technologies. Michael R. Curry. London, Routledge, 1998, 208 pp., £17.99 pb, ISBN 0–415–13015–8.

Implementing Town Planning—The Role of Town Planning in the Development Process. Clara Greed (Ed.). London, Longman, 1996, xiv + 330 pp., £19.99, ISBN 0–582–23423–9.

Rationality and Power: Democracy in Practice. Bent Flyvbjerg. Chicago, IL, University of Chicago Press, 1998, xiv + 290 pp., $16.95, ISBN 0–226–25451–8.     

Book reviews

Hugo Priemus and Gerard Metselaar, Urban Renewal Policy in a European Perspective. An International Comparative Analysis. Delft: Delft University Press, Housing and Urban Policy Studies, 5, 1992, 68 pp.

Jay M. Stein (ed.), Growth Management. The Planning Challenge of the 1990s. Newbury Park, London, New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1993, 146 pp.     

Preserving and maintaining the concept of Letchworth Garden City

In 1903, the world's first garden city was founded in Hertfordshire, England. The utopian dream to combine the best of town and country living was about to be progressed from concept to reality. A hundred and ten years later, Letchworth Garden City is a thriving town of 33,000 people who enjoy living in a place of beauty, underpinned by a strong sense of identity and community. This paper examines how the legacy of the original garden city masterplan by Parker and Unwin is protected. It considers how the town manages its architectural heritage while striving to maintain its economic viability and responsiveness to today's challenges. The paper also discusses how a Community Benefit Society – The Letchworth Garden City Heritage Foundation – manages the town's social reinvestment model, which ensures that commercial earnings within the town are shared for the benefit of local communities. The paper looks at the Heritage Foundation's governance structure and how it is accountable to the local residents and businesses. A case study summarizing a community consultation exercise to consider the future of the town centre is also included.     

From Greater London to Greater Valencia: a case of British influence on regional planning and neighbourhood units in Spain (1939–1952)

Starting in 1945, Pedro Bidagor, the National Chief of Urban Planning in Spain, attempted to replicate the British regional urban model based on Abercrombie’s proposals of the County of London Plan and the Greater London Plan. The Greater Valencia Administrative Corporation, with its supramunicipal approach, was the principal representative of this urbanistic transposition. This article analyses the transmission of British planning ideas and practices in the years following the Spanish post-war period, and the important role that the architect Pedro Muguruza – key figure in early Francoism – played in it. The study also demonstrates the influence that the contemporary British urban models based on neighbourhood units had for the satellite town centres projected in Valencia (Burjasot and Manises, 1952).