One hundred years in the making: the creation and protection of Raymond Unwin's legacy at Hampstead Garden Suburb

Hampstead Garden Suburb celebrated its centenary in 2007. This paper describes what Unwin created at the Garden Suburb, explains how its special characteristics are protected today and asks whether the way it is managed ensures that it meaningfully endures as an iconic community. It looks at how Unwin developed his role as master planner and consultant architect to the Trust and the mechanisms he used to ensure the quality of the site planning and architecture was maintained. Finally, the work of the Hampstead Garden Suburb Trust in protecting the character of the area is outlined, including some details of the background to the current statutory mechanisms of protection and the tools the Trust uses to carry out its role.     

Trust-based environmental regulation

Within this paper, we examine the contribution that trust-based relationships can make to achieving better - and particularly more effective, efficient and equitable - environmental regulation. While levels of trust in regulators, regulatory processes and outcomes are often discussed, the influence of trust on different actors and on different measures of regulatory performance is poorly understood. Within this paper, we define trust-based environmental regulation as a specific regulatory style that involves openness and cooperation in interaction between regulated, regulators and third-party stakeholders in order to achieve environmental protection objectives. We then discuss the pros and cons of trust relationships between regulators, regulated businesses and citizens for achieving behavioural change towards greater environmental protection. To illustrate the significance of these issues, we then examine three forms of contractual regulatory style where trust relationships are critically important: responsive regulation, self-regulation and environmental agreements. Based on this analysis, we highlight the importance of trust-based relationships, and we argue that one of the greatest contributions of trust-based environmental regulation is to challenge how we think about regulation. Trust is often understood as enabling existing regulatory relationships or in the case of self-regulation as a complement to regulation. However, we argue that the real potential of trust is to open up new ways for participants in regulatory regimes to engage in collective action, to go beyond a perception of regulation as driven by the competing interests of individual actors, and thus, to open up new channels of influence for behavioural change towards greater environmental protection. Our analysis therefore has great relevance for future research and for on-going debates on the future of regulation.     

伦敦市新的创意平台——温室

从20世纪80年代开始，自由形式艺术机构就纷纷在伦敦许多小型场地上开展“艺术存于心中”的城市重建工程，以其独特的使命感为艺术及创新产业提供服务，近来来，该机构在环境改造方面扮演着越来越重要的角色，在伦敦的各个角落许多宏伟的重建计划被实施， 其中包括未来奥运场地的重建工程，新的创意空间是该机构更好地开展创造性工作的必备条件，该项目是该机构的新家，地处伦敦东部的Hackeny区，能够满足这种需要，设计师及建筑师正聚集到该创意空间中.     

Technical and economic analysis of standard unified foundations of series 1.412-1,2 for columns of industrial buildings

Conclusions 1. The unification of the dimensions of foundations of series 1.412-1,2 is not the best. The modules and dimensions adopted in these foundations do not permit using the standard stock formwork of TsNIIOMTP for their concreting.2. To reduce the consumption of materials, manpower requirements, and construction cost, and to use the formworks of TsNIIOMTP in foundations of series 1,412-1,2, it is suggested to introduce the changes and additions indicated above.Ural Trust for Pipeline Construction in Heavy Industry. Translated from Osnovaniya, Fundamenty i Mekhanika Gruntov, No. 2, pp. 12–15, March–April, 1974.     

改造为博物馆的历史建筑─—来自新南威尔士州历史建筑基金会的实例

方法灵活是新南威尔士州历史建筑基金会的一大优势。基金会负责的历史遗址被统领在一个原则性的方法中统一保存,以分析出每一地段独特的文化意义。每一遗址博物馆都有其自身的发展计划,在计划中,对保护工作的原则及策略进行了详细说明。本文还对基金会的一些项目给予了详细介绍。     

两紧邻基坑支护设计及监测分析

苏州信托大厦与天翔国际大厦两紧邻基坑,最小净距约0.38 m,周边环境复杂,开挖深度深,存在工况差异。依据地质条件与工程工期安排,采用统一协调变形的钻孔灌注桩结合内支撑体系,通过理正软件对不同剖面、启明星对支撑体系不同工况下进行了理论计算分析。分析结果表明,基坑安全可靠。整个施工过程和监测结果表明,两紧邻基坑工程围护方案是可行的。     

The dynamics of decentralisation: A case study of the South Australian Housing Trust

Abstract

This paper explores recent organisational changes within the South Australian Housing Trust, focusing specifically on the decentralisation of the authority structure and the reasons behind this change. It was originally hypothesised that decentralisation was a response to the Housing Trust's changed circumstances, but it was discovered that a change in management styles was also an important causal factor.     

Stabilization of saturated loess soils by gas silication

Conclusions 1. The gas silication method enables highly moistened and saturated loams under buildings and structures to be stabilized with sufficient reliability. It is the most effective method, enabling strengthening of saturated soils underlying structures being raised, to be carried out rapidly and without interrupting their operation.2. A feature of the working technology of gas silication of saturated soils is the necessity to ensure a smooth regulation of pressure and flow rate in injecting the reagents, without exceeding their critical values.3. When designing bases of chemically stabilized soil located in an aqueous medium and under long-term loading, the design calculation for bearing capacity should include coefficients allowing for the service conditions.Rostov State Trust for Industrial Construction Scientific-Research and Design Institute (Promstroinii-proekt). Translated from Osnovaniya, Fundamenty i Mekhanika Gruntov, No. 2, pp. 4–6, March–April, 1979.     

Shifting Shores: Managing Challenge and Change on the Lizard Peninsula,Cornwall, UK

In this paper, we look at how landscape and climate change are simultaneously apprehended through institutional strategies and then negotiated through local knowledge and social relations on the ground. We argue that by examining landscapes that are practised, embodied and lived, it is possible to gain an understanding of people's actions, beliefs and values in relation to climate and climate change. This attention to cultural landscapes also enables us to ask how a variety of publics make sense of climate change, and how they are invited to do so by organisations that take responsibility for the management and preservation of landscape, such as the National Trust, Europe's biggest conservation organisation. This paper considers how the Trust makes sense of climate change via the document Shifting Shores and how its strategies are operationalised on the Lizard Peninsula, Cornwall, UK.     

建设工程项目中信任与成本、法制监督的关系研究

建设工程项目中业主方和承包商普遍存在对立关系的重要原因之一就是缺乏信任。文章运用交易费用理论,对建设工程项目中存在的交易成本进行分析,并将项目交易成本与信任建立关系,最终确定使总交易成本最少的最优信任水平;运用博弈论,分析建设工程项目中信任的产生与法制监督的关系。只有当法制监督水平达到一定程度时,业主和承包商才能互相信任。     

像汽油一样折射出彩虹色的建筑立面

2002年12月,我们赢得了皮博迪信托组织的“低成本住房的新概念”设计竞赛。地址在伦敦东部，位于皇家维多利亚港和泰晤士河之间的银镇。我们关注了以下的设计问题。     

Information in the design process

John George of the Building Centre Trust, London and Graham Keirle of The Centre for Educational Research in the Construction Industry (CERCI) discuss recent developments in new technology. The independent visual and text database INFODISC is described and the authors show how designers and specifiers can benefit from new stand-alone technology that combines colour images and text.     

A Careful Balance: Materialist Concern Meets Spiritual Function in Balkh,Afghanistan

ABSTRACT

This article outlines the Aga Khan Trust for Culture’s heritage preservation practices at the shrine of Khwaja Parsa in Balkh, Afghanistan. It explores how this organization’s approach to the preservation of authenticity supports both classic preservation principles whilst also showing allegiance to Islamic practices that are compatible with the way this mosque and shrine complex is used in Balkh. One focus of the critical approach to heritage research has been on describing the tension between a ‘preservationist’ approach to heritage work - with its attached focus on the values of materiality, monumentality and aesthetics - and an approach that shows allegiance to religious or spiritual traditions that make sense in situ. This paper argues against this constructed dichotomy to reveal how the Aga Khan Trust for Culture’s heritage work in Balkh empowers a hybridized, vernacularized heritage preservation practice that reflects both this organisation’s worldview and political objectives.     

