Regional cities: international references in Brazilian regional planning in the 1950s and 1960s

ABSTRACT

A new stage of urban planning emerged in Brazil in the 1950s, with the region as the object of planning. Planners began to recognize the international contribution to the institutionalization of planning and to the development of proposals for Brazilian cities, as well as the connection between planning and urban decentralization ideas. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to delineate the city model that was being proposed within regional scale plans as the result of international urban practices and ideas. Two examples of such plans are presented in this paper: the Regional Plan of Santos (1950) and the Basic Regional Plan for the Coastline of Parana State (1966). As a result of the international references incorporated into these plans, a mixture of urban principles can be identified in these territorial proposals. The regional city model is the predominant principle arising from these plans, derived from the association of two planning scales: urban and regional.     

生态园林与城市发展

阐述了生态园林的概念及科学内涵，并对园林在调节小气候、改善环境质量和美化城市景观等方面做了详细介绍。同时，针对晋中市落后的生态面貌，提出了通过提高认识、健全机构、精心规划、认真贯彻绿化法规等方面进行创建园林生态城的工作，从而进一步推动晋中市对外开放及经济的持续增长。     

What did the Germans ever do for us? A century of British learning about and imagining modern town planning

This article uses contemporary sources to trace the recurrent ways in which the British planning movement has drawn on its German equivalent from the early twentieth century to the present day. As with most such European links, the resultant learning has varied. In some cases British references to German planning have been merely to inform or more generally to inspire emulation or occasionally avoidance. But often the learning has provided specific ideas, practices or techniques that have been directly adopted or more usually hybridised or synthesised into the British planning repertoire. German influences have been apparent in aspects of British planning such as land use zoning, city extension, regional planning, housing design, motorways, pedestrianisation, traffic calming and sustainable eco‐suburbs. What, however, has made the British planning movement’s long‐term and mainly admiring engagement with German planning so intriguing is that it has evolved alongside major conflicts and long term suspicion of the German nation itself. The prevailing popular and political imagination within Britain has seen Germany as an especially problematic country from which to learn, more so than, for example, the USA or Scandinavia. This makes British planning’s German connection an instructive case study of cross‐national learning and lesson‐drawing and the factors shaping these processes. It shows the limitations of more conventional conceptualisations of them as rational searches for ‘good practice’. This article shows that they also must be seen as explorations in imaginative geography, concerned with real places, ideas and practices, but viewed through particularly powerful ideological and cultural lenses.     

谈小城镇园林绿化

以“可持续发展、人居环境、节约土地、保护地球资源”为指针,从加快小城镇园林绿化建设的必要性、加快小城镇园林绿化应采取的措施、小城镇园林绿化的构想等方面进行了论述,指出小城镇园林绿化是一项涉及城市各方面的系统工程,它关系到小城镇的长远发展和规划,因此要正确处理好发展经济与园林绿化的关系,更好地发挥其综合效益,即生态效益,社会效益和经济效益。     

A tropical enterprise: British planning ideas in a private settlement in Brazil

The northern region of Paraná State, Brazil, was colonized by an English company during the second quarter of the twentieth century. British private investment was attracted to this little‐explored region following the advance into the west of Brazil and the expansion of coffee‐growing areas. As a fundamental part of this overseas land speculation enterprise, the whole territory was parcelled into small rural plots, a cluster of regularly spaced towns was founded and a railway line was built; only then immigrants were settled. Thus, systematic colonization, deliberate urbanization and town and country planning in advance of territory occupation can be seen. However, no formal evidence of this comprehensive colonization scheme has been found, apart from a few maps, some company documents, a large number of photographs and some scattered information. Hence, drawing upon the history of planning, cultural studies, imperialism/colonialism, British colonial towns and the Garden City Movement, this paper argues that certain British planning ideas and practices were applied in this area, more specifically those related to the garden city concepts, which have contributed to the construction of a particular landscape.     

The garden city idea in the CIAM discourse on urbanism: a path to comprehensive planning

Over a period of three decades, from 1928 to 1959, the Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne (CIAM) formed an unconventional working team and a complex laboratory of progressive ideas for designing the city. During the founding years of the organization and the transatlantic emigration of many of its major figures during the second half of the 1930s, a profound engagement with the most important trends in the European and North American debates on planning had become the critical foundation for their common task. The organization's consequent basic convictions and demands summed up the most effective maxims of the discipline since the turn of the century. Officially, CIAM tried to distinguish itself from traditional urban planning and instead advocated modern urban planning as the antithesis to everything that existed previously. Seen from a historical perspective, however, numerous points of connection – in particular to the garden city movement – become very clear. The various members of CIAM were deeply influenced ideologically by Ebenezer Howard's visions for urbanism. Personal contact to representatives of the garden city movement, active involvement in its institutions, and broad implementation of Howard's ideas in the context of European and North American planning led CIAM from the analysis of the functions of the existing city to a comprehensive design of the modern city.     