基于租买理念的低成本住宅

皮博迪信托是英国最古老、规模最大的、非盈利性住房协会。它拥有并管理着伦敦30个区的超过1．9万户住宅，并为将近5万人提供住房。     

A comprehensive conservation strategy for Georgia's greenways

In 1976 the State of Georgia published the Environmental Corridor Study (K. Dawson, W. Munnikhuysen and R. Roark, 1976. Georgia Environmental Corridor Study. Office of Planning and Research, Dept. Natural Resources, Atlanta, GA). The study is a survey of greenway potential, focusing on a statewide interconnected system. The study process combined intrinsic values (natural resources, environmental quality and aesthetics) with extrinsic values (human use, accessibility, market demand and land use) and endangeredness to provide priorities for greenway conservation. In coordination with a unique program titled Heritage Trust, initiated by then-Governor Jimmy Carter to explore conservation easements, zoning and direct acquisition, the corridor study became recognized as an excellent source of information for greenway implementation. Under Heritage Trust, over 40 000 ha of land were acquired. The current governor, Zell Miller, established Preservation 2000, a program which is continuing the work of Heritage Trust for the 1990s. To quote from the recent Preservation 2000 brochure (H. Young, 1993. Preservation 2000 Program: Summary of Program and Progress. Dept. Natural Resources, Atlanta, GA). ‘By the end of 1994, the state will acquire [an additional 40 000 hectares] of natural areas, parks, greenways and other wild lands.’ The State of Georgia has also updated the corridor study in the Georgia Trails and Greenways Plan (A. Soriano, 1992. Georgia Trails and Greenways Plan. Dept. Natural Resources, Atlanta, GA), which provides technical assistance to local communities on issues of greenway planning including outdoor recreation planning process, land and water conservation programs, management issues and agency action plans. Unique to all of the planning and acquisition programs has been the hypothesis that, when site nominations are made for conservation purchase on a statewide basis irrespective of greenways, most priority conservation areas are found to be within greenway boundaries. This is certainly due to the substantial conservation potential of greenways. Of Heritage Trust nominations, 90% were within greenway corridors. This percentage has increased to 93% with the Preservation 2000 program. Greenways are increasing rapidly in importance as an overall conservation strategy in many areas throughout the world.     

宪法花园

国家广场是美国最受欢迎的国家公园,每年共接待游客2 500万人次,共举办3 000次合法活动。然而,这个占地700英亩(约283hm2)的公园一直未能满足现实的使用需求,也没有得到足够的资金来进行改善。为了提高游客流量,美国国家广场将对它的三个重要景点宪法花园、森林剧场和联合广场进行改造。为此,国家广场基金会组织了一个设计竞赛,该设计竞赛于2011年9月8日开始接受报名,经过方案提交,评委评审,公示和采访等阶段,于2012年5月8日公布中标方案。其中,彼得·沃克合伙人风景园林事务所与罗杰斯·马威尔建筑师事务所联合体、欧林事务所+韦斯/曼尼弗莱德事务所联合体和古斯塔夫森·古斐利·妮可事务所+戴维斯·布拉迪·邦德事务所联合体分别为宪法花园、森林剧场和联合广场方案设计的获胜者。经国家广场基金会许可,本刊得以刊登这三组获胜方案,以飨读者。     

英国的门窗热工性能要求和认证

本文介绍了英国2006年建筑法规中门窗热工要求,BFRC 的住宅外窗能效评级制度,"节能信任"对门窗热工性能认证要求和热效标识,最后介绍了英国窗的技术走向.     

天津市平原地区小城镇排水模式的应用与探讨

提出了自流排水与河道调蓄相结合的小城镇雨水排放模式,分析了传统市政雨水管网排水模式和城市低洼地区雨水排放模式的特点,并提出优化低洼区内河道生态环境、改善城市水环境的措施。在天津市金钟街小城镇项目区的实际应用表明,低洼地区雨水排放新模式切实符合构建"低碳城市"的理念,具有良好的推广价值。     

Lessons from supplying ready-mixed in Prague

Large scale supplies of ready-mixed concrete have been a key factor in Prague's new housing. The problems encountered indicate larger regional supply centres on lines very similar to those practised in Western Europe. The author is Head of the Research and Development Laboratory, Prague Building Trust.