包头城市规划历程的规划思想解读

通过对包头市城市规划整理,将包头市的历史沿革划分阶段,从规划编制的背景、对城市建设所作贡献、解决的实际问题等角度,分析了各阶段城市规划的思想,总结了规划思想的特点,面对现阶段包头市发展的新形势与新要求,提出了由功能理性的现代城市规划思想向＂后现代＂的人本主义思想转变的紧迫形势。     

浅议大石桥市高坎镇风貌规划

通过对高坎镇城镇风貌的规划探索，从理念、定位和系统角度出发，以六个景观控制要素为基础进行深入分析，试图寻求一种切实可行的城镇风貌规划方法，旨在对东北平原地区小城镇建设中的城镇风貌规划建设提供借鉴作用。     

谈小城镇规划与建设

以“小城镇、大战略”的发展战略为指针,从以人为本建设小城镇的基本设想、积极推进艺术设计、建设精品小城镇等方面进行了论述,运用“顺应自然、尊重历史、发展特色、整体设计、长期完善”的艺术设计理念,对城市的规划与建设问题进行了全面的阐述,指出小城镇规划与建设既要有时代气息,又要有传统风格。     

关于交口县城市规划工作的思考

通过回顾交口县城市规划工作,同时结合自身城市规划管理的实践,提出了当前交口城市规划工作的思路与建议,以期通过良好的规划工作促进城市建设,提升交口市规划管理水平。     

试论太原市园林水系规划和建设

根据其经济发展状况，资金筹措能力和当前水系的现状，分别从近期、中期和远期的规划设计进行了论述，提出了太原市园林水系的规划与设计问题，指出搞了园林水系建设，须树立精品意识，以满足对生态环境的需求。     

浅谈园林设计理念在居住区规划设计中的运用

结合实际案例,从几个方面浅析了园林设计理念在居住区规划设计中的拓展运用,阐明设计思想同根同源、互可借鉴、相互交通的观点,将园林设计理念运用的范围进一步扩大,以便在今后其他领域的设计工作中加以借鉴和运用.     

关于城市园林景观规划建设的探讨

阐述了城市园林景观规划设计中需要遵循园林生态学的原理,介绍了我国城市园林景观规划建设中存在的问题,针对园林景观雷同、缺乏民族特色、植物配置不合理等问题,提出了强调园林景观的差异性,追求景观的美观性,重视植物景观中植物配置设计的多样性等改进措施。     

城郊型观光休闲园规划设计探讨

从城市化进程、旅游业发展、城郊观光休闲业发展阶段分析了观光休闲园的发展趋势,详细介绍了银川市盈南观光休闲园的规划设计理念、构想、布局、分区研究,以达到科学规划设计城郊型观光休闲园的目的。     

准确定位在石家庄园林城市建设中的作用

针对石家庄市争创园林城市绿化建设中存在的问题，结合本地独特的自然环境、历史文化和绿化现状，就园林绿化、树种选择、苗圃建设等方面进行了分析探讨，并提出了相应的对策和建议，以塑造出崭新的省会城市新形象。     

论园林绿地规划中的园路设计

介绍了园林园路的基本类型、功能与特点,从园路在园林中的尺度与密度和园林的布局两方面阐述了园路的规划原则与设计要点,总结出园路在规划设计过程中应遵从和考虑的问题,以使园路的规划与设计满足科学与规范的要求。     

城市意象研究理论在新城区规划中的应用

根据对波士顿、泽西城、洛杉矶三个城市景观意向的研究结果,总结出城市景观意象的5种景观元素,即道路、边界、区域、节点和标志物,详细地阐述了城市意象理论在新城区规划中的应用,以为我国的城市规划提供指导。     

谈资源型城市的规划理念

以鸡西市西山森林公园规划为例,研究资源型城市转型和规划理念,确定新的城市定位和城市空间结构,改善和创建新的生态系统,从而保证社会、经济和环境的可持续发展。     

浅谈景观规划中的屋顶花园

介绍了屋顶花园的含义,对环境的功能以及国内外屋顶发展现状和相关政策,指出屋顶花园中存在的问题,并详细阐述了屋顶花园的景观设计方向和人性化设计要素,以促进屋顶绿化的更好发展。     

浅议城市居住区园林环境规划设计

针对建立多层次的园林环境设计体系的必要性,从城市居住区及园林环境的概念入手,并从三个方面探讨了城市居住区园林环境规划设计层次,从而为居民营造良好的城市人居环境创造了条件